# tblEUNIS2007

hname:
Medio-European montane neutrophile beech forests

description:
Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Picea abies], or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high-montane levels of the Jura, the northern and eastern Alps, the western Carpathians and the great Hercynian ranges.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the montane to high montane level of the western Jura, with outlayers in the upper Rhine and Jura periphery of extreme southwestern Baden-Württenberg, with [Dentaria bulbifera] and [Dentaria heptaphylla].


description:
[Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the montane and high montane levels of the northwestern pre-Alps, east to the Vorarlberg, with [Dentaria bulbifera] and [Dentaria heptaphylla].


hname:
Austro-Bavarian Alps bittercress beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the northern and northeastern outer Alps of Bavaria, Vorarlberg, northern Tyrol, Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria and northern Styria, with [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]) and [Aposeris foetida].


hname:
Southeastern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

description:
Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios.


description:
Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower montane level and southern ranges of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios.


description:
Neutrophilous and calcicline [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Abies alba], [Picea abies] or [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the higher montane levels of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, south to their Greek slope, the Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka ranges as well as the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma.


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Rhodope mountains and Moeso-Macedonian hills, fairly widespread and extensive in the northern and central Rhodopes, limited to small surfaces in Rila, Piren, Vitosha and other ranges.


hname:
Southeastern Moesian subalpine beech forests

description:
Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Rhodope mountains.


description:
Thermophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopide mountains, well represented, in particular, in the northern Rhodope mountains, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior].


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, forming an extensive, continuous belt throughout the range, except its eastern extremity, with outliers in satellite chains and some neighbouring hills.


description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range.


description:
Uncommon acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, often low-growing and limited to ridges and south-facing slopes, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Luzula sylvatica], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Polytrichum attenuatum], [Dicranum scoparium].


hname:
Balkan Range cherry-laurel beech forests

description:
Highly distinctive [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the western and central Balkan Range, developed on acid, deep coluvions of lower slopes and brook valleys, in which the understorey is dominated by the lauriphyllous [Prunus laurocerasus].


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range.


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower montane levels of the Balkan Range, often very tall, accompanied by a typical [Fagetalia cortège] that includes [Galium odoratum], [Cardamine bulbifera], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Veronica montana], [Mercurialis perennis], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Sanicula europaea], [Lunaria rediviva].


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Picea abies] forests of the higher montane levels of the Balkan Range, of extremely limited and local distribution in the central part of the chain.


description:
Forests of [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] or [Carpinus betulus] and [Carpinus orientalis] of the Balkan Range, widespread, though on limited surfaces, in the main chain, in the Anti-Balkan and in neighbouring hills.


hname:
Balkan Range [Festuca drymeja] beech forests

description:
Dry, acidocline forests of [Fagus moesiaca] or [Fagus sylvatica] of the Balkan Range, with an understorey dominated by [Festuca drymeja] and comprising [Galium rotundifolium] and [Luzula luzuloides], together with a reduced representation of [Galium odoratum] and the [Fagion] cortège.


description:
Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the Balkan Range.


description:
[Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, mostly developed on warm slopes or shallow soils in which the beech is accompanied by thermophilous trees or shrubs, often of Illyrian origin, such as [Corylus colurna], [Acer hyrcanum], [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia].


hname:
Illyrian [Helleborus odorus] beech forests

description:
Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the northern Dinarides and pre-Dinarides and of the southern mid-Pannonic or sub-Pannonic hills, north to the Hungarian Mecsek and Tolna hills, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Carpinus betulus] in the canopy, [Helleborus odorus], [Tamus communis], [Chaerophyllum aureum], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Potentilla micrantha] in the herb layer.


description:
Thermophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of inland areas of the central Dinarides.


description:
Local [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high Dinarides, with extremely limited outliers in the southeastern Alps, not forming a clear belt, contrary to more western formations of the [Aceri-Fagion], though, like them, characterized by the frequent admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus] in the canopy and of [Adenostyletalia] megaphorb species in the understorey. [Acer heldreichii], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Salix appendiculata], [Myrrhis odorata], [Cicerbita alpina], [Aconitum paniculatum], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Petasites albus], [Stellaria nemorum] are noteworthy accompaniers.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica], or, locally, [Fagus orientalis], [Fagus moesiaca], [Fagus taurica], forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux. Characteristic species include [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Silene heuffelii], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Euphorbia carniolica], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], [Primula elatior ssp. leucophylla], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Galium kitaibelianum], [Moehringia pendula], [Festuca drymeja].


hname:
East Carpathian acidophile beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, developed on acid soils, in particular podsols and brown acid soils, mostly limited to rather small surfaces within the more extensive neutrophilous forest complexes, characterized by a species-poor acidophilous flora that includes [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis hirundinacea], [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Galium rotundifolium], [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii], [Veronica officinalis], [Blechnum spicant], [Pteridium aquilinum].


description:
Widely distributed acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, accompanied by a cortège in which the acidophile species characteristic of the [Calamagrostio-Fagenion] clearly predominate over the edaphically less restricted species of the [Symphyto-Fagion]; [Luzula luzuloides], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Veronica officinalis], in particular, are often abundant.


hname:
Dacian [Galium kitaibelianum] beech forests

description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the central zone of the southern Romanian Carpathians, limited to small surfaces, characterized by the presence of thermophilous species such as [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii] and [Potentilla micrantha].


hname:
Dacian [Galium rotundifolium] beech forests

description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests, mostly of high mountains in the southwestern Carpathians, with [Galium rotundifolium] and an admixture of acidophilous and neutrophilous [Fagetalia] species.


hname:
East Carpathian neutrophile beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, with typical [Fagetalia] species, developed on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills accompanied by a cortège of typical [Fagetalia] species supplemented by regional Dacian elements, including [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Silene heuffelii], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Euphorbia carniolica], [Crocus heuffelianus], [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], widely distributed in all mountains and high hills of the region on neutral, basicline and sometimes acidocline substrates. [Fagus orientalis] and [Fagus taurica] may locally enter the canopy in sub-Carpathic ranges of Moldavia.


hname:
Dacian [Dentaria glandulosa] beech forests

description:
Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests, sometimes with a small admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Picea abies] and [Abies alba], with a rich [Fagetalia] flora and regionally characteristic Dacian species including [Symphytum cordatum], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Pulmonaria rubra], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Ranunculus carpaticus], widespread on rich soils throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, where they form the zonal forests of the lower and middle montane belt, between 600 and 1100 metres.


hname:
Dacian [Pulmonaria rubra] fir-beech forests

description:
Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests with a rich [Fagetalia] flora and Dacian regional species such as [Pulmonaria rubra], [Cardamine glanduligera] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Symphytum cordatum], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Campanula abietina], widely distributed throughout the Romanian and Ukrainian Carpathians, on rich brown, leached or acid soils of steep slopes at altitudes comprised between 700 and 1300 m.


description:
Acidocline [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] forests of the high southeastern Carpathians, occupying the upper fringe of the montane beech forests, at altitudes between 800 and 1350 metres, on acid brown soils, with [Leucanthemum waldsteinii] and a cortège otherwise typical of the [Symphyto-Fagenion], including [Oxalis acetosella], [Symphytum cordatum], [Pulmonaria rubra], [Cardamine glanduligera].


hname:
Dacian hairy sedge beech-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or sometimes [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus], occasionally of [Fagus sylvatica] without [Carpinus betulus], of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by an eastern [Carpinion] cortège that includes [Tilia cordata], [Prunus avium], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Melampyrum bihariense], [Aposeris foetida], [Stellaria holostea], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Galium schultesii], [Carex pilosa], [Dactylis glomerata].


description:
Local [Fagus sylvatica] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] forests of the tree-limit in the upper montane or subalpine level of the high southern Carpathians, developed where subalpine [Picea abies] forests do not form an uninterrupted zone, less well individualised than more western formations of the [Aceri-Fagion], though, like them, characterized by the admixture of [Acer pseudoplatanus] in the canopy and of [Adenostyletalia] megaphorb species in the understorey.


description:
Neutrophile to weakly acidophile [Fagus sylvatica-Picea abies] forests with a mixed cortège composed of [Fagetalia] species, in particular [Symphyto-Fagion] characteristics, and of [Vaccinio-Piceetalia] and [Adenostyletalia] species, of the subalpine or upper montane level of high mountains of the southern Carpathians.


hname:
Dacian subalpine gooseberry beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests with [Acer pseudoplatanus] characterized by the presence of [Ribes uva-crispa], [Glechoma hirsuta], [Lamium maculatum] and [Ulmus glabra], on very damp slopes of the subalpine or upper montane level of the southern and southwestern Carpathians.


hname:
East Carpathian calciphile beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests developed on limestones of the eastern and southern Carpathians and pre-Carpathian hills, harbouring a strongly calciphile and thermophile cortège.


hname:
Sub-Euxinian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

description:
Forests of the inner hills and eastern foothills of the Stranja dominated by [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus frainetto], sometimes with [Quercus hartwissiana], accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus mas], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata].


hname:
Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus virgiliana] forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus virgiliana] of the northern thracian basin, located mainly on relatively dry hills up to 800 metres, and usually accompanied by a species cortège similar to those of G1.76A1, including [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus mas], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata].


description:
Mesophile [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests of the northern Thracian plain developed on moist nutrient-rich soils, with [Acer tataricum], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cotinus coggygria], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Physospermum cornubiense], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria]. They have been submitted to intensive clearing and are now represented only by very fragmentary stands or single trees in a very resricted area.


description:
[Quercus polycarpa] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range and of high mountains of the eastern Balkan Range.


hname:
Stranja [Primula rosea]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests

description:
[Quercus polycarpa]- or [Quercus polycarpa] and [Quercus frainetto]-dominated forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a cortège comprised of numerous Euxinian elements, rich in [Primula vulgaris ssp. rosea].


hname:
Stranja [Fagus orientalis]-[Quercus polycarpa] forests

description:
[Quercus polycarpa]-[Fagus orientalis] forests of the Stranja-Istranca Range, accompanied by a species-rich cortège of the [Querceta polycarpae] that includes numerous Euxinian elements.


hname:
Southeastern Thracian thermophilous oak forests

description:
Subcontinental xero-thermophile forests of the Istranca southern spurs, rich in Euxinian and Mediterranean elements, dominated by [Quercus petraea ssp. dschorochense] and [Quercus cerris].


hname:
Western Anatolian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

description:
Sub-continental, supra-Mediterranean, thermo-xerophile oak forests of western Anatolia with [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica], [Quercus dshorochensis], [Castanea sativa], [Tilia tomentosa], [Mespilus germanica], [Geranium asphodeloides], [Aristolochia pallida], [Achillea grandiflora].


description:
Iberian and North African forests and woods dominated by [Quercus faginea], [Quercus canariensis] or [Quercus afares]. The humid formations of southwestern Iberia (units G1.772 and G1.773) are forest types of unique character in Europe and of extreme biological importance; also highly distinctive and vulnerable are the Baetic and Valencian formations listed under subunits G1.7714 and G1.7715.


description:
Xero-mesophile [Quercus faginea] formations of slopes and plateaux of middle elevations of the Spanish Meseta and associated ranges.


hname:
Western Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

description:
[Quercus faginea] forests of the supra-Mediterranean, sub-humid level of the Cantabrian periphery and upper Ebro basin.


hname:
Central Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

description:
[Quercus faginea] forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range, upper Douro basin and neighbouring regions.


hname:
Eastern Spanish [Quercus faginea] forests

description:
[Quercus faginea] forests of the meso-supra-Mediterranean levels of the Maestrazgo, interior Catalonia and adjacent Aragon.


description:
Southern forests of the sub-humid to humid supra-Mediterranean level of calcareous Baetic ranges, limited to a few enclaves in the Serrania de Ronda and the ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, dominated by [Quercus faginea] associated with [Acer granatense], [Acer monspessulanum], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata] and sometimes [Quercus pyrenaica].


description:
[Quercus faginea] forests of north facing  slopes (ubac) of the southern Valencian mountains (Aitana, Montcabrer, Benicadell), with [Acer granatense], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Taxus baccata].


description:
Humid, epiphyte-clad, dense, relict [Quercus faginea] forests of Portugal, restricted to a very few isolated localities.


description:
Humid and hyper-humid, luxuriant [Quercus canariensis] forests of the sierras of extreme southern Spain, limited to the Aljibe and a very few localities in the Serrania de Ronda.


description:
Stands of [Quercus brachyphylla], often associated with [Quercus macrolepis] or [Quercus ilex], of the Peloponnese and Crete.


description:
[Quercus pubescens]- or [Quercus virgiliana]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, Slovenia and the Triestine Karst with [Quercus cerris], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria].


hname:
Eastern sub-Mediterranean white oak woods

description:
Azonal white-oak dominated woods with a sub-Mediterranean accompanying flora, occupying thermic oases within the sub-continental [Quercion frainetto] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones.


hname:
Thracian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods

description:
[Quercus pubescens]-[Quercus virgiliana] woods of the Black Sea plains and hills of Turkey in Europe, and of the northern Thracian plain of southern and southeastern Bulgaria, where they are represented by mostly insular patches, particularly in the middle Maritsa and Tundja hills, the eastern and northern Rhodope foothills. The oaks are accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre] or [Tilia tomentosa] and by Mediterranean floral elements.


description:
Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus virgiliana] woods of the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range, and neighbouring regions.


hname:
Moesian white oak-oriental hornbeam woods

description:
Thermophilous sub-Mediterranean oak woods of Serbia and Bulgaria, with [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus cerris], [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer monspessulanum], [Acer hyrcanum], [Coronilla emerus], [Syringa vulgaris], [Cornus mas], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Arabis hirsuta], [Oryzopsis virescens], [Helleborus odorus].


description:
[Quercus pubescens] oak woods of dolomites of the Golo Bardo range of western Bulgaria.


hname:
Moesian [Paeonia peregrina]-white oak woods

description:
Meso-xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods of the limestone plateaux of the Romanian Dobrogea, of the Bulgarian Dobrudja and associated plateaux, of the Sredna Gora of central Bulgaria, accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], with [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer, and an herb layer rich in [Paeonia peregrina], [Ornithogalum fimbriatum], [Mercurialis ovata], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]).


hname:
Moesian [Galium dasypodium]-white oak woods

description:
Xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods on rendzine soils of the limestone plateaux of the Dobrogea, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Prunus moldavica] in the shrub layer and [Galium dasypodum], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Carex michelii], [Zerna inermis] in the herb layer.


description:
[Quercus pubescens] woods of steep sunny slopes of the Danubian Iron Gate region, with [Syringa vulgaris], [Echinops bannaticus], [Scutellaria pichleri], [Symphytum ottomanum], [Jansion heldreichii].


description:
Xerophile, neutrophile [Quercus pubescens] woods on sunny slopes of the Danube Iron Gates region, with [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Quercus petraea], [Quercus frainetto] in the tree layer, [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer and [Echinops bannaticus], [Lychnis coronaria], [Lathyrus venetus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Chrysanthemum corymbosum] in the herb layer.


hname:
Intra-Carpathian insular [Quercus virgiliana] woods

description:
Xerophile, neutrophilous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus virgiliana] woods distributed in insular patches on steep south-facing slopes of intra-Carpathian hills of Romania, in particular, of the foothills bordering the lower Danubian basin of Romania, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Amygdalus nana], [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer and [Astragalus monspessulanus], [Carex humilis], [Dictamnus albus], [Geranium sanguineum], [Astragalus austriacus] in the herb layer.


description:
Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean woods of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain.


description:
Thermophilous oak woods mainly on southern slopes and on calcareous soils of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, dominated by [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus petraea], accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], with a well-developed species-rich undergrowth composed mainly of sub-Mediterranean elements, including [Viburnum lantana], [Colutea arborescens], [Cornus mas], [Vicia sparsiflora], [Oryzopsis virescens], [Dictamnus albus], [Carex hallerana], [Mercurialis ovata], [Limodorum abortivum].


description:
Low woods of [Fraxinus ornus] and [Quercus pubescens] on steep southern slopes of calcareous hills of Hungary, southern Moravia, northeastern Austria and southern Slovakia, with a well-developed shrub layer comprising [Cotinus coggygria], [Coronilla emerus ssp. emeroides], [Euonymus verrucosus] and an understorey including [Geranium sanguineum], [Iris graminea], [Euphorbia polychroma], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Carex humilis], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Tamus communis], [Anthericum ramosum].


description:
Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus pubescens] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion].


description:
Mostly low woods of sunny, shallow-soil limestone and dolomite slopes of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of northern Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia, dominated by [Quercus pubescens] with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea], [Ostrya carpinifolia].


hname:
Illyrian oriental hornbeam white oak woods

description:
[Quercus pubescens]-dominated facies of mixed woods of oriental hornbeam, hop-hornbeam, ashes and oaks of the [Carpinetum orientalis illyricum] of the Drava and Sava basin.


description:
Forests of [Quercus pubescens ssp. anatolica] of the southern Crimean coast, of the western Caucasus and tthe Noworossijsk Black Sea coast and the western Great Caucasus Range.


hname:
Italo-Illyrian hop-hornbeam sub-thermophilous oak woods

description:
Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of northern Italy, the Drava and Sava basin and the western Balkan peninsula, dominated by oaks other than [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus macrolepis], [Quercus trojana] or their allies, and, in particular, by [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea] and their allies, usually associated with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus] and other species.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean, occasionally mesomediterranean, forests of the northern Italian peninsula, dominated by [Quercus cerris], with [Quercus petraea], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus].


hname:
Dalmatian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

description:
Thermophile oak woods of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, from central Albania, through Dalmatia, north to the Istrian peninsula, dominated by [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus petraea].


description:
[Quercus cerris]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with [Quercus pubescens], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria] and a cortège similar to that of the white oak woods of unit G1.736.


description:
[Quercus petraea]-dominated woods of the eastern Adriatic seaboard, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Quercus pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus aria], [Tilia platiphyllos], [Acer monspessulanum], [Cotinus coggygria], represented, in particular, by rare and localized [Quercus petraea] forests of the Triestine Karst, Slovenia and Istria.


hname:
Illyrian thermophile turkey oak-sessile oak woods

description:
Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus petraea] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, with a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion].


description:
[Quercus cerris]- or [Quercus petraea]-dominated facies of the [Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae] hop-hornbeam oak woods of unit G1.73751.


description:
Thermophilous, sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea] woods of the [Carpinion illyricum] zone of the Drava and Sava basin, occupying sunny steep slopes, with [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria] and a cortège of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] that includes [Lathyrus niger], [Melitis melissophyllum], [Serratula tinctoria], together with [Carex flacca], [Galium sylvaticum].


description:
Forests of strongly sub-Mediterranean character, dominated by subthermophilous oak species, such as [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto], sometimes [Quercus petraea], [Quercus pseudocerris], [Quercus boissieri], characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level of the southern part of the eastern Mediterranean peninsulas and of southern Asia Minor.


hname:
Southern Italic subthermophilous oak woods

description:
Forest formations of [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or, locally, [Quercus petraea], of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and of Monte Gargano.


description:
[Quercus cerris]-dominated forest formations of the supra-Mediterranean, montane and, locally, meso-Mediterranean levels of the Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, with a distribution centreed on the Basilicata, and of Monte Gargano, on siliceous or calcareous substrates.


hname:
Southern Italic [Quercus frainetto] woods

description:
[Quercus frainetto]-dominated or rich forest formations of the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines, extending north to Latium, Tuscany and Molise, mostly on siliceous or decarbonated substrates of the supra-Mediterranean level.


description:
[Quercus petraea]-dominated forest formations of the Calabrian Apennines and Sicily.


hname:
Southern Hellenic subthermophilous oak woods

description:
Forest formations dominated by [Quercus cerris], by [Quercus frainetto], or both, of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia.


hname:
Southern Hellenic [Quercus cerris] woods

description:
Forest formations dominated by [Quercus cerris] of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia.


hname:
Southern Hellenic [Quercus frainetto] woods

description:
Forest formations dominated by [Quercus frainetto], of the Peloponnese, Attica and Beotia.


hname:
Eastern Mediterranean subthermophilous oak woods

description:
Oak woods of the supra-Mediterranean and mesic mesomediterranean zones of the Taurus, the Amanus, the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains, Palestine, Syria and southern Anatolia, dominated by [Quercus pseudocerris] or [Quercus boissieri].


description:
Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], of [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, locally of [Quercus pedunculiflora] or [Quercus virgiliana], of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, of the supra-Mediterranean level of continental Greece, except the extreme south, and of supra-Mediterranean Anatolia. In most of their range they constitute the lowest altitudinal tier of forest vegetation; in Greece and adjacent areas, however, they occur above the forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion]. In western Carpathians they have the northern boundary of occurrence and here are represented by the alliance [Quercion confertae cerris] with species [Lathyrus niger], [Melica picta], [Serratula tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis].


description:
Extensive [Quercus cerris]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania.


description:
Extensive [Quercus frainetto]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including  the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece), of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania.


description:
[Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests of the hills and mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope Mountains. They include, in particular, the xero-mesophile [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus] often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Rhodope and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, drier than the [Carpinus betulus]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of unit G1.A1C3. [Ruscus aculeatus] is often present and sometimes subdominant in their undergrowth. They also include local formations of the upper supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, mostly of the Pindus and of crystalline or metamorphic ranges of the southern Moeso-Macedonian  and Rhodope mountains, likewise altitudinally inserted between [Quercus frainetto] and beech forests.


description:
Rare forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including  the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains,  in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece, of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southwestern Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, dominated by rare, endemic oak species, in particular [Quercus protoroburoides], or by highly disjunct populations of more northern species, in particular [Quercus petraea].


description:
Rare [Quercus petraea]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains,  in particular of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece and of the hornbeam-durmast oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania.


description:
Endemic [Quercus protoroburoides] forests of the upper montane level of Rila.


description:
Local [Quercus virgiliana]-dominated forests of the hills and low mountain slopes of the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Pindus, the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains, the Thessalian mountains, in particular of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] level of northern and middle Greece (Macedonia, Thrace, Epiros, Thessaly, Central Greece) and of the "[Querceta frainetti]" component of the xerothermal oak belt of southern and southwestern Bulgaria.


description:
Local [Quercus pedunculiflora]-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean level of northern and middle Greece.


description:
Local [Quercus polycarpa]-dominated forests of the supra-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] level of Greece.


description:
Xerophile or xero-mesophile forests of [Quercus frainetto], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea] and related deciduous oaks, of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak and hornbeam-durmast oak belts of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the slopes of the Balkan Range and its associated hills and plateaux; irradiations extend into southern Romania. The associated flora has a marked southeastern European character and includes [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Piptatherum virescens], [Paeonia peregrina], [Mercurialis ovata].


description:
Oak forests of the lower level of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly dominated by [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus cerris].


hname:
Moesio-Danubian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

description:
Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus cerris] of the sub-continental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular on the northern and southern slopes of the Balkan Range and their associated hills and plateaux, extending to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region of Romania, accompanied by [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Acer campestre], [Cornus mas], [Lychnis coronaria], [Rubus tomentosus], [Lathyrus niger], [Lathyrus venetus], [Helleborus odorus].


hname:
Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam [Quercus cerris] forests

description:
Meso-xerophile, neutrophile forests of [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus] and [Carpinus orientalis] of the subcontinental central and eastern Balkan peninsula, mostly of the xerothermal oak belt of Serbia and northern and central Bulgaria, in particular of the lower Danube basin and its fringing plateaux, extending north into Romania to low mountains of the Danube Iron Gates region and of the southwestern Dobrogea, with [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria] and sub-Mediterranean species, including [Mercurialis ovata], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Piptatherum virescens], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]).


hname:
Moesio-Danubian mixed oak [Quercus frainetto] forests

description:
Meso-xerophile, neutrophile mixed oak forests of [Quercus frainetto], accompanied by some [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa], [Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana], [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa] in the tree layer, [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria] in the shrub layer and many sub-Mediterranean species, including [Paeonia peregrina], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], [Lychnis coronaria], in the herb layer, limited to small insular surfaces in the lower Danube valley of Bulgaria and in the Romanian Dobrogea.


hname:
Moesio-Danubian oriental hornbeam-durmast oak forests

description:
Forests mostly dominated by [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l., of the upper level of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the central and eastern Balkan peninsula.


hname:
Central Moesian [Quercus dalechampii]-oriental hornbeam forests

description:
Xero-mesophile [Quercus dalechampii]-dominated forests, sometimes mixed with [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] or [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus] often present and sometimes abundant, widespread in the durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and neighbouring hills, drier than the [Carpinus betulus]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of 41.2C35. [Ruscus aculeatus] is often present and sometimes subdominant in the undergrowth.


hname:
Moesio-Danubian bedstraw sessile oak forests

description:
Acidophile [Quercus petraea] s.l. forests of the southern and southwestern pre-Carpathian foothills, with [Galium pseudaristatum], [Luzula luzuloides], [Veronica officinalis], [Poa nemoralis], [Festuca heterophylla] in the herb layer.


description:
Oak forests of the Romanian Dobrogea dominated by [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa] or [Quercus pedunculiflora], rich in [Carpinus orientalis], [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], of mixed Moesian and Pontic affinities, developed in stations ecologically intermediate between those that support [Carpinion betuli] forests of 41.72 and those that harbour steppe forests of 41.7A.


description:
Neutrophile [Quercus dalechampii] forests, limited to low hills of the Romanian Dobrogea, accompanied by [Fraxinus excelsior ssp. excelsior], [Fraxinus excelsior ssp. coriariifolia] ([Fraxinus coriariifolia]), [Fraxinus ornus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis] in the tree layer, with [Cornus mas] in the shrub layer, and [Paeonia peregrina] and other sub-Mediterranean species, including [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), in the herb layer.


hname:
Dobrogean sessile oak-lime-oriental hornbeam-ash forests

description:
Xero-mesophile, neutrophile [Quercus dalechampii] and [Quercus polycarpa] forests of the northern Dobrogean plateaux, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus coriariifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], accompanied by numerous sub-Mediterranean species including [Nectaroscordum dioscoridis], [Lychnis coronaria], [Digitalis lanata], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], and a few [Fagetalia] species, such as [Zerna benekenii], [Pulmonaria obscura], [Cardamine bulbifera].


hname:
Dobrogean [Quercus pedunculiflora]-lime-oriental hornbeam forests

description:
Xero-mesophile, neutrophile mixed [Quercus pedunculiflora] forests of the northern Dobrogea plateaux, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus ornus] in the tree layer, numerous sub-Mediterranean species, including [Ornithogalum fimbriatum], [Viola jordanii], [Paeonia peregrina], [Myrrhoides nodosa], [Mercurialis ovata], [Piptatherum virescens], and a few [Fagetalia] species, [Zerna benekenii], [Pulmonaria obscura], in the herb layer.


hname:
Getic sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

description:
Sub-continental thermo-xerophile [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris]-Quercus petraea] forests of the foothills bordering the lower Danube depression of southern Romania, with the continental [Acer tataricum] and lacking typically sub-Mediterranean species such as [Carpinus orientalis] and [Ruscus aculeatus].


hname:
Getic white cinquefoil [Quercus cerris] forests

description:
Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris], of the plains of southern Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Cornus mas], [Potentilla alba], [Lychnis coronaria], [Viola hirta], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum].


hname:
Getic early sedge [Quercus frainetto] forests

description:
Xero-mesophile, acidophile [Quercus frainetto] forests of Muntenia and Oltenia, with [Acer campestre], [Pyrus pyraster], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Carex praecox], [Genista tinctoria], [Veronica officinalis], [Poa angustifolia], [Lychnis coronaria], [Calamagrostis epigejos].


hname:
Getic crocus [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

description:
Xero-mesophile, weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris] and [Quercus frainetto] of the plains in the southern of Romania, with [Acer campestre] and [Acer tataricum], accompanied by [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crocus flavus], [Lychnis coronaria], [Genista tinctoria], [Lathyrus niger], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum], [Polygonatum latifolium].


hname:
Getic [Q. frainetto]-[Q. cerris]-[Q. petraea] forests

description:
Weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus cerris], [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l. of the southern and western pre-Carpathian foothills, accompanied by [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Fraxinus ornus], [Cornus mas], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria], [Helleborus odorus], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Sedum maximum], [Sedum cepaea], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]).


hname:
Getic [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests

description:
Weakly acidophile forests of [Quercus frainetto] and [Quercus petraea] s.l. of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with a shrub layer composed of [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Ulmus minor], [Cornus mas], and an herb layer of [Carex praecox], [Carex caryophyllea], [Genista tinctoria], [Potentilla micrantha], [Lychnis coronaria], [Galium pseudaristatum].


hname:
Pre-Carpathian [Quercus cerris]-[Quercus petraea] [s.l.] forests

description:
Weakly acidophile to neutrophile forests of [Quercus petraea] s.l. and [Quercus cerris] of the southern pre-Carpathian foothills, with [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Sorbus torminalis], sometimes [Tilia tomentosa], [Cerasus avium], [Fagus sylvatica], [Fraxinus ornus], participating in the tree layer, accompanied by [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Genista tinctoria], [Lathyrus niger], [Silene viridiflora], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Chrysanthemum corymbosum] in the herb layer.


hname:
Thracian sub-continental thermophilous oak woods

description:
Subcontinental thermo-xerophile oak forests of southeastern Bulgaria and European Turkey, developed in the Euxinian Stranja-Istranca and eastern Balkan Range and in the peri-Mediterraneo-steppic hills rising from the northern Thracian plain or fringing it.


hname:
Euxino-Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

description:
[Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests of the northern Thracian plain and its fringing Balkan Range, eastern Rhodope or Stranja foothills.


hname:
Thracian [Quercus frainetto]-[Quercus cerris] forests

description:
Mostly fragmentary forests of the northern Thracian plain, its isolated hills and the fringing foothills of the Balkan Range, the eastern Rhodopes and the northwestern Stranja dominated by [Quercus frainetto] or sometimes [Quercus cerris], accompanied by [Carpinus orientalis], [Crataegus monogyna] and a thermophile, sub-Mediterranean cortège that includes [Physospermum cornubiense], [Lathyrus niger], [Lychnis coronaria], [Heptaptera triquetra].


description:
Formations of Catalonia rich in [Quercus canariensis].


description:
Relict formations of Mallorca dominated by, or rich in, [Quercus faginea].


description:
Supra-Mediterranean, and occasionally meso-mediterranean woods dominated by the semideciduous [Quercus trojana] or its allies. Other typical species include [Quercus pubescens], [Carpinus orientalis], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Cistus creticus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Helictotrichum convolutum] and [Ostrya carpinifolia].


description:
Usually low formations dominated by [Quercus trojana], often with junipers or maples, of Macedonia, Thrace and Thessaly, north to Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania and the the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Vardar valley.


description:
Relict woods, sometimes of considerable height, of [Quercus trojana] and [Quercus pubescens], often with an admixture of [Quercus ilex] and its associated vegetation (Murge: e.g. bosco delle Pianelle, foresta Gaglione).


hname:
Mediterranean valonia oak ([Quercus macrolepis]) woodland

description:
Woods dominated by the semideciduous [Quercus macrolepis], often fairly open, of the mostly meso-Mediterranean zone of Greece, Albania, western Asia, and, very locally, southern Italy.


description:
[Quercus macrolepis] formations of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, as well as of ajacent Albania; well developed forests exist, in particular, in the Ionian islands and on Lesbos; more modified, grove-like, stands, exist on the maritime slopes of the low mountains bordering the gulf of Arta and in western Etolia, in the northwestern Peloponnese, in Thessaly, in Attica, in Thrace, in Crete.


description:
Relict [Quercus macrolepis] formations of Salento (Tricase).


description:
Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region. The substrate consists of 'Loess' (Chernozem soils). Different [Quercus] spp. dominate in the tree layer, which is rich in continental steppic vegetation elements and geophytes of the [Aceri tatarici-Quercion] and [Potentillo albae-Quercion], e.g. [Carex michelii], [Dactylis polygama], [Geum urbanum], [Lathryrus niger], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Pulmonaria mollis ssp. mollis], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Convallaria majalis], [Dictamnus albus], [Festuca rupicola] and [Potentilla alba].


description:
Xero-thermophile oak woods of continental affinities of the wooded steppe zone of Pannonia and the Ponto-Sarmatic region, and their irradiations into regions or sites of high local continentality west and north of the Ponto-Pannonic region.


description:
Xero-thermophile oak woods of central Europe, Pannonia and the northern approaches to the Ponto-Sarmatic wooded steppe zone with a flora of moderate thermophily and high continental affinities, mostly characteristic of sandy soil along the edges of the eastern steppeland and of clay soils in northern and western woodland areas.


hname:
Western white cinquefoil sessile oak woods

description:
Cinquefoil oak woods of the Rhine, Elbe, Oder, Vistula and upper Danube basins, including the northern and central Bohemian Basin and the southern flank of the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians in Moravia, forming the northern and westernmost irradiations of the complex, with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Pinus sylvestris], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Viburnum lantana], [Corylus avellana], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Prunus spinosa], [Juniperus communis], [Carpinus betulus], [Pyrus communis], [Primula veris], [Campanula persicifolia], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Lathyrus niger], [Geranium sanguineum], [Potentilla alba], [Pulmonaria angustifolia], [Ranunculus polyanthemos], [Serratula tinctoria], [Silene nutans], [Veronica officinalis], [Veronica chamaedrys], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Carex montana], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea].


description:
Well-developed woods of the Pannonic basin, in Hungary, southern Slovakia, western Romania and Serbia, installed on deep brown forest soil, between 200 m and 500 m altitude, dominated by [Quercus petraea], [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus polycarpa] and [Quercus cerris], with an underdeveloped shrub layer and a grassy understorey composed most frequently of [Festuca heterophylla], [Poa nemoralis], [Melica uniflora], accompanied by [Lychnis coronaria], [Potentilla alba], [Vicia cassubica], [Serratula tinctoria], [Chrysanthemum corymbosum], [Digitalis grandiflora].


hname:
Pannonic hairy greenweed sessile oak woods

description:
Uncommon thermophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of the Pannonic basin, developed in Hungary, in particular in the Central Hungarian Range, extending to Lower Austria, southwestern Moravia, southern Slovakia and western Romania, on andesite, granite or slate substrates and slightly acidic soils of south-facing slopes, somewhat transitional to acidophilous oak woods of unit G1.87. [Quercus petraea] is monodominant in the tree layer or associated with [Quercus polycarpa]; the understorey, almost devoid of a shrub layer, is composed of an admixture of oak forest species and siliceous rock sward elements; [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Veronica officinalis], [Hieracium bauhinii], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Anthericum ramosum], [Sedum sexangulare] are frequent.


description:
Xero-thermophile oak woods dominated by [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur], of the central Sarmatic regions in Podolia, the central Russian plateaux, Bashkiria and the southern Urals, north of, and along the northern edge of, the Sarmatic wooded steppe zone.


description:
Thermophile [Quercus petraea] forests of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania accompanied by a mixed sub-Mediterranean flora including [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Festuca drymeja], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Ruscus aculeatus], [Carex sylvatica], [Dentaria bulbifera], [Viola reichenbachiana].


hname:
Getic-pre-Carpathic [Festuca drymeia] oak forests

description:
Acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests with an herb layer dominated by [Festuca drymeja], of hills and low mountains of central and southern Romania.


description:
Weakly acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests of the southwestern hills and low mountains of Romania, with [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis] in the tree layer, [Crataegus monogyna], [Ligustrum vulgare] in the shrub layer and [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Helleborus odorus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Sedum cepaea], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea] ([Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum]), [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Silene viridiflora], [Lychnis coronaria], [Carex sylvatica], [Dentaria bulbifera] in the herb layer.


description:
Xero-thermophile oak woods of serpentines of the middle Jihlava Valley of southwestern Moravia, dominated by [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] with well developed shrub and field layers; the former comprises, in particular, [Prunus mahaleb] and [Berberis vulgaris], the latter species of thermophilous oak forests and forest edges, species of dry grasslands, in particular, [Carex humilis], [Festuca pallens] and [Koeleria macrantha], serpentinophilous ferns, notably [Asplenium cuneifolium].


description:
[Carpinus orientalis]-dominated facies of thermophilous woods of the Caucasus, the foothills of the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Amanus and Alaouites.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by [Acer] spp.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean formations of the mountains of the upper Guadalquivir, with [Acer granatense], [Acer monspessulanum], [Quercus faginea], [Quercus pyrenaica], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata], [Daphne laureola], [Paeonia officinalis ssp. humilis]. Vestiges of this type of vegetation also survive in the Serrania de Ronda.


description:
Formations, extremely rare if not extinct, of the mountains of Majorca (Puig de Maçanella, Puig Major), dominated by [Acer granatense], with [Quercus faginea], [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. comafredensis], [Ilex aquifolium var. balearica], [Helleborus foetidus var. balearicus], [Sorbus aria], [Primula acaulis var. balearica], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Tamus communis], [Taxus baccata], [Hedera helix], [Smilax aspera var. balearica], [Paeonia cambessedesii], several of which are relict endemic taxa of very limited distribution and low numbers.


hname:
North African [Acer monspessulanum] forests

description:
Low (eight metres tall) [Acer monspessulanum]-dominated forest of the Djebel Zaghouan in the Tunisian Dorsale, with a dominated stratum of [Quercus ilex].


description:
Low [Acer monspessulanum]- or [Acer campestre]-dominated woods of the xerothermic oak belt of the Balkan peninsula, in Albania, the western F.Y.R. of Macedonia, southern Serbia and western and southern Bulgaria, in particular, of the northeastern Rhodope foothills and the northwestern Balkan Range.


description:
Supra-, sub- or mesomediterranean and Euro-Siberian steppe woods dominated by [Tilia] spp., for the most part, supra-, meso- or sub-Mediterranean [Tilia] spp. -dominated facies of the thermophilous woods of units G1.73, G1.74, G1.76,G1.7A.


description:
[Tilia tomentosa]-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of southern Central Europe and the northern and middle part of the Balkan peninsula, mostly within the [Quercion frainetto] environment, but also locally developed in conjunction with eastern [Carpinion betuli] forests.


description:
[Tilia tomentosa]-dominated facies of mixed deciduous forests of Moesian hills of the Balkan peninsula, in particular, [Tilia tomentosa] woods of the sub-Mediterranean hornbeam-durmast oak belt of Bulgaria and Northern Greece.


description:
[Tilia tomentosa] lime forests of the plains of Muntenia, near Bucharest, evolution stages of mixed forests of [Quercus robur] ([Quercus petraea]), [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia tomentosa], [Fraxinus] spp.


description:
[Tilia tomentosa] steppe woods of Pannonic affinities developed on dry sands of Deliblat, with [Quercus robur], [Prunus mahaleb], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Crataegus monogyna], [Viburnum lantana], [Lonicera xylosteum].


description:
Loosely closed forests mainly of [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on shallow soils of exposed crests of limestone mountains (more rarely on andesite rocks) of the Northern Hungarian Range, with an herb layer of [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Galium erectum], [Cruciata glabra], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Erysimum odoratum], [Sisymbrium strictissimum], [Aconitum anthora], accompanied by endemics among which [Hesperis vrabelyiana], [Carduus collinus] and by other regionally rare species with disjunct distribution, such as [Waldsteinia geoides], [Melica altissima], [Carex brevicollis]. They constitute relict forests, most probably of the Boreal era, and are of great biological value.


description:
Thermophilous woods dominated by, or rich in, [Celtis australis]. Forests dominated by [Celtis australis] may have been an important component of Mediterranean woodland, in particular in North Africa, but appear to have been destroyed almost everywhere and to be represented only by individual trees and small stands.


description:
Nonalluvial, non-ravine meso-, supra- or sub-Mediterranean thermophilous woods dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia] or [Fraxinus ornus], often mixed with [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus pyrenaica].


description:
[Fraxinus angustifolia] woods of western Sicily.


description:
[Fraxinus angustifolia] woods of the Iberian peninsula.


description:
Thermophilous [Fraxinus ornus] woods, characteristic, in particular, of the Banat hills and the pre-Balkanic plateaux and hills of the lower Danube basin, dominated by [Fraxinus ornus] with [Cornus sanguinea], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia tomentosa], [Ulmus minor], [Carpinus orientalis].


description:
[Populus alba] woods of sands, in particular sand dunes, of the Danube-Tisza confluence of the Pannonic plain. The shrub layer includes [Juniperus communis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Rubus caesius], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Berberis vulgaris].


description:
Tall [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, occasionally accompanied by [Alnus incana], [Prunus padus], [Salix] spp., with a fern-rich field layer dominated by [Athyrium filix-femina], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Dryopteris expansa], accompanied by [Athyrium distentifolium], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Thelypteris limbosperma] and tall herbs; the species cortège includes [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Solidago virgaurea], [Stellaria nemorum], [Viola biflora], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Ribes rubrum], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Deschampsia cespitosa]; tall-fern hirch woods are developed on sandy moraines with good water supply.


description:
Birch woods of the taiga belt, of the wooded tundra belt, and of the taiga-nemoral forest transition zone of Eurasia, formed by [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens] s.l. or [Betula platyphylla].


description:
Open, often parklike, woods of [Betula pendula], [Betula platyphylla] or [Betula pubescens] s.l. of the transition zone between steppe and taiga of Siberia, east of the range of the nemoral deciduous forests of the Sarmatic region.


description:
Birch forests of the northern Black Sea basin, Anatolia, the Caucasus and neighbouring regions.


description:
Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Populus tremula].


description:
Woods of [Populus tremula] and [Corylus avellana], accompanied by a xerophile flora, of dry inner valleys of the Alps.


description:
Pioneer and subclimax [Populus tremula] formations of plains and hills of nemoral Europe, in particular the North Sea-Baltic plain and lower Hercynian slopes, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods, and of the adjacent large alluvial systems, such as that of the Po.


description:
[Populus tremula] formations of the montane level of nemoral and Mediterranean mountains of Europe, occurring, in particular, within the beech belt of high southern mountains.


description:
[Populus tremula] formations occurring within the sub- or supra-Mediterranean environment of the mixed deciduous broad-leaved forests of, in particular, the [Quercion frainetto].


description:
[Populus tremula] stands of the taiga zone and of the transition zone between taiga and nemoral woods of Fennoscandia and the northern Sarmatic region.


description:
[Populus tremula] stands, sometimes vast, of the southern slopes of inner Pontic ranges.


description:
Woods of the western Palaearctic region dominated by [Sorbus aucuparia], characteristic in particular of the Scottish Highlands.


description:
Natural woods, usually birch-oak or, east of the Elbe, [Pinus sylvestris], developing on Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dune systems.


description:
Open woodlands dominated by [Betula pendula]. The tree and shrub layers are species-poor, with frequent occurrence of [Sambucus racemosa]. The herb layer is usually well developed, relatively species-rich, the most common species are [Poa nemoralis], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Anemone nemorosa], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Luzula luzuloides], [Galium odoratum], [Rosa tomentosa], [Epilobium montanum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides].


hname:
Meso- and eutrophic oak, hornbeam, ash, sycamore, lime, elm and related woodland

description:
Woods, typically with mixed canopy composition, on rich and moderately rich soils. Includes woods dominated by [Acer], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Quercus] (especially [Quercus petraea] and [Quercus robur]), [Tilia] and [Ulmus]. Excludes acid [Quercus] woodland (G1.8) and woodland with a large representation of southern species such as [Fraxinus ornus] or [Quercus pubescens] (G1.7).


hname:
Oak - ash - hornbeam woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils

description:
Atlantic, medio-European and eastern European forests dominated by [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], on eutrophic or mesotrophic soils, with usually ample and species-rich herb and shrub layers. [Carpinus betulus] is generally present. They occur under climates too dry or on soils too wet or too dry for beech or as a result of forestry practices favouring oaks.


description:
Atlantic forests of the British Isles, western Belgium and northwestern France, mostly on more or less water-retaining soils, characterized by a diverse tree layer, dominated by [Quercus robur] and rich in [Fraxinus excelsior], and by an herb layer rich in species of the group of [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], in particular [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Gagea spathacea], [Tamus communis], [Primula vulgaris], [Luzula forsteri]. [Allium ursinum], [Primula elatior], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone nemorosa], [Lamium galeobdolon] characterise variants linked to soil acidity and hygromorphy.


hname:
Aquitanian ash - oak and oak - hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Carpinus betulus] of valley bottoms and cool, damp lower slopes of southwestern France, south to the Pyrenean piedmont, with [Sorbus torminalis], [Ruscus aculeatus] and many thermocline, acidocline and Mediterraneo-Atlantic species.


description:
Forests of [Quercus robur], sometimes [Quercus petraea], rich in [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Carpinus betulus], developed on more or less wet, meso-eutrophic soils, in regions of moderate Atlantic influence, from southern Champagne and Lorraine north to lower Rhenania, Westphalia and Hanover, characterized by the abundance of species of the ecological groups of [Primula elatior], of [Lamium galeobdolon], of [Anemone nemorosa] and by the absence of [Hyacinthoides non-scripta].


hname:
White-barked pine ([Pinus leucodermis]) forests

description:
Local treeline formations of [Pinus heldreichii] or [Pinus leucodermis] restricted to the southern Balkans, northern Greece and southern Italy, usually open and with an undergrowth formed by stripped grasslands on dry, often stony or rocky soils.


description:
Rare white-barked pine formations of high southern Italian mountains, limited to the Abruzzian Appenines (Montagna della Maiella), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini) and the Lucano-Calabrian Apennines (Pollino, monti Alpi di Latronico, monte la Spina, monti di Orsomarso, monte Montea, serra delle Ciavole).


description:
White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pindus, mostly on ophiolites, at altitudes above 1600 metres.


description:
White-barked pine formations of Mount Olympus, mostly on jurassic and triassic limestones at altitudes above 1350 metres, with an undergrowth including [Juniperus nana], [Daphne laureola], [Daphne mezereum], [Daphne oleoides], [Genista radiata], [Buxus sempervirens], [Cotoneaster integerrimus].


description:
White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Pelagonides of Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece, south to the Vourinos and the Vermion.


description:
White-barked pine formations of high elevations of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro and northern Albania, extending from the Prenj range to the Prokletije and other ranges immediately north of the Metohija depression.


description:
[Pinus leucodermis] forests of the Pirin and the Slavianka Mountains, on calcareous substrates.


description:
[Pinus peuce] formations, restricted to the subalpine zone of the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula south to extreme northern Greece (Voras, Varnous, Rhodope).


description:
[Pinus peuce] forests of the subalpine zone of the high Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Albania and northern Greece, recorded, in particular, from the Rudoka, Voras-Nidze and Varnous ranges.


description:
[Pinus peuce] forests of the subalpine zone of the southern Dinarides of Montenegro and northern Albania, in the Prokleti and Metochi mountains.


description:
Forests dominated by [Pinus peuce] of high altitudes of the Rila and Pirin ranges of Bulgaria, forming a belt of mixed or pure stands within the 1650 to 2100 metre zone and harbouring the largest populations of the species.


description:
[Pinus peuce]-dominated forests of the western Rhodope mountains of Bulgaria and of the Elatia region of Greece.


description:
[Pinus peuce] forests of the central Balkan Range.


hname:
Lowland to montane mediterranean pine woodland (excluding black pine [Pinus nigra])

description:
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic forests of thermophilous pines, mostly appearing as successional stages or plagioclimax replacements of Mediterranean evergreen broadleaved woodland G2.1 or G2.4. Long-established plantations of these pines, within their natural area of occurrence, and with an undergrowth basically similar to that of G2.1 and G2.4, are included.


hname:
Maritime pine ([Pinus pinaster]) forests

description:
Forests and plantations of [Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] of southwestern France and the western Iberian peninsula not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71).


description:
[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests with a subcanopy of [Quercus ilex], [Arbutus unedo] and sometimes [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus robur] and an undergrowth of [Rubia peregrina], [Cistus salvifolius], [Daphne gnidium] and, in the more acid stands, [Ulex europaeus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Erica scoparia] or, in more calcareous ones, [Hedera helix], [Ruscus aculeatus], developed on mostly calcareous inner dunes of the low-rainfall coasts of Vendé, Charente-maritime and northern Gironde, including the islands of Noirmoutier, Yeu, Ré‚ and Oléron.


hname:
Aquitanian maritime pine-cork oak forests

description:
[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] forests with a subcanopy of [Quercus suber], [Arbutus unedo] and sometimes [Quercus robur] and an undergrowth of [Erica cinerea], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Frangula alnus], [Rubia peregrina] and, in the more open stands, [Cistus salvifolius], [Cytisus scoparius], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris] or, in more closed ones, [Hedera helix], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Ilex aquifolium], developed on acidocline inner dunes of the warmer, more humid coasts of the Marensin, between the Eyre and the Adour river mouths.


description:
[Pinus pinaster ssp. atlantica] woodland of southwestern France other than the dunal formations listed in units G3.711 and G3.712.


hname:
Pannonic privet juniper-poplar steppe woods

description:
Closed [Populus alba] forests of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with a species-rich and strongly developed shrub layer and an herb layer comprising [Lithospermum officinale], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Asparagus officinalis], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Poa angustifolia], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Poa pratensis], [Senecio integrifolius], [Silene nutans], [Verbascum lychnitis] and [Solanum dulcamara var. pusztarum], frequently with the mosses [Dicranum scoparium] and [Hypnum cupressiforme].


hname:
Pannonic sedge juniper-poplar steppe woods

description:
[Populus alba] woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer dominated by [Carex liparocarpos], accompanied by [Potentilla arenaria], [Thesium ramosum], [Viola rupestris var. arenaria], [Galium verum], [Lithospermum officinale], [Medicago falcata], [Phleum phleoides], [Pimpinella saxifraga], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Taraxacum officinale], [Colchicum arenarium], [Iris humilis ssp. arenaria].


hname:
Pannonic gypsophila juniper-poplar steppe woods

description:
[Populus alba] woods of the Pannonian Danube-Tisza interfluvial region with an herb layer formed by [Gypsophila fastigiata ssp. arenaria], [Stipa capillata], [Ephedra distachya], [Alkanna tinctoria], [Potentilla arenaria], [Scabiosa ochroleuca] and sometimes stands of [Calamagrostis epigejos].


hname:
Sub-Mediterranean and Pannonic mixed woods

description:
Nonalluvial deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean or supra-Mediterranean regions of the Mediterranean basin, and of the Pannonic plain, formed by [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Quercus] spp., [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Acer] spp., [Sorbus] spp., [Populus] spp., [Celtis australis] and occasionally, [Fagus] spp., in varied combinations and dominance.


description:
Mixed woods of [Tilia] spp., [Fraxinus] spp., [Quercus] spp., [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Sorbus] spp., [Populus] spp. and occasionally, [Fagus] spp. of the Mediterranean, supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], [Ostryo-Carpinion] and [Quercion frainetto] zones.


description:
Mixed woods of dolomitic substrates of the periphery and hills of the Pannonic plain, in Hungary, southern Slovakia and Croatia, characterized by the juxtaposition of beech wood and thermophile oak wood species, rich in relict species of disjunct distribution such as [Calamagrostis varia], [Allium victorialis], [Rubus saxatilis], [Primula auricula ssp. hungarica], and therefore of great biogeographical significance.


hname:
Western Asian wild fruit tree steppe woods

description:
Usually open or very open stands of [Pistacia] spp., [Amygdalus] spp., [Malus] spp., [Pyrus] spp., [Prunus] spp., [Juglans regia] and other fruit or nut-bearing trees, often associated with [Acer] spp., [Rosa] spp., [Crataegus] spp., of the steppes and subdesert fringes of eastern Anatolia, Iran, Syria and Afghanistan, with a probable outpost in the central plains of Cyprus.


description:
Brushy liana-rich woods of deep ravines of Crete, formed by [Ficus carica], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Celtis tournefortii], [Cotinus coggygria], [Rhus coriaria], [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. cretica], [Sorbus aria ssp. cretica], [Sorbus umbellata], restricted to a few calcareous cliffs. They appear to have affinities with  Irano-Turanian steppe woods and ravine and valley woodlands of Nort Africa and Arabia


description:
Supra-Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean [Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and old established plantations with semi-natural undergrowth.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of the Balkan peninsula, of northern Greece, including the Chalkidike peninsula, with irradiations in the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] zone. They appear to represent the main area of indigenousness of the species.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Peloponnese, the Aegean islands, Crete and western Asia Minor, occupying scattered, relatively rare localities in the supra-Mediterranean level of mountains ranges.


description:
Sub-Mediterranean [Castanea sativa]-dominated acidophilous forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis adriaticum] zone of the Balkan peninsula, distributed, in particular, in the Slovenian coastal mountains, in Istria, on the islands of Krk and Cres, in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Montenegro, within an area of undoubted indigenousness of the species.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] zone, locally, notably in Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending into the [Fagion illyricum] zone, apparently constituting, with the subthermophilous oak region of the Balkans, a centre of indigenousness of the species. Extensive stands are recorded, in particular, from northwestern Croatia, neighbouring Slovenia, northern, central and eastern Bosnia-Herzegovina.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the collinar level of the southern slope of the Alps of Italy and southern Switzerland, with a cortège characteristic of medio-European acidophilous oak forests; resulting from ancient introductions, they are particularly abundant on the margins of the Piedmont plains, where they constitute, in some valleys, an almost continuous forest mantle, extending up to 800 m, sometimes 1000 m, and in the Insubrian region. They occur more sparsely west to the Ligurian Alps.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the Apennines, of lesser hill ranges of the Italian peninsula and of Sicily, at the 200-800 m level and mostly on siliceous soils, for the most part resulting from ancient introductions, probably indigenous in some areas, in particular, Etna and the Euganean hills.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of Corsica and Sardinia, where they may be indigenous and are fairly widespread, particularly in the San Petrone massif of Corsica and in eastern central Sardinia.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of southeastern France, in particular, of the Maures, the Cévennes and the eastern Pyrenees, where they may be, in part, indigenous and are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level, with a cortège of acidophilous [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] forests.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the Iberian peninsula, southwestern and central France, probably entirely resulting from ancient introductions, common in northwestern Iberia, in Catalonia, in the mountains of central and western Iberia, in Andalucia and, mostly as substitutes of southwestern Atlantic medio-European oak forests in the northwestern piedmont of the Pyrenees and southwestern France, fairly rare in the rest of the Iberian peninsula.


description:
[Castanea sativa]-dominated forests and naturalised plantations of the foothills and piedmont of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus, characteristic, in particular, of the 100-1100 m level of the Colchidian hills.


description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] on acid soils with an herb layer mostly constituted by the ecological groups of [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Holcus mollis], and of [Maianthemum bifolium], [Convallaria majalis], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Luzula pilosa], and the mosses [Polytrichum formosum] and [Leucobryum glaucum].


description:
Acidophilous forests of the Baltic-North Sea plain, composed of [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula] and [Betula pubescens], often mixed with [Sorbus aucuparia] and [Populus tremula], on very oligotrophic, often sandy and podsolised or hydromorphic soils; the shrub layer, poorly developed, includes [Frangula alnus]; the herb layer, formed by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa], always includes [Molinia caerulea] and is often invaded by bracken. Forests of this type often prevail in the northern European plain, from Jutland to Flanders; they occupy more limited edaphic enclaves in the Ardennes and the middle and upper Rhenish ranges, in northwestern France, Normandy, Brittany, the Paris basin, the Morvan and Great Britain. East of the Elbe, in the Baltic lowlands, they are represented, east to Mecklenburg, by stands transitional, to a greater or lesser extent, to those of unit G4.71.


hname:
Atlantic acidophilous beech - oak forests

description:
Forests analogous to those of the [Ilici-Fagion] but dominated by [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur], often accompanied by [Fagus sylvatica]. They differ from unit G1.81 by the representation of the group of [Maianthemum bifolium] in the herb layer.


description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests with [Fagus sylvatica] of the Baltic and North Sea plains, north to southern Scandinavia and east to Poland, of Picardy, Normandy, Perche, the Paris region, western Morvan, Argonne, middle Belgium.


description:
[Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] forests of Brittany, generally richer in epiphytes, mosses and evergreen shrubs than the forests of unit G1.821, transitional to unit G1.83.


description:
[Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea]-dominated woods of dunes and dune slacks of the North Sea coasts, of very local and relict occurrence.


description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of the British Isles, with low, low-branched, trees, with many ferns, mosses, lichens and evergreen bushes; the herb layer is formed by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa].


description:
[Quercus petraea] woods of Ireland, particularly rich in evergreen bushes, including [Arbutus unedo].


description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] woods of western Britain, mostly found in Scotland, Cumbria, Wales and southwestern England, with a few outliers in northern England, in particular in Yorkshire.


hname:
Aquitano-Ligerian oak forests on podsols

description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] and, sporadically [Quercus pyrenaica] or hybrids, on podsols of southwestern France, with an herb layer constituted by the group of [Deschampsia flexuosa], with [Molinia caerulea] and [Peucedanum gallicum].


hname:
Aquitano-Ligerian oak forests on leached or acid soils

description:
Silicicolous thermocline forests of [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], [Pyrus communis], [Malus acerba], [Ilex aquifolium], [Mespilus germanica] with an undergrowth of [Ruscus aculeatus], [Festuca heterophylla], [Pulmonaria longifolia], [Melica uniflora] and the [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Convallaria majalis] groups of the [Quercion].


description:
Forests or tall coppice of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, with an often species-poor herb layer formed by the groups of [Deschampsia flexuosa] and of [Hypericum pulchrum], by [Ruscus aculeatus] and often various ericaceous plants including [Daboecia cantabrica].


description:
[Quercus petraea] forests of the Pyrenees and northwestern Iberia, often with [Tilia platyphyllos], [Prunus avium], [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula], [Sorbus torminalis], [Castanea sativa] and with [Rhamnus frangula], [Ilex aquifolium], [Mespilus germanica], [Corylus avellana], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Melampyrum pratense], [Lathyrus montanus], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula forsteri], [Deschampsia flexuosa].


description:
Cantabrian and peri-Cantabrian acidophilous [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] forests, sometimes rich in [Betula celtiberica], [Quercus pyrenaica] or [Castanea sativa], with [Teucrium scorodonia], [Blechnum spicant], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Veronica officinalis], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Melampyrum pratense], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Stellaria holostea], [Oxalis acetosella], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Dryopteris affinis], [Dryopteris aemula], [Oreopteris limbosperma], [Polypodium vulgare], [Ulex europaeus], [Ulex gallii], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Daboecia cantabrica], [Erica cinerea], [Erica vagans].


hname:
Eastern Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests

description:
Cantabro-Euskaldian collinar to montane [Quercus robur] forests.


hname:
Western Cantabrian acidophilous oak forests

description:
Galicio-Asturian collinar to montane [Quercus robur] forests, richer in western Iberian species such as [Linaria triornitophora], [Omphalodes nitida], [Saxifraga spathularis], than the forests of unit G1.8621.


description:
Oro-Cantabrian montane [Quercus petraea] forests.


hname:
Illyro-Pannonic thermophile acidophilous oak forests

description:
Strongly thermophile acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the peri-Pannonic hills and of the Illyrian basins of the Drava and Sava, constituting a transition between the slightly thermophilous submeridional forests of unit G1.87 and the thermophilous oak sub-Mediterranean or steppe forests of unit G1.7.


description:
Xero-mesophile, thermophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests, occupying generally small surfaces on warm, south-facing, steep, siliceous, gneiss, shist or granite slopes of the Danube trough of Upper Austria, the Lower Austrian Waldviertel, the Bohemian basin, the western foothills of the Apuseni mountains, the Olt valley in the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, the southeastern foothills of the Carpathian Curve, with [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]) in the shrub layer and acidophilous species in the subshrub and herb layers, including [Genista tinctoria], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Luzula luzuloides], [Veronica officinalis], [Deschampsia flexuosa] ([Avenella flexuosa]), [Convallaria majalis].


description:
Subcontinental acidophilous and xerophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], [Tilia cordata], [Sorbus torminalis] and occasionally, mostly under the influence of forestry practices, [Pinus sylvestris], characteristic of central Bohemia and southwest Moravia, extending to the Waldviertel and Weinviertel of Lower Austria and to Transdanubia.


description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests rich in [Castanea sativa] of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary and the Crisanian pre-Carpathic hills of northwestern Romania, developed on very acid substrates under warm humid climates or microclimates and accompanied by a mixed and regionally variable cortège composed of acidophile [Quercion robori-petraeae] species, mesophile [Carpinion betuli] species and thermophile [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] species.


description:
Mesophile, acidophile forests of [Quercus petraea], accompanied by [Castanea sativa], [Carpinus betulus], [Fagus sylvatica], [Tilia cordata], [Betula pendula], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus avium], [Populus tremula], [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Sorbus torminalis], limited to small surfaces in low siliceous sub-Pannonic mountains of the eastern Carpathian system, in the Baia Mare and Pocruia area, with an understorey composed of acidophilous species, including [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista tinctoria], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Luzula luzuloides], together with neutrophilous elements such as [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Bromus benekenii], [Circaea lutetiana], [Salvia glutinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Daphne mezereum], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis sylvestris].


description:
[Quercus petraea] forests of extremely acid substrates and warm humid climates of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, including the Mecsek hills of southern Hungary, in which [Castanea sativa] plays an exceptionally important role. Their canopy is extremely mixed, including, in addition to the two species already mentioned, [Carpinus betulus], [Fagus sylvatica], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis], [Fraxinus ornus], [Prunus avium], [Malus sylvestris], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata], [Populus tremula]. The understorey comprises a combination of acidophilous, thermophilous and [Fagetalia] species among which [Rubus hirtus], [Melampyrum pratense], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Veronica officinalis], [Genista tinctoria], [Luzula luzuloides], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Lathyrus montanus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Lembotropis nigricans], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Aposeris foetida], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Primula vulgaris], [Helleborus dumetorum].


hname:
Illyrian birch-sessile oak acidophilous forests

description:
Acidophilous [Betula pendula]-[Quercus petraea] forests of the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Cytisus procumbens], [Helleborus odorus], [Omalotheca sylvatica] ([Gnaphalium sylvaticum]), [Danthonia decumbens], [Carex digitata], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Veronica officinalis].


description:
Acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea], often mixed with [Castanea sativa], of the southern foothills of the Alps in Liguria, Piedmont and Lombardy. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by [Festuca ovina] (s.l.) and the undergrowth includes, in addition to plants characteristic of the [Quercion], transgressives of the [Fagion] and of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. These forests are a western extension of the Illyrian forests of units G1.87332 and G1.8734.


description:
Relict forests of [Quercus robur] of central Portugal, often mixed with [Quercus suber], [Quercus pyrenaica] or [Castanea sativa] and with a luxuriant understory rich in lauriphyllous and xerophyllous lustrous-leaved shrubs and small trees such as [Prunus lusitanica], [Arbutus unedo], [Viburnum tinus], [Ilex aquifolium], [Laurus nobilis], [Myrtus communis] and [Ruscus aculeatus], limited to the basins of the Mondego and the Zezere, reduced to a very few, extremely fragile stands of exceptional biological and aesthetic value.


hname:
Non-riverine woodland with birch, aspen or rowan

description:
Forests or woods dominated by [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia]. Excludes swamp woods (G1.4), woods on wet peat (G1.5) and riparian woods (G1.1).


description:
Woods and thickets dominated by [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], their allies, or other arborescent [Betula] spp., on non-marshy terrain. [Molinia arundinacea] may dominate.


hname:
Atlantic lowland and collinar birch woods

description:
Pioneer and subclimax [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens] formations of the North Sea-Baltic plains, the lower Hercynian slopes, the periphery of the Paris Basin, southwestern France, northwestern Iberia, Insubria and Illyria, within the range of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic acidophilous oak woods.


description:
Formations usually formed by [Betula pubescens], with [Molinia caerulea] and sometimes [Deschampsia flexuosa], developed on podsolised or hydromorphic soils, as substitution facies of oak and birch woods, or colonization stages, in particular, of [Molinion] grasslands or humid heaths.


description:
Widespread [Betula pendula]-dominated formations characteristic of the North Sea-Baltic plain.


description:
Southern [Betula pendula] formations common, in particular, in the Sologne and neighbouring areas.


hname:
Medio-European dry acidophilous birch woods

description:
Formations usually formed by [Betula pendula], or, in the British Isles, [Betula pubescens], with [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Agrostis capillaris] ([Agrostis tenuis]), [Festuca ovina], [Vaccinium myrtillus], developed notably on sands, gravels, moraines and decalcified alluvions of nemoral northern and middle European plains and hills, as substitution facies of acidophilous oak woods ([Fago-Quercetum], [Blechno-Quercetum petraeae], [Rusco-Quercetum], [Luzulo-Quercetum]), occasionally of oak-hornbeam woods (particularly mixed Atlantic bluebell oak forests, [Endymio-Carpinetum]), or colonization stages of dry heaths and decalcified dunes.


description:
Medio-European acidophilous birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northwestern Iberia, formed by [Betula pendula] or [Betula celtiberica] as substitution stages of acidophilous oak woods.


description:
Birch woods of the collinar and lower montane levels of northern Italy, dispersed in the Alpine foothills where they constitute substitution stages of the Insubrian acidophilous oak woods ([Castaneo-Quercetum] p.), on the fluvioglacial terraces of the Po system, as facies of the acidophilous pine-birch-oak woods, and in the Euganean hills.


description:
Climax tree-limit [Betula celtiberica] woods of the Cantabrian mountains.


description:
Upper montane and supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela) and the Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, limited to tree-limit situations and humid ravines.


hname:
Sorian and Guadarraman [Betula celtiberica] woodlands

description:
Humid supra-Mediterranean climax formations of the eastern Cordillera Central (Guadarrama) and of the Northern Iberian Range (Sorian mountains), restricted to relict stations on rainy north facing  slopes (ubac) and in humid ravines.


description:
Endemic [Betula aetnensis] formations of Mount Etna lavas, limited to the 1200-2000 metre level, mostly within the 1600-1750 metre range, at northern to eastern exposures. The accompanying cortège includes [Adenocarpus complicatus], [Genista aetnensis], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Festuca circummediterranea].


description:
Timberline birch woods and thickets dominating the subalpine belt of the mountains of the boreal taiga zone or the transition zone between taiga and tundra or polar deserts in the Atlantic or Pacific influenced extreme western and extreme eastern regions of the northern Palaearctic, formed by [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] ([Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa], [Betula kusmisscheffii]) or [Betula ermani].


description:
Boreal and subarctic [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods and thickets of Iceland, extreme southwestern Greenland and oceanic western Norway, distributed in lowlands, in valleys and at the foot of mountain slopes, in relatively humid, sheltered situations. In Iceland and Greenland they constitute the only form of boreal woodland. Their stature varies with microclimates, dense low scrubs prevailing along the coasts, in wind-exposed localities and in the most oceanic areas, taller scrub and woods forming further inland and in more continental districts.


hname:
Boreo-Atlantic crowberry-bog bilberry birch woods

description:
Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of Iceland and western Norway with an ericoid-dominated undergrowth, formed mainly by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], dominant in Iceland, and [Vaccinium uliginosum], dominant in Norway, accompanied by [Calluna vulgaris], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Betula nana], [Deschampsia flexuosa], mosses and, in Iceland, [Juncus trifidus], [Kobresia myosuroides].


description:
Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of Iceland and of the oceanic southern boreal and oceanic middle boreal zones of Norway, developed on moist moraine podsols, with a field layer dominated by ferns.


hname:
Icelandic bog bilberry-hairgrass birch woods

description:
Woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] of the lowlands of Iceland, occupying thick, relatively rich soils, with a heath-grassland undergrowth dominated by [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Salix callicarpaea] ([Salix arctica]), [Salix lanata], [Salix phylicifolia], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Galium verum], [Hierochloe odorata], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Juncus trifidus], [Kobresia myosuroides], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Equisetum pratense].


description:
Herb-rich woods and thickets of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] occupying relatively rich mull sandy moraine soils in climatically favourable regions of western Norway and Iceland, with affinities to the oro-Scandinavian calcicline mountain birch woods of unit G1.91725.


description:
[Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods and thickets of the boreo-alpine and arcto-alpine mountains of Fennoscandia, distributed mostly in the subalpine, subfjell belt, which they dominate.


description:
Low (2-3 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of northern, western and inner mountains of Fennoscandia with a lichen-rich ericoid-dominated undergrowth formed by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Phyllodoce caerulea], accompanied by junipers ([Juniperus nana]), dwarf birch ([Betula nana]), willows ([Salix] spp.).


description:
Medium-tall (4-7 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of sandy moraine podsols of the subalpine belt of the mountains of Fennoscandia, with a moss-rich grass and heath undergrowth formed by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum] and [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by [Dicranum fuscescens], [Dicranum scoparium], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]; their cortège includes [Betula nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Linnaea borealis], [Pedicularis lapponica], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], and sparse taller shrubs, in particular, of [Juniperus communis].


hname:
Oro-Scandian bilberry-dwarf cornel birch woods

description:
Low to medium tall (to 6 m) [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the mountains of Norway and northern Finland, extending from the subalpine belt down, in western Norway, to the fjords, developing in somewhat warmer and wetter areas and occupying thick humus layers on weak podsols of sandy more nutrient-rich moraines than those of units G1.91721 and G1.91722, with an undergrowth dominated by [Cornus suecica], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by taller shrubs, primarily of [Juniperus communis] and [Salix] spp.; accompanying species include [Linnaea borealis], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Molinia caerulea], [Luzula sylvatica], [Thelypteris limbosperma], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris expansa], [Dicranum scoparium], [Dicranum majus], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Cladonia] spp.


description:
[Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii] woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains, often with some spruce or pine, and with an understorey dominated by [Gymnocarpium dryopteris]; accompanying species include [Dryopteris assimilis], [Thelypteris phegopteris], [Oxalis acetosella], [Cerriphyllum piliferum], [Hylocomium umbratum], [Lophocolea bidentata], in addition to the cortège of the woods of unit G1.91722.


hname:
Oro-Scandian cranesbill-stone bramble birch woods

description:
Tall (10-11 m) woods of [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by [Salix] spp., [Sorbus] spp., of the subalpine belt of mountains of Fennoscandia, occupying relatively rich mull soils of sand moraines in climatically favourable regions, with a low herb-rich undergrowth dominated by [Geranium sylvaticum] and [Rubus saxatilis]. There is an often well developed understorey of taller shrubs, in particular, [Juniperus communis] and [Salix] spp. and a poorly developed moss and lichen layer. The species cortège comprises [Campanula rotundifolia], [Alchemilla vulgaris], [Cornus suecica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Fragraria vesca], [Galium boreale], [Galium verum], [Geum rivale], [Hieracium] spp., [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Poa nemoralis], [Poa pratensis], [Hierochloe odorata], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Festuca rubra] s.l., [Melica nutans], [Trientalis europaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Elymus caninus] ([Roegneria canina]), [Carex bigelowii], [Carex vaginata], [Coeloglossum viride], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Luzula multiflora], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Equisetum arvense], [Equisetum palustre], [Hylocomium splendens].


description:
Tall (up to 12 m) woods of the subalpine belt of Fennoscandian mountains dominated by [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], with [Salix] spp., [Sorbus aucuparia], [Prunus padus] and an undergrowth dominated by tall herbs, comprising, together with abundant [Geranium sylvaticum], [Trollius europaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cirsium helenioides], [Cicerbita alpina], [Epilobium angustifolium], [Ranunculus platanifolius]. The well-developed taller shrub understorey is dominated by [Juniperus communis], accompanied by [Salix] spp.; dwarf shrubs are often absent and the moss and lichen layer is very poorly developed; ferns are common. The species cortège includes [Alchemilla] spp., [Astragalus alpinus], [Myosotis decumbens], [Paris quadrifolia], [Silene dioica], [Solidago virgaurea], [Stellaria nemorum], [Valeriana sambucifolia], [Vicia biflora], [Milium effusum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Carex vaginata]. These woods occupy well-drained, mull-rich soils.


description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] with [Carpinus betulus] occupying anomolous stations, in particular, on humid peri-riverine ground or on acid bedrock, in the hills of the Pannonic plains and their periphery, including Styria, the Burgenland, the Alföld, the western Transdanubian hills, the mid-Transdanubian ridge, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, thus, in the zone of contact between zonal medio-European and Illyrian [Carpinion] communities with both of which they share characteristics.


description:
[Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] forests of deep nutrient-rich gley soils of the Pannonic plains and hills of Styria, the Burgenland, the Alföld, the northern Hungarian Sator Range, the western Slovakian Danube plain and the eastern Slovakian lowlands, often developed in contact with riverine forests of the [Alno-Padion], occupying slightly higher ground, Pannonic vicariant of the Illyrian forests of unit G1.A1A2. [Carex brizoides], [Anemone nemorosa], [Corydalis solida], [Galanthus nivalis] are abundant in the herb layer, which is particularly rich in vernal ephemerals, including [Gagea spathacea], [Gagea lutea], [Gladiolus imbricatus], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Crocus neapolitanus], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Helleborus dumetorum], [Adoxa moschatellina], [Anemone ranunculoides], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Scilla vindobonensis], [Leucojum vernum].


description:
[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of eastern peri-Alpic regions, western Transdanubia, the Transdanubian mid-Pannonic ridge and adjacent areas of Slovakia, developed on acidic rocks, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Mycelis muralis].


hname:
Southeastern European oak - hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus dalechampii], sometimes with [Quercus cerris] or [Quercus frainetto], of the flanks and piedmont of the eastern and southern Carpathians and of the plateaux of the western Ukraine; azonal, often isolated oak-hornbeam woods of the Moesian [Quercion frainetto] zone, of the eastern Pannonic and western Pontic steppe woods zone and of the pre-Pontic hills of southeastern Europe. They are characterized by an admixture of sub-Mediterranean [Quercion frainetto] species, and, in the east, of Euxinian species.


description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Transylvanian plateau, the foothills of the Apuseni Mountains and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana and Maramures, with a [Carpinion] cortège that includes [Prunus avium], [Tilia cordata], [Stellaria holostea], [Carex pilosa], [Galium schultesii], [Festuca heterophylla], [Ranunculus auricomus] accompanied by regional differential species such as [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Melampyrum bihariense], [Aposeris foetida].


hname:
Dacian [Melampyrum biharense] oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Transylvanian plateau and the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on basicline deep brown soils of depressions and gentle slopes, under a weakly sub-Atlantic climate, with a species-rich herb layer formed by [Carpinion betuli] species, including [Melampyrum bihariense], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Lathyrus transsilvanicus], [Aposeris foetida], [Hepatica transsilvanica], [Aconitum moldavicum].


hname:
Dacian [Lathyrus hallersteinii] oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the peripherial hills of the Transylvanian plateau, including the western foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, the northern foothills of the Southern Carpathians, the Brasov basin and the eastern foothills of the Apuseni Mountains, locally of the eastern sub-Pannonic hills of Crisana, developed on acidocline leached brown soils of shady slopes, with [Carex pilosa], [Galium schultesii], [Stellaria holostea], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Aposeris foetida], [Festuca drymeja], and in the more thermophile communities, [Aristolochia pallida], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Quercus cerris].


description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of low hills of the central Transylvanian plateau, with [Prunus avium], [Acer tataricum], [Acer campestre] in the tree layer, [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Staphylea pinnata] in the shrub layer, [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Melittis melissophyllum], [Stellaria holostea], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Asarum europaeum] in the herb layer.


description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus], usually with [Tilia tomentosa], of the plateaux and eastern Carpathian foothills of Moldavia, of the Dobrojea plateau, of the plateaux, Southern Carpathian foothills and, locally, plains of Muntenia and Oltenia, west to the western Getic piedmont, characterized by a cortège richer in sub-Mediterranean or sub-Pontic species than that of the forests of unit G1.A1C1.


description:
Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus robur], [Quercus cerris], and sometimes [Quercus frainetto], of somewhat humid sites, shady slopes and narrow valleys of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania; they are characterized by a distinctly middle European cortège comprising [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Prunus avium], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Helleborus odorus], [Cruciata glabra] and [Ranunculus ficaria] to which are associated various sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic elements.


description:
Forests dominated by [Quercus dalechampii], accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], widespread in the xero-mesophytic durmast oak-hornbeam, 600-1200 metre, belt of the Balkan Range and its northern and northwestern spurs and satellites of northwestern Bulgaria and eastern Serbia, the Anti-Balkan (Sredna Gora) and neighbouring hills, the southeastern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Rhodope Mountains and the Sakar range of central Thrace, more humid than the [Carpinus orientalis]-[Quercus dalechampii] forests of unit G1.76831, accompanied by a distinctly middle-European cortège, comprising as local characteristics, [Acer campestre], [Prunus avium], [Corylus avellana], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Helleborus odorus], [Stellaria holostea], [Cruciata glabra], [Melica uniflora], [Poa nemoralis], [Dactylis glomerata], [Festuca heterophylla].


description:
Oak-hornbeam forests dominated by [Quercus petraea] s.l., [Quercus cerris], and sometimes [Quercus frainetto], of the [Quercion frainetto] zone of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the Southern Carpathian foothills and valleys of Romania, characterized by a strong representation of thermophile species, in particular, of species of the [Quercion frainetto] constellation, including [Tilia tomentosa], [Sorbus torminalis], [Pyrus pyraster], [Acer tataricum], [Cornus mas], [Nectaroscordum siculum], together with medio-European [Carpenion betuli] or [Fagetalia] species.


hname:
Pre-Moesian [Galium kitaibelianum] oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] of the Olt, Jiu and Cerna valleys of the Getic piedmont of the Southern Carpathians, developed on sunny, moderate slopes and slightly acid leached brown soils, with [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata] and [Fagus sylvatica] sporadically present in the tree layer, and with a cortège that includes the characteristic [Galium kitaibelianum], [Galium baillonii], [Veronica bachofenii], the acidophile [Luzula luzuloides], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and the thermophile [Primula columnae], [Potentilla micrantha], [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Lychnis coronaria].


hname:
Moesian [Quercus cerris] oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Neutrophile forests dominated by [Quercus cerris] and [Carpinus betulus] of Serbia, northern Bulgaria and the western Romanian pre-Carpathian hills, with an herb layer composed of elements of the [Fagetalia], such as [Stellaria holostea], [Dentaria bulbifera], [Asarum europaeum] and from the [Quercetea pubescenti-petreae] including [Cornus mas], [Campanula persicifolia], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria] ([Cynanchum vincetoxicum]), [Coronilla varia].


description:
Oak-hornbeam forests of plains and plateaux of eastern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians of the Ukraine and northern Romanian Moldavia and of the central and southern parts of the Podolian plateau and its southern extensions in northern Moldavia, the northern Moldova Republic and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr. They may be dominated by oak, usually [Quercus robur], or, in particular, in large portions of their central sector, by hornbeam, [Carpinus betulus].


description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of plains, plateaux and pre-Carpathic hills of northeastern Romania, the northern Moldova Republic, Podolia and the south-central Ukraine east to the Dniepr, with [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus minor], [Quercus petraea], [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Malus sylvestris], [Prunus avium], [Pyrus pyraster] and a predominantly medio-European field layer that includes [Asarum europaeum], [Pulmonaria officinalis], [Mercurialis perennis], [Stellaria holostea], [Carex pilosa], [Carex sylvatica].


description:
Neutrophile or acidocline forests of [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] of humid depressions in river basins and low hills of northern Moldavia and the Moldova Republic, with [Tilia cordata], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer campestre], sometimes [Acer tataricum], [Euonymus nanus], [Euonymus europaeus], [Asarum europaeum], [Mercurialis perennis], [Stellaria holostea], [Geum urbanum], [Carex pilosa].


description:
Atlantic and medio-European collinar and submontane forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on unstable scree or colluvions of abrupt, shady and humid slopes, with a very complete ensemble of typical ravine forest species, including [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Actaea spicata], [Lunaria rediviva], [Helleborus viridis], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], accompanied by calciphile species and particularly by calciphile ferns. They are characteristic of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Northern Carpathians, the Alps, the hills of the Pannonic plain, within the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum].


description:
Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], of calcareous block screes and rocky slopes, in shady, humid ravines of the hills, low mountains and plateaux associated with the Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Paris Basin, the western, northern and locally eastern and southeastern pre-Alps, the Northern Carpathians, the Vertes, Bakony and Bükk hills of the Pannonic plain, characterized by the dominance in the understorey of [Asplenium scolopendrium] and the presence of [Ribes uva-crispa], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Asplenium viride], [Cystopteris fragilis], [Polystichum aculeatum], [Moehringia muscosa], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Valeriana tripteris], [Adenostyles alpina]; accompanying subdominants are shared with other ravine forests, in particular, [Mercurialis perennis], [Lunaria rediviva], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Galium odoratum], [Dryopteris filix-mas], [Ctenidium molluscum].


description:
Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on unstable screes, richer in fine soil than those that support the forests of unit G1.A4111, in ravines, at higher altitudes, on steep slopes of the collinar to montane, but mostly submontane, level of the Vosges, the mid-German and Bohemian Quadrangle Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the northern pre-Alps, the northern Carpathians, the sub-Pannonic Matra and Bükk ranges, with [Anthriscus nitidus], [Campanula latifolia], [Hesperis matronalis ssp. matronalis], [Lunaria rediviva], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Mercurialis perennis], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Urtica dioica].


description:
Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], on fine soil and humus-rich colluvions of ravines and cool, shady, humid slopes of the submontane level of the Black Forest, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Franconian and Swabian Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, with [Corydalis bulbosa], [Corydalis intermedia], [Corydalis pumila], [Corydalis solida], [Allium ursinum], [Gagea lutea], [Galanthus nivalis], [Leucojum vernum], [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Scilla bifolia], [Lathraea squamaria], [Ranunculus ficaria].


description:
Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus sylvatica], restricted to small surfaces on erosion-fashioned slope bases in shady ravines and valleys of the submontane level of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the extreme Western Carpathians, the Jura, the northern and eastern pre-Alps, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, with [Aruncus dioicus] dominant, [Petasites albus], [Veronica montana], [Circaea alpina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Dryopteris affinis] and the mosses [Blasia pusilla], [Conocephalum conicum], [Fissidens taxifolius].


description:
Mixed forests of ravines and slopes of the intermediate Middle Alps, known, in particular, from the Swiss Valais.


description:
Ravine forests on siliceous screes and colluvions of the great western Hercynian ranges, the Ardenne-Eifel system, the mid-German Hercynian ranges, the Harz, the southwestern Bohemian Quadrangle, dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Quercus petraea], [Carpinus betulus], [Ulmus glabra], with an impoverished cortège that includes, with ravine forest species, acidophilous [Fagetalia] species, including [Luzula luzuloides], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Deschampsia flexuosa], and an abundance of acidophile ferns and mosses.


description:
Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], with [Ulmus glabra], [Fagus sylvatica], [Fraxinus excelsior], and an understorey rich in tall herbs, of slopes, ravines and avalanche corridors of the montane to subalpine levels of the northern pre-Alps, the greater Hercynian ranges and the Northern Carpathians.


description:
Mixed forests of colluvions and screes of humid, shady river valley slopes of the Hercynian ranges and the Western Carpathians, transitional between ravine forests and [Carpinion betuli] communities, formed by [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Fagus sylvatica], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa].


hname:
Peri-Alpine mixed ash - sycamore slope forests

description:
Mixed forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Ulmus glabra], developed on colluvial deep soils at the foot of very rainy slopes and on rarely inundated river sediments of the submontane to high montane levels of the northern pre-Alps and their piedmont, with [Prunus avium], [Prunus padus], [Alnus incana], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus robur], [Corylus avellana], [Mercurialis perennis], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Carex pendula], [Equisetum telmateia], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Primula elatior], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Cardamine trifolia], [Carex sylvatica], [Paris quadrifolia], [Stachys sylvatica].


hname:
Pyreneo-Cantabrian mixed elm - oak forests

description:
Mixed forests of [Ulmus glabra], [Acer campestre], [Acer opalus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fagus sylvatica], [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Alnus glutinosa], [Pinus sylvestris], [Hedera helix], with an understorey comprising numerous shrubs, such as [Corylus avellana] and [Crataegus monogyna], and a rich and luxuriant herb layer including numerous ferns, characteristic of the bottom colluvions of steep, shaded valleys, canyons and gorges of the collinar to montane levels of the Pyrenean and Cantabrian ranges.


hname:
Thermophilous Alpine and peri-Alpine mixed lime forests

description:
Thermophilous forests of [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra], [Fagus sylvatica] with [Euonymus latifolius], [Corylus avellana], most typical of the warm valleys of the Alpine system and some peripheral ranges, characterized by [Asperula taurina], [Cyclamen purpurascens] and numerous transgressives of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae]. These remarkable relict forests are particularly characteristic of the föhn valleys of the Insubrian and northern Alps; they occur in similar situations in the Jura and the Hercynian ranges, north to the Harz.


description:
Forests dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior], sometimes by [Acer pseudoplatanus], with [Ulmus glabra], characteristic of warm, humid föhn valleys of the northern face of the Alps. [Corylus avellana] often dominates the understorey, which also includes [Tamus communis], and an abundance of [Asperula taurina ssp. taurina], [Mercurialis perennis], [Lamiastrum galeobdolon ssp. montanum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Galium odoratum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Viola reichenbachiana] and [Cyclamen purpurascens].


hname:
Dealpine mixed thermophile oak-maple-lime forests

description:
Forests dominated by [Acer pseudoplatanus] and [Tilia platyphyllos] developed on unstable substrates of steep slopes in warm and summer-dry regions and microclimatic stations in the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the northern and northeastern pre-Alps and neighbouring plateaux.


description:
Thermophilous forests of [Tilia cordata], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] of warm valleys with high rainfall of the southern Alps, where, within a context of warmer regional climate, they are associated with relatively cool stations, such as north-facing slopes, in contrast with their warm-exposure linked northern counterparts.


description:
Forests of [Tilia platyphyllos], sometimes with [Fraxinus excelsior], of steep slopes of submontane to high montane levels of the Hungarian Central Range and of adjacent Carpathian hills of middle Slovakia. Forests of the same area, similarly dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos] and [Fraxinus excelsior], but with the character of steppe forests and developed on exposed crests, have been listed under unit G1.7C42 (oro-Pannonic steppe ash-lime forests, [Tilio-Fraxinetum]).


hname:
Sub-Pannonic mixed ash-lime slope forests

description:
Forests dominated by [Tilia platyphyllos ssp. subrubra] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on unstable limestone block slopes with humus rich, deep soils, of submontane regions of the Hungarian Central Range and middle Slovakia, with a well developed shrub layer and and an herb layer characterized by [Waldsteinia geoides], [Scutellaria columnae], [Gagea minima] and the endemic [Hesperis vrabelyiana].


description:
Very rare forests of [Tilia platyphyllos] of very steep ravine slopes of higher montane levels of the Northern Hungarian Range, developed in the absence of the Carpathian [Picea abies] subalpine belt, with an understorey comprising numerous locally rare, relict species, including [Viola biflora], [Valeriana tripteris], [Cimicifuga europaea] ([Cimicifuga foetida]), and the endemic [Sorbus austriaca ssp. hazslinszkyana] ([Sorbus hazslinszkyana]).


description:
Ravine and steep slope forests of the Dinarides, the Eastern Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the mountains of north eastern Greece including the Moeso-Macedonian, the Rhodope,  Pindus and Thessalian mountains, within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum], [Fagion hellenicum], [Fagion dacicum] and [Fagion illyricum].


description:
Ravine and steep slope forests of the Moeso-Macedonian and Rhodope mountains, of the Pindus, of the Thessalian mountains, within the range of the southern [Fagion moesiacum] and of the [Fagion hellenicum], in areas of strong sub-Mediterranean influence.


description:
Ravine forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides,  the Moeso-Macedonian and north eastern Greek mountains including the Rhodope mountains,  within the range of the [Fagion moesiacum].


description:
Forests of [Fagus moesiaca], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] of scree or rock slopes and ravines of the beech and durmast oak belts of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope and the Serbian mountains, of predominantly medio-European affinities.


hname:
Moesian [Geranium macrorrhizum] ravine forests

description:
Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], of screes, boulder slopes and rock outcrops of the beech forest belt of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope and neighbouring mountain systems, with [Geranium macrorrhizum].


description:
Forests of [Fagus moesiaca], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ostrya carpinifolia], and sometimes [Carpinus betulus], [Acer hyrcanum], [Fraxinus ornus], of gorges and ravines of the hornbeam-durmast oak forest belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodope mountains.


description:
Forests of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Fagus moesiaca], [Quercus dalechampii], of deep, moist soil, rocks and screes of slopes and ravines of the Balkan Range, particularly its southern flank, of Rila and of Serbian mountains, with [Acer hyrcanum], [Sambucus nigra], [Clematis vitalba], [Humulus lupulus], [Galium odoratum], [Sanicula europaea], [Arum maculatum], [Alliaria petiolata], [Scutellaria altissima], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Dactylis glomerata ssp. aschersoniana] ([Dactylis polygama]).


description:
Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Juglans regia], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus betulus], with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the submontane, montane or high montane levels of the Moesian mountains.


hname:
Balkan Range horse-chestnut ravine forests

description:
Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Tilia tomentosa], [Ulmus glabra], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Juglans regia], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], with [Acer campestre], [Fraxinus ornus], [Staphylea pinnata], [Corylus avellana], [Dactylis glomerata], [Poa nemoralis] of humid and warm valleys of the 250-400 metre upper submontane level of the northern piedmont of the eastern Balkan Range (Derven-Balkan), southeast of Preslav, in an extremely exiguous region that represents a very remarkable outlier of the range of the southeastern European endemic [Aesculus hippocastanum].


description:
Forests of [Aesculus hippocastanum], [Fagus moesiaca], [Juglans regia], [Tilia tomentosa], [Carpinus betulus], with a field layer of medio-European affinities, forming in rare localities in narrow, humid and warm valleys and gorges of the montane or high montane levels of the mountains of Albania and the northwestern part of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia.


description:
Forests of [Fraxinus excelsior] and southeastern European oaks, in particular [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus cerris], accompanied by thermophilous small trees, [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], developed on scree and rock slopes within the durmast oak belt of Moesian mountains, more thermophilous than those of unit G1.A4621.


description:
Thermophile forests dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior], with [Quercus dalechampii], [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus ornus], of scree and rock slopes of the southern flank of the Balkan Range.


description:
Thermophile forests of [Quercus dalechampii] and [Ostrya carpinifolia], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Carpinus orientalis], [Fraxinus ornus], of scree and rock slopes of the foothills of the Rhodopes and of the sub-Mediterranean Struma and Mesma valleys of southwestern Bulgaria.


description:
Ravine forests of the Dinarides and of the southeastern Alpine periphery, within the range of the [Fagion illyricum].


description:
Forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] accompanied by a cortège of hygrophile species, including [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Polystichum aculeatum], [Polystichum lobatum], [Aruncus dioicus], [Lunaria rediviva], [Moehringia muscosa], [Moehringia pendula], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], on calcareous substrates of narrow humid valleys and steep slopes of the eastern Carpathians.


description:
Mixed forests of [Fagus sylvatica] accompanied by [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus glabra] and with an herb layer comprising many hygrophile species, such as [Asplenium scolopendrium] ([Phyllitis scolopendrium]), [Polystichum aculeatum], [Lunaria rediviva], [Moehringia muscosa], [Moehringia pendula], [Saxifraga rotundifolia ssp. heuffelii], installed on calcareous rocks, stony rendzines and lithosoils of shady and half-shaded, often damp, steep slopes and narrow humid valleys of the Eastern Carpathians and Southern Carpathians.


description:
Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, composed of [Quercus polycarpa], [Quercus cerris], [Carpinus betulus], [Carpinus orientalis], [Sorbus torminalis], [Fagus orientalis], with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements.


hname:
Sub-Euxinian mixed oak - hornbeam forests

description:
Mixed forests of inner slopes of the Pontic Range generally in conditions of lower humidity and temperature than those of the Euxinian mixed forests of unit G1.A71, rich in species of [Quercus] and usually accompanied by [Carpinus betulus] or [Carpinus orientalis], sometimes with conifers. Characteristic species include [Quercus dshorochensis], [Quercus syspirensis], [Quercus anatolica], [Quercus iberica], [Quercus macranthera], [Acer cappadocium], [Fagus orientalis], [Abies bornmuelleriana].


description:
Mixed forests rich in hornbeam, oak or beech, of slopes of the Central Caucasus of Georgia, with [Prunus avium], [Pyrus caucasica], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Euonymus verrucosus], [Lathyrus roseus], [Dactylis glomerata], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica nutans].


description:
Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the region bordering the southern periphery of the Caspian Sea, including its coastal plain and the northern slopes of the Elburz system.


description:
Forests and woods dominated by [Acer] spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone, in particular, maple-dominated, pioneer, young and perturbed stands of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic varied oak-hornbeam and ash forests of units G1.A1 and G1.A2.


description:
Nonriparian, nonmarshy woods dominated by [Alnus] spp.


description:
[Alnus cordata]-dominated formations of slopes with deep, loose, moist soils, endemic to the Campanian, Lucanian and Calabrian Apennines and the Castaniccia and San Petrone ranges of Corsica.


description:
Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the nemoral or boreonemoral zones dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana].


description:
Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of Atlantic regions of the nemoral zone dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana].


description:
Dry [Alnus incana] or [Alnus glutinosa] woods of nemoral Central Europe, in particular, great horsetail dry alder woods of Poland, dense alder stands of steep valley slopes of Great Poland, dominated by [Alnus incana] alone or by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Alnus incana] together, with a rich undergrowth composed predominantly of ruderal and riparian species; characteristic or abundant species include [Equisetum telmateia], [Lamium maculatum], [Myosotis sparsiflora], [Corylus avellana], [Chaerophyllum temulentum], [Urtica dioica], [Cardamine amara], [Veronica hederifolia].


description:
Dry alder woods of the nemoral and boreonemoral regions of Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, in particular, nettle grey alder woods, tall herb-rich dry [Alnus incana] forests on comparatively fertile acid brown forest soils, recorded from the northern part of the Valday Upland and Lithuania, with [Urtica dioica], [Anthriscus sylvestris], [Mnium cuspidatum].


description:
[Alnus incana] woods of the subalpine level of the western Rhodopes, substitution facies of [Picea abies] forests, usually developed in wetter stations than those occupied by [Betula pendula] or [Populus tremula].


description:
Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus incana].


description:
Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus glutinosa]. They are related to the alder  woods of unit G1.124 and have a similar composition.


description:
Non-riparian, non-marshy formations of the boreal zone of the Palaearctic region dominated by [Alnus incana], appearing, in particular, as first recolonisation stage on rich damp soils of central and northern Fennoscandia. They are related to the alder woods of unit G1.123 and have a similar composition.


description:
Very local, relict coastal forests of Toscany and Latium in which [Quercus ilex] often accompanies [Quercus suber].


description:
Very local formations of Calabria, Puglia and of northern and southeastern Sicily (Monte Scorace; Bosco di San Pietro, western Iblei), for the most part very degraded.


description:
[Quercus suber]-dominated facies appearing on the more oligotrophic soils within the meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] zone of Catalonia and the Pyrenean foothills.


description:
Isolated, relict formations of the Sierra Espadan, Valencia.


description:
[Quercus suber]-dominated facies appearing on deep siliceous soils of the thermo-Mediterranean [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of Menorca.


description:
[Quercus suber] forests, often with [Quercus faginea] or [Quercus canariensis], of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula.


description:
Subhumid thermo-Mediterranean forests and woodlands of the southwestern Iberian peninsula, occurring in sandy coastal areas of western Andalusia and the Algarve, as well as at lower elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar, immediately below the following formation, and characterized by the presence of [Olea europaea var. sylvestris] and other thermo-Mediterranean elements.


description:
Luxuriant, fully developed, humid and hyper-humid meso- to thermo-Mediterranean forests occupying, with the more exiguous and even more umbrophilous [Quercus canariensis] formations, the higher elevations of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and a few enclaves of the Sierra de Ronda, with elements of north African oak forests such as [Teucrium scorodonia ssp. baeticum] and [Ruscus hypophyllum]; they are best represented in the Sierra de Aljibe, and are, next to those of Sardinia, the best-preserved cork-oak forests of the Community.


description:
Isolated, relict meso-Mediterranean forest of the Sierra de la Contraviesa, eastern Andalusia.


description:
Meso-Mediterranean forests of the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo system and lower southern slopes of the Cordillera Central (Extremadura and surrounding regions), only locally well developed, with lauriphyllous undergrowth or mantle.


description:
Very local, exiguous [Quercus suber] enclaves in the [Quercus pyrenaica] forest area of the valleys of the Sil and of the Mino (Galicia).


description:
Isolated [Quercus suber]-dominated stands occurring either as a facies of dunal pine-cork oak forests or in a very limited area of the eastern Landes.


description:
Forests dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia], often, but not necessarily, calcicolous.


description:
Rich meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests, penetrating locally, mostly in ravines, into the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They are often degraded to arborescent matorral (unit F5.11), and some of the types listed below no longer exist in the fully developed forest state relevant to category G2; they have nevertheless been included, both to provide appropriate codes for use in F5.11, and because restoration may be possible.


description:
[Quercus ilex] forests with exuberant undergrowth of Mediterranean, often lauriphyllous, small trees, shrubs, and lianas, including [Laurus nobilis], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Phillyrea media], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Hedera helix], often well-preserved on steep slopes of the calcareous mountains rising above the southern coast of the Bay of Biscay.


description:
Lower meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Catalonia, Languedoc, Provence and the lowlands of Tyrrhenian Italy rich in lauriphyllous and sclerophyllous shrubs and lianas, in particular [Viburnum tinus], [Arbutus unedo], [Smilax aspera], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Rubia peregrina]; they are mostly degraded to arborescent matorral, the few remaining groves of holm oaks with a forest-like canopy being generally heavily modified by intensive human use.


description:
Humid upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] formations of Montseny, Valles, Montserrat, Prades, Ports de Beseit, eastern Pyrenees, high Languedoc, Cévennes, upper Provence and southwestern Alps with an undergrowth poorer in shrubs, especially those of eu-Mediterranean affinities, and richer in often acidocline herbaceous species characteristic of supra-Mediterranean deciduous oak woods. Well-developed stands with full forest characteristics exist in several locations on the slopes of well-watered hills, in particular the tall, dense canopy of Montseny. Sparser, lower formations colonize many rocky hillsides in the entire upper meso-Mediterranean arc of the Gulf of Lions basin, locally ascending into the supra-Mediterranean level.


description:
Humid [Quercus ilex] formations, often well developed, of the higher mountains of northern Mallorca, in which the thermo-Mediterranean elements of the [Quercus rotundifolia] formations of lower altitude have given way to more hygrophilous elements such as [Viburnum tinus], [Viola alba ssp. dehnhardtii], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Cephalanthera] spp.; they are rich in endemics, among which [Cyclamen balearicum], [Smilax aspera var. balearica], [Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris], [Paeonia cambessedesii].


description:
[Quercus ilex] formations of the lower meso-Mediterranean level of Corsica with [Viburnum tinus], [Erica arborea], [Lonicera implexa], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Clematis flammula], [Smilax aspera], [Rubia peregrina]; generally degraded to arborescent matorral or dense coppice, they still include, mostly above 400 m of altitude, a few better-preserved woodland fragments.


description:
[Quercus ilex] formations of the upper meso-Mediterranean level (500-600 m to 1100-1200 m) of Corsica with [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Viburnum tinus], [Ilex aquifolium], [Daphne laureola], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Helleborus lividus], [Cyclamen repandum], [Sanicula europaea], [Melica uniflora]; often installed on steep slopes, they include rather more stands with forest characteristics than the lowland formations.


description:
Lower and upper meso-Mediterranean [Quercus ilex] forests of Sardinia with [Viburnum tinus], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Clematis flammula], [Clematis cirrhosa], [Clematis vitalba], [Rosa sempervirens], [Tamus communis], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Cyclamen repandum], [Carex hallerana], [Carex distachya], [Luzula forsteri], [Hedera helix], [Lonicera implexa] and [Pistacia lentiscus] in more thermo-Mediterranean areas. Extensive, fully developed, mature stands survive in particular in the hinterland of the Golfo di Orosei, around Mount Gennargentu, in the Barbagia, the Iglesiente, the Sarrabus, the Catena di Margine, on Monte Albo. They occupy a wide altitudinal range, grading at the upper limit into the more sub-Mediterranean formations of unit G2.122.


hname:
Northern and central Italian holm-oak forests

description:
[Quercus ilex]-dominated formations of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coastal areas of the northern half of the Italian peninsula with [Phillyrea media], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Viburnum tinus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Daphne gnidium], [Fraxinus ornus], [Rosa sempervirens], [Lonicera implexa], [Rubia peregrina], [Smilax aspera], [Myrtus communis], [Clematis flammula], [Tamus communis], [Carex olbiensis], [Luzula forsteri], [Cyclamen repandum] and often an admixture of [Quercus suber] or of the deciduous [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus cerris]; at higher altitude they take on a more montane character with a greater prevalence of sub-Mediterranean elements. Although these formations are, like most other continental holm-oak communities, mostly degraded to arborescent matorral or coppice, fully developed forests subsist very locally, in particular in Toscany and Latium and, to a lesser extent, in Veneto and Emilia-Romagna.


description:
Very tall, forest-like, formations dominated by [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya], [Arbutus canariensis] or [Visnea mocanera], occurring naturally in the most wind-exposed and the driest stations within the "monte verde" of the Canary Island cloud belt; they also occur extensively as degradation stages of the [Laurus] woodland G2.3 or as secondary colonists.


description:
Tall [Erica arborea]-dominated formations of Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with [Myrica faya], [Ilex canariensis], [Rhamnus glandulosa], [Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum], [Cedronella canariensis], [Bystropogon canariensis], [Isoplexis canariensis], [Urtica morifolia], [Teline canariensis], [Sonchus abbreviatus], [Hypericum glandulosum], [Gesnouinia arborea] and many species of the genus [Pericallis], including several island or local endemics that characterize several differentiated communities; among these are [Pericallis tussilaginis] ([Pericallis] = [Senecio]), [Pericallis webbii], [Pericallis cruenta], [Pericallis steetzii], [Pericallis murrayi].


description:
Formations characterized by the abundance of [Arbutus canariensis] and [Visnea mocanera] occurring, in particular, in the Valle de Guimar and Los Silos of Tenerife, and in the Ladera de Jinama of Hierro.


description:
Tall [Myrica faya] formation of the southern slope of Hierro, almost devoid of [Erica arborea].


hname:
Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations

description:
Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved tree formations planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, often as monocultures.


description:
Plantations of trees of the Australian genus [Eucalyptus], in particular, [Eucalyptus globulus], [Eucalyptus camaldulensis], [Eucalyptus cladocalyx], [Eucalyptus delegatensis], [Eucalyptus nitens], [Eucalyptus radiata], [Eucalyptus astringens], [Eucalyptus bicostata], [Eucalyptus brockwayi], [Eucalyptus regnans], [Eucalyptus gomphocephala], [Eucalyptus grandis], [Eucalyptus maidenii], [Eucalyptus cornuta], [Eucalyptus fastigata], [Eucalyptus pauciflora], [Eucalyptus viminalis]. These plantations offer little support for indigenous biological diversity and constitute biological deserts as far as the fauna is concerned.


description:
Cultivated formations of deciduous trees of genus [Quercus] planted most often for the production of wood, composed of exotic species or of Palaeartic species out of their natural range.


hname:
Other evergreen broadleaved tree plantations

description:
Cultivated evergreen broad-leaved formations of trees of genera other than [Eucalyptus] planted for the production of wood, composed of exotic species, of native species out of their natural range, or of native species planted in artificial conditions with a considerably modified accompanying cortège.


description:
In Europe these are mostly olives and citrus.


description:
Mediterranean formations of [Olea europaea var. europaea].


description:
Land planted in broad-leaved evergreen citrus trees.


description:
Formations dominated by planted or introduced palms, in particular, date palm ([Phoenix dactylifera]).


description:
Land planted in evergeen trees, other than those of units G2.91-G2.93, cultivated for fruit, leaves or flowers.


description:
Woodland, forest and plantations dominated by coniferous trees, mainly evergreen ([Abies], [Cedrus], [Picea], [Pinus], [Taxus], Cupressaceae) but also deciduous [Larix]. Excludes mixed forests (G4) where the proportion of broadleaved trees exceeds 25%.


description:
Woodland dominated by [Abies] or [Picea].


description:
Fir ([Abies alba]) and fir-spruce forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils of the Alps, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges and the northern Apennines, in association with forests of the [Fagion medio-europaeum], of the [Fagion illyricum] or of the [Fagion dacicum].


description:
Neutrophilous [Abies alba] and [Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on brown soils of the intermediate or inner Alps, outside of the climatic range of the beech ([Fagus sylvatica]).


description:
Typical inner Alpine [Abies alba] forests with a predominance of mull-moder species such as [Veronica urticifolia] ([Veronica latifolia]), [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Oxalis acetosella], [Luzula nivea]; all fir forests of the intermediate and inner Alps can be included in this category with the exception of those that present clearly acidophilous or calciphilous facies and of the well-characterized local types listed immediately below.


description:
High altitude, upper montane, tall-herb rich inner-Alpine fir forests with [Adenostyles alliariae], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Cicerbita alpina], [Chaerophyllum villarsii], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Alnus viridis] and [Sorbus aucuparia].


description:
[Abies alba] forests of the Maritime Alps, distributed in particular in the Quatre-Cantons forest in the Tournairet massif, in the Haute-V‚subie, in the Peira Cava massif, in the middle and high Roya, with [Trochiscanthes nodiflora], [Galium sylvaticum], [Luzula pedemontana], [Aquilegia atrata], [Phyteuma halleri].


description:
[Abies alba] forests of the the Pelagonid mountains south to extreme northern Greece, including the Varnous system.


description:
Forests of [Abies nordmanniana], [Abies borisii-regis], [Abies bornmuelleriana] of the southern Balkans peninsula, the Pontic range and the Caucasus, often mixed with beech, or adjacent to beech forests.


description:
[Abies borisii-regis]-dominated fir forests of the southern Dinaric Alps, the northern Pindus, the central Pindus, the southern Rhodopes of Bulgaria and Greece, the Slavanka and Belaciza, adjacent to beech and beech-fir forests of the [Fagion hellenicum] or [Fagion moesiacum].


description:
[Abies bornmuelleriana]-dominated forests of the Pontic Range and outlying massifs.


description:
[Abies nordmanniana]-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range.


description:
[Abies]-dominated fir or fir-pine forests of the northeastern Mediterranean basin, developed outside of, but in the immediate vicinity of beech [Fagus] spp., by [Abies cephalonica] and [Abies equi-trojani], outlier species of the group of [Abies alba] and [Abies nordmanniana].


description:
Endemic [Abies cephalonica] or mixed [Abies cephalonica] and [Abies borisii-regis] forests of the Peloponnese, Cephalonia, Parnassos, the southern Pindus, north to Panetolikon, Timfristos, Vardousia, Iti, Kallidromon and Othris, well outside of the range of beeches, [Fagus spp].


description:
Forests of [Abies equi-trojani] of the higher elevations of the Kaz Dag and of the Mustapha Kemal mountains in extreme western Anatolia, with [Epipogium aphyllum].


hname:
Forests of Spanish fir ([Abies pinsapo])

description:
Fir or fir-cedar forests dominated by relict species of [Abies], including forests of [Abies pinsapo], [Abies marocana], [Abies numidica], [Abies cilicica] or [Abies nebrodensis], distributed along the rim of the southern Mediterranean basin, well outside the range of beech.


description:
Calcicolous forests and stands of the endemic [Abies pinsapo] of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, limited to the Serrania de Ronda and associated ranges.


description:
Forests and stands of the endemic [Abies pinsapo] of the supra-meso-Mediterranean level of Andalucia, developed on ultra basic serpentine outcroppings of the Sierra Bermeja and isolated stands of associated ranges.


hname:
Relict Nebrodi fir ([Abies nebrodensis]) stands

description:
Surviving stands of the endangered [Abies nebrodensis] in the Madonie mountains of Sicily.


hname:
Alpine and Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forests of the lower subalpine level, and of anomalous stations in the montane level, of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps; in the latter, they are often in continuity with the montane spruce forests of unit G3.1C. The spruces, often stunted or columnar, are accompanied by an undergrowth of decidedly subalpine affinities. [Picea abies] forests of the lower subalpine level of the Carpathians.


description:
Mostly acidophilous, mesophile, subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the outer, intermediate and inner Alps, with [Oxalis acetosella], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calamagrostis villosa] and the moss [Hylocomium splendens].


description:
Tall-herb rich, hygrophile or meso-hygrophile, [Picea abies] forests of high altitude stations of the Alps, subjected to prolonged snow cover and frequent fogs, with [Adenostyles] spp., [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Ranunculus aconitifolius], [Aconitum vulparia], [Aconitum paniculatum], [Stellaria nemorum], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Cicerbita alpina].


hname:
[Adenostyles glabra] subalpine spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Larix decidua] forests of subalpine to high montane slopes of the Alps developed on base-rich and usually lime-rich substrates, in particular, on dolomites, limestones, calcschists, green schists, usually on steep rocky slopes, with an undergrowth dominated by [Adenostyles glabra] ([Adenostyles alpina]).


hname:
[Adenostyles alliariae] subalpine spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level of the Alps developed in high precipitation regions on usually calcareous bedrock, sometimes on base-rich siliceous substrates such as flysch, with an undergrowth dominated by dense formations of tall herbs, in particular, [Adenostyles alliariae], [Cicerbita alpina], [Rumex alpestris].


description:
Sphagnum-rich [Picea abies] forests of the Alps, developed on more or less peaty, humid but not waterlogged substrates, with [Listera cordata], [Sphagnum acutifolium], [Sphagnum quinquefarium], [Sphagnum girgensohnii]. Spruce forests developed in fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs or on waterlogged soils in forests are included in swamp forests of class G3, as unit G3.E5.


description:
[Picea abies] forests on dry sunny slopes (adrets) of the northern and northwestern Alps, with [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and a small admixture of [Vaccinium myrtillus] on siliceous soils over sandstones and carboniferous schists, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Carex humilis] on lustrous schists, with [berberis vulgaris], [Valeriana montana], [Valeriana tripteris] on stabilised calcareous screes.


description:
[Picea abies] woods of anomalous stations at the montane or subalpine level of the Alps, in particular block forests of "ice cellars" (shaded rocky screes through which cold air flows), woods developed in valleys and depressions where cold air accumulates on clear nights, woods colonizing stabilised screes and narrow bands of rocks, woods on moist sites.


description:
[Picea abies] forests, usually unmixed, forming, in most of the Carpathian arc, a lower subalpine belt between beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests of the montane level and the mugo pine upper subalpine zone.


hname:
Western Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

description:
Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia.


hname:
Western Carpathian acidophilous spruce forests

description:
Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of siliceous soils of the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia.


description:
Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of calcareous ranges in the northwestern and northern Carpathians of Poland and Slovakia, in particular of the calcareous Tatras.


hname:
Eastern Carpathian subalpine spruce forests

description:
Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the northern Eastern, the eastern and the southern Carpathians of the Ukraine and Romania.


hname:
Carpathian subalpine rhododenron spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level, at 1550-1700 metres, of the Eastern Carpathians, with [Pinus mugo], [Pinus cembra], [Rhododendron myrtifolium], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major] and [Calamagrostis villosa].


hname:
Carpathian subalpine Bruckenthalia spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forests of the subalpine level (1600-1850m) of the Apuseni Mountains and the Southern Carpathians, with [Pinus mugo], [Pinus cembra], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], [Homogyne alpina] and [Calamagrostis villosa].


hname:
Carpathian high montane [Hieracium] spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forests of the upper montane level of the Eastern, Southern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a usually sparse herb layer mostly of acidophilous species including [Hieracium rotundatum], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Oxalis acetosella], [Campanula abietina], [Luzula luzuloides], [Luzula sylvatica].


hname:
Carpathian high montane [Bazzania] spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forest stands installed on wet, acid, peaty ground of the margins of bogs and marshes within the montane level of the Eastern and Southwestern Carpathians, with a mucinal layer of [Sphagnum palustre], [Sphagnum wulfianum], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Bazzania trilobata]; regional species such as [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Valeriana simplicifolia], [Salix silesiaca], are characteristic and [Listera cordata] is sometimes present.


hname:
Carpathian [Leucanthemum] high montane spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies] forests frequently installed along streamsides and inner valleys of lower montane levels of the Eastern and western Southern Carpathians, with a cortège including [Adenostyletalia] elements, in particular [Leucanthemum waldsteinii], [Athyrium distentifolium], [Stellaria nemorum].


description:
[Picea abies] forests of the montane level of the inner Alps, characteristic of regions climatically unfavourable to both beech and fir. Analogous [Picea abies] forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians subjected to a climate of high continentality.


hname:
Acidophile montane inner Alpine spruce forests

description:
Inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests of siliceous crystalline or schistous substrates, with [Calamagrostis villosa] and woodrushes.


hname:
Calciphile montane inner Alpine spruce forests

description:
Calcicolous inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests with [Calamagrostis varia], [Carex flacca], [Sesleria caerulea], [Hieracium trifidum], [Aster bellidiastrum].


hname:
Bedstraw montane inner Alpine spruce forests

description:
Xerophile, more or less mesotrophic inner Alpine [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests, often characterized by an admixture of deciduous trees, in particular [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus excelsior], and with a species-rich herb layer comprising [Oxalis acetosella], [Galium rotundifolium], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa], [Doronicum austriacum], [Petasites albus], [Primula elatior], [Fragaria vesca], [Cardamine trifolia], [Carex montana] and [Melica nutans].


hname:
Tall herb montane inner Alpine spruce forests

description:
Upper montane inner Alpine [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Abies alba] forests with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Berberis vulgaris] and an undergrowth rich in tall herbs, usually dominated by [Adenostyles glabra].


description:
Edaphic [Picea abies] enclaves of the montane and submontane levels of the pre-Alps and the pre-Alpine plateaux rich in [Bazzania trilobata], in particular, block forests, boulder field forests, frost-pocket forests and woods on moist soils.


description:
Spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc dominated by [Picea abies] with a varying admixture of [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] or both. They include spruce or fir-spruce forests and spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane beech-fir forests.


description:
Spruce and fir-spruce forests of the montane or submontane levels of the outer Alps, of the mid-Pannonic hills, of the outer Western and Northern Carpathians, of the Jura system and of the Hercynian arc, including spruce facies of fir-beech forests of the range of the [Fagion medio-europaeum]. Spruce-dominated facies of Alpine beech-fir forests of the range of the [Fagion illyricum] are listed separately in unit G3.1F42.


hname:
Illyrio-Alpine montane beech spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies]-dominated facies of montane [Fagion illyricum] beech-fir forests of the southeastern outer Alps. Spruce-dominated forests of the same region replacing the beech-fir forests in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir have been listed in unit G3.1F41.


description:
[Picea abies]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Romanian, Ukrainian and eastern Serbian Carpathians, east of the Uz and the Stry, and of the west Ukrainian pre-Carpathic hills and plateaux, within the range of [Fagion dacicum] beech-fir forests, of which they may constitute a facies or a substitute in stations edaphically or microclimatically unfavourable to beech and fir.


description:
Spruce forests of the subalpine, montane or submontane levels of the Dinarides dominated by [Picea abies] with a varying admixture of [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica] or both. They include subalpine spruce forests, edaphic or microclimatic montane spruce or fir-spruce forests and, occasionally, spruce-dominated facies of montane or submontane [Fagion illyricum] and [Fagion moesiacum] beech-fir forests. They extend throughout the range, from the northern edge of the Dinarides in Slovenia south to the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges, immediately to the north of the Metohija depression.


hname:
Illyro-Dinaric cold station spruce forests

description:
[Picea abies]-dominated forests of montane and subalpine block slopes and of karst-dolines of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum].


description:
[Picea abies]-dominated forests of dolomite rendzina of the Dinarides of Croatia and western Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], with a species cortège that combines raw humus species with calciphile and xerophile species.


description:
[Picea abies]-dominated forests of acid soils of the montane level of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, within or immediately above the range of fir-beech forests of the [Fagion illyricum], with a species cortège characteristic of the [Vaccinio-Piceetalia], often including many ferns.


description:
Spruce forests of the southern Dinarides of Serbia, developed on both calcareous and siliceous substrates, in particular in the Tara, Povlen, Zlatibor, Golija, Zeljin and Kopaonik ranges.


description:
[Picea omorika]-dominated forests of the Drina basin of central Serbia, occuring also in Bosnia and Hercegovina. [Picea abies], [Abies alba] and mosses [Dicranum scoparium], [Ctenidium molluscum], [Eurhynchium striatum], [Hylocomium splendens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus] are usually also present. Other trees and shrubs are represented by [Salix caprea], [Pinus nigra], [Rosa pendulina]. The herb layer is relatively species-poor, the most frequently occuring species being [Valeriana montana], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Luzula sylvatica], [Hieracium transsilvanicum], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Erica carnea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Veronica chamaedrys], [Lathyrus vernus], [Euphorbia amygdaloides].


description:
[Picea orientalis]-dominated forests of the Caucasus and of the eastern Pontic Range.


description:
Plantations of native firs within or near their area of present or recent natural occurrence. Other plantations of these species and plantations of exotic firs are included under unit G3.F.


description:
Plantations of [Abies alba] within its area of occurrence or north and west of it.


description:
Plantations of [Abies borisii-regis] in Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula.


description:
Plantations of [Abies cephalonica] in Greece.


description:
Plantations of [Abies pinsapo] in Andalucia.


description:
Plantations of [Abies nebrodensis] in the mountains of northern Sicily.


description:
Plantations of [Picea abies] in or near the present or recent natural range of the species, including all Hercynian and peri-Hercynian formations accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth. Intensive, very dense and out-of-station plantations of [Picea abies] are included under unit G3.F.


hname:
Serpentine silver fir forests
[G3.1K Serpentine [Abies alba] forests
Serpentine [Abies alba] forests

description:
[Abies alba]- and [Picea abies]-dominated forests on serpentines, usually at altitude 1400-1600 m in the Balkan peninsula. [Erica carnea] is also relatively abundant. Other typical species are [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Festuca heterophylla], [Daphne blagayana], [Thymus montanus], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Valeriana montana], [Doronicum austriacum], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula nemorosa], [Senecio nemorensis], [Melampyrum album], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Hypericum perforatum], [Luzula maxima], [Oxalis acetosella], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Pyrola secunda].


description:
Forests of the subalpine and sometimes montane levels of the Alps and the Carpathians, dominated by [Larix decidua] or [Pinus cembra]; the two species may form either pure or mixed stands, and may be associated with [Picea abies] or, in the western Alps, [Pinus uncinata].


hname:
Eastern Alpine siliceous larch and Arolla forests

description:
Subalpine [Larix decidua], [Pinus cembra], or [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra] forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the inner ranges, usually on siliceous substrates, with an often species-poor undergrowth comprising [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Luzula albida].


hname:
Eastern Alpine calcicolous larch and Arolla forests

description:
Subalpine and montane [Larix decidua], [Larix decidua]-[Picea abies], [Pinus cembra] or [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra] forests of the eastern and central Alps, mostly of the outer ranges, on calcareous substrates, with a usually species-rich undergrowth including [Erica herbacea], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Rhododendron hirsutum] or [Pinus mugo].


hname:
Western larch, mountain pine and Arolla forests

description:
Subalpine [Larix decidua], [Larix decidua]-[Pinus cembra], [Larix decidua]-mountain pine, [Pinus cembra] and [Pinus cembra]-mountain pine forests of the western, and mostly southwestern Alps, in regions where [Pinus uncinata] usually associates with [Larix decidua] and/or [Pinus cembra]. Characteristically xeric, open formations, they are best characterized by their understorey.


description:
Formations of [Larix decidua] colonizing abandoned fields and pastures in lower levels of the Alps. Alpine [Larix decidua] plantations; plantations of [Larix decidua] out of range and of other [Larix] spp. or hybrids are included under unit G3.F.


description:
Uncommon [Larix decidua] or [Pinus cembra] formations of the Carpathians, each occurring as a single dominant, together as codominants, or mixed with spruce ([Picea abies]).


hname:
Western Carpathian larch and arolla forests

description:
Timberline silicicolous [Larix decidua] and [Pinus cembra] formations of the Tatras.


hname:
Inner Carpathian larch and arolla forests

description:
[Larix decidua] and [Pinus cembra] formations of the dry, inner Carpathian Proprad basin.


hname:
Eastern Carpathian larch and arolla forests

description:
Local mixed forests of [Pinus cembra], [Picea abies] and [Pinus mugo], of the lower subalpine level (1650-1500 m), with regional species [Rhododendron myrtifolium], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Melampyrum saxosum], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina].


description:
[Larix decidua] woods on rocky calcareous substrates at the upper limit of the forest zone (1600-1750 metres) of the Southwestern Carpathians, sometimes with [Pinus cembra] and [Picea abies], and with an herb layer formed by [Saxifraga cuneifolia], [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Campanula abietina], [Moneses uniflora], [Ranunculus carpaticus], [Aquilegia transsilvanica], [Hieracium rotundatum], [Tricetum fuscum].


description:
[Pinus cembra] and [Picea abies]-dominated formations of the subalpine level of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, formed at the upper forest limit, with a herb layer dominated by spruce forest species and a shrub layer with [Pinus mugo] and [Juniperus nana].


description:
[Larix decidua ssp. polonica]-dominated facies of the white cinquefoil oak woods (units G1.7A111, G1.7A114) of Poland and the western Ukraine.


hname:
Mountain pine ([Pinus uncinata]) woodland

description:
Mostly subalpine forests of the Alps, the Jura, the Pyrenees and the Iberian Range, dominated by [Pinus uncinata], usually open and with a very developed shrubby understory.


description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of the western outer Alps, the Jura and Pyrenean north facing  slopes (ubacs), developed on siliceous or decalcified soils of the subalpine level with a predominately ericaceous undergrowh comprising [Rhododendron ferrugineum] (dominant), [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Homogyne alpina], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Lycopodium annotinum].


hname:
Outer Alpine alpenrose mountain pine forests

description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests occupying hard limestone plateaux of the outer Alps, in the Chablais, the Aravis, the Bauges, the Chartreuse, the Vercors, the Dévoluy in which the almost pure calcareous bedrock is covered by a thick layer of raw humus supporting an acidophilous undergrowth dominated by [Rhododendron ferrugineum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum] accompanied by [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Lycopodium selago], [Selaginella spinosa], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Homogyne alpina], [Bartsia alpina], [Astrantia minor].


description:
Subalpine [Pinus uncinata] forests of the western Jura, similar to the Alpine formations of unit G3.311.


hname:
Pyrenean alpenrose mountain pine forests

description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of north facing  slopes (ubacs) of the Pyrenees developed on siliceous soils, or on decalcified soils in the calcareous ranges, in the more humid and snowy parts of the subalpine level, with a ground layer dominated by [Rhododendron ferrugineum] accompanied by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Rosa alpina], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Oxalis acetosella], [Juniperus nana], [Calluna vulgaris], [Dryopteris linneana], [Polystichum spinulosum], [Solidago virgaurea].


description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of the inner Alps, of the western outer Alps and the Jura, and of Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), accompanied by a shrubby undergrowth in which [Rhododendron ferrugineum] is absent or rare, while [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Arctostaphylos alpinus], [Erica herbacea], [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Daphne striata], [Dryas octopetala] or [Polygala chamaebuxus] may be prominent.


description:
Subalpine or montane [Pinus uncinata]-dominated formations of the inner and intermediate Alps.


hname:
Outer Alpine juniper-bearberry mountain pine forests

description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of the calcareous ranges of the western pre-Alps (cf. unit G3.311) and the Jura, on less evolved soils than those of unit G3.311, which do not allow the development of [Rhododendron ferrugineum] heaths.


description:
Spontaneous subsummital [Pinus uncinata] woods of the Ventoux, with [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica] and [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].


description:
[Pinus uncinata]-dominated forests of sunny slopes (adrets) in the subalpine level of the Pyrenees, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates.


description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of siliceous Pyrenean sunny slopes (adrets), on schists, granites or gneises, with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista pilosa], [Cytisus purgans], [Cotoneaster integerrimus] and a predominantly acidophilous herb layer comprising [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Cruciata glabra], [Festuca eskia], [Veronica officinalis], [Silene rupestris], [Potentilla erecta], [Antennaria dioica].


hname:
Pyrenean bearberry mountain pine forests

description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of calcareous Pyrenean  on sunny slopes (adrets) with [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Amelanchier vulgaris], [Dryas octopetala] and a predominantly calciphilous herb layer comprising [Festuca gautieri], [Valeriana montana], [Teucrium pyrenaicum], [Hepatica nobilis], [Hippocrepis comosa], [Polygala calcarea], [Sesleria caerulea], [Helectotrichon sedenense] ([Avena montana]), [Primula suaveolens].


description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of steep calcareous ubacs (north facing  slopes) of the Pyrenees with very superficial soil and a mostly grassy herb layer comprising [Sesleria caerulea], [Festuca gautieri], [Pulsatilla alpina], [Valeriana montana], [Salix pyrenaica], [Hepatica nobilis], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Pyrola uniflora], [Listera cordata].


hname:
Mountain pine forests of the Iberian Range

description:
Isolated outposts of [Pinus uncinata]-dominated formations in the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges.


description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of the Sierra de Urbion, usually associated with heaths of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Juniperus nana].


description:
[Pinus uncinata] forests of the Sierra de Gudar, in the Southern Iberian Range.


description:
[Pinus uncinata] plantations in or near the natural range of the species.


description:
Forests of [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris] and [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata] of the Nemoral and Mediterranean zones and of their transitions to the Steppe zone. Included are, in particular, the forests of Scotland, of the Alpine system, of the Mediterranean peninsulas, of the lowlands of Central Europe, of the East European Nemoral zone and its adjacent wooded steppes, formed by [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], as well as those of Anatolia, of the Caucacus and of Crimea, formed by [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata]. Excluded are the formations situated within the range of natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies].


description:
Relict, indigenous Scots pine forests of endemic [Pinus sylvestris var. scotica], limited to the central and northeastern Grampians of Scotland. They are mostly open and have a ground layer usually rich in ericaceous species and mosses, in particular, [Hylocomium splendens], and often harbouring, together with abundant [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Goodyera repens], [Listera cordata], [Corallorhiza trifida], [Linnaea borealis], [Trientalis europaea], [Pyrola minor], [Moneses uniflora], [Orthilia secunda]. Accompanying, dominated, tree species include [Juniperus communis], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Betula pubescens], [Betula pendula], [Ilex aquifolium], [Populus tremula].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a heath-like ground cover of [Erica cinerea] and [Calluna vulgaris].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a heath-like ground cover of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a closed canopy and an understorey formed mostly by mosses, in particular [Scapania gracilis], [Diplophyllum albicans], [Thuidium tamariscinum] and the hepatic [Anastrepta orcadensis].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests with a ground cover rich in grass-like species, in particular [Luzula pilosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Agrostis canina], [Festuca ovina], together with [Vaccinium] spp. and bryophytes.


description:
Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range and the Baetic ranges, often fairly open, and with a shrub layer that includes the prostrate [Juniperus sabina].


hname:
Iberian-Range calcicolous Scots pine forests

description:
Oro-Mediterranean, calcicolous forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] of the Southern Iberian Range (Maestrazgo: Gudar, Jabalambre, Penyagolosa; serrania de Cuenca: sierra de San Felipe, Montes Universales), with a shrub layer constituted mainly by [Juniperus sabina]; secondary calcicolous Scots pine formations of lower altitude in the Iberian Range.


description:
Oro-Mediterranean forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. nevadensis] of the Baetic ranges, Sierra Magina, Sierra de Baza, Sierra Tejeda, Sierra del Trevenque (calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada), with a shrub layer of [Juniperus sabina] and [Juniperus nana] accompanied by [Ononis aragonensis], [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Daphne oleoides] and [Prunus prostrata], on limestones and dolomites.


description:
Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the southern flank of the Pyrenees.


description:
Montane and lower subalpine [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus uncinata] forests of dry sunny slopes (adrets) of the southern flanks of the Pyrenees and of the Val d'Aran, with a shrub layer comprising [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Cytisus purgans], [Buxus sempervirens] and an herb layer dominated by [Deschampsia flexuosa], accompanied by, among others, [Veronica officinalis].


hname:
Iberian-Range silicicolous Scots pine forests

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Northern and Southern Iberian Ranges.


hname:
Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of siliceous ground in the oro- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central.


hname:
Summital Guadarraman silicicolous Scots pine forests

description:
Oro-Mediterranean, summital, silicicolous forests of [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] of the Sierra de Guadarrama, with [Juniperus nana].


hname:
Lower Cordilleran silicicolous Scots pine forests

description:
Supra-Mediterranean [Pinus sylvestris var. iberica] woods of the Cordillera Central (Guadarrama, Gredos), forming in particular as a substitution stage of [Quercus pyrenaica] woodland of which they largely retain the accompanying flora.


description:
Isolated [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Cantabrian mountain system, in the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Montes de Leon and the Serra do Geres.


hname:
Southeastern European Scots pine forests

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the eastern Carpathians and of the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, south to northern Greece, formed by the largely isolated, disjunct, southeastern forms ([Pinus sylvestris var. rhodopaea], [Pinus sylvestris var. illyrica], [Pinus sylvestris var. romanica]) of [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], and often limited to azonal edaphic enclaves.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the mountains of northern Greece (Pieria, Olympus, Vermion, Voras, La‹la, Elatia range), often with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Sorbus aucuparia], and sometimes [Fagus sylvatica] or [Picea abies] in the tree layer and with [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Rubus idaeus] in the shrub layer.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of Vitosha, the Rila, the Pirin and the Rhodope.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Balkan Range.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Pelagonides and Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Bulgaria, in particular of ultra-basic trachytes and andesites.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, and of trachytes and andesites of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] forests of trachytes and andesites of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range.


description:
Thermophile [Pinus sylvestris] woods of serpentines, dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Aquilegia vulgaris].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Daphne blagayana], [Rosa pendulina], [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Laserpitium krapfii], [Vicia villosa], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Pteridium aquilinum] and the serpentine plants [Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini], [Campanula cervicaria], [Crocus veluchensis], [Stachys scardica]. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy higher elevations and deeper soils than the serpentine [Pinus nigra] woods of unit G3.5212.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Genista januensis], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Carex humilis], [Anthericum ramosum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Geranium sanguineum], [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Carex alba]. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat higher elevations than the similar dolomite [Pinus nigra] woods of unit G3.5214.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with [Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica], [Picea abies], [Populus tremula], [Betula pendula], [Juniperus communis], [Cotoneaster nebrodensis], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Galium lucidum], [Luzula sylvatica], [Brachypodium pinnatum].


description:
Dry acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, with [Picea abies], [Abies alba], [Betula pendula] and an undergrowth dominated by [Leucobryum glaucum] accompanied by a species cortège characteristic of the [Vacinio-Piceetalia].


hname:
East Carpathian [Sesleria] Scots pine forests

description:
Relict, preice age, forests developed on limestone substrates of the montane level of the Apuseni Mountains of the Southwestern Carpathians and of the Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], with numerous calcicolous species such as [Sesleria rigida], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. obscurum], [Thymus comosus], [Asperula capitata], [Dianthus spiculifolius], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Sorbus aria] and [Cotoneaster integerrimus].


hname:
East Carpathian bilberry Scots pine forests

description:
Montane silicicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the eastern and southern Carpathians, developed on superficial brown soil or bog soil, with a predominantly acidophilous herb layer including [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Luzula luzuloides], [Oxalis acetosella], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Dicranum scoparium].


hname:
East Carpathian [Daphne blagayana] Scots pine forests

description:
Relict forests developed on amphibolitic substrates of the upper montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular the Cozia mountains, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] and [Betula pendula], accompanied by regional species such as [Daphne blagayana], [Iris ruthenica], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia] and [Anthemis carpatica].


description:
Forests of [Pinus sylvestris] of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with [Betula pendula], [Quercus pubescens], [Castanea sativa] and a ground layer with [Cytisus scoparius], [Calluna vulgaris], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Molinia caerulea].


description:
Forests composed of pines of the [Pinus sylvestris] group, mostly included in [Pinus sylvestris ssp. hamata] or its intermediates with [Pinus sylvestris ssp. sylvestris], sometimes in species [Pinus kochiana], [Pinus hamata] or [Pinus armena], of the Pontic Range, its satellites and inner Anatolian outposts, of the mountains of the Crimea and of the Caucasus.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] plantations inside or near the present or recent natural nemoral and Mediterranean European range of the species. Other and very artificial [Pinus sylvestris] plantations are included under unit G3.F.


description:
Forests dominated by pines of the [Pinus nigra] group.


description:
[Pinus nigra] sens strictu forests of the eastern Italian, Austrian and Slovenian Alps, of the Apennines and of Adriatic coasts of northern Italy. Distibuted in dry, sunny steep rocky slopes.


description:
[Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] ([Pinus nigra], [Pinus austriaca]) forests of dry, sunny, rocky steep slopes and cliffs of the southeastern pre-Alps (Carnian pre-Alps, Julian pre-Alps, Carso), between 200 and 1200 m altitude, with [Cyclamen purpurascens] and [Aquilegia einseleana].


description:
Relict "Villetta Barrea pine" ([Pinus nigra ssp. italica]) stations of the Abruzzi (Costa Camosciara, Villetta Barrea), the Campanian Apennines (monti Picentini), the Pollino system (Orsomarso).


description:
[Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] forests of dry, sunny, often rocky and steep dolomite or sometimes limestone slopes and cliffs of the eastern pre-Alps of Lower Austria, between 300 m and 1200 m altitude, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster] spp., [Berberis vulgaris], [Erica herbacea], [Daphne cneorum], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Melampyrum angustissimum], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Carex humilis], [Euphorbia saxatilis], [Sesleria albicans], [Calamagrostis varia].


hname:
Northwestern Adriatic [Pinus nigra] forests

description:
[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. forests of the Adriatic coasts of northern Italy, in the gulf of Venice, apparently indigenous, and of glacial relict character.


description:
Light, open forests of [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] or [Pinus dalmatica] of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Dalmatian coastal areas. The tree and shrub layer are not dense, therefore the herb layer is quite rich, dominated by [Potentilla opaca], [Euphorbia glabriflora], [Erica carnea], [Sesleria rigida], forming compact "meadows“ in the forest.


description:
Forests of [Pinus nigra ssp. nigra] of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides.


description:
Montane forests of [Pinus pallasiana], or of [Pinus banatica] ([Pinus nigra var. banatica]), of the southern Carpathians, the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia and Crimea.


description:
Montane forests of [Pinus pallasiana] of Greece and the Balkan peninsula.


description:
[Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests occupying steep rocky slopes of the montane level of the Taygetos mountains of the Peloponnese.


description:
[Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Parnon.


hname:
Northern Peloponnese Pallas' pine forests

description:
[Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of the Killini, Chelmos mountains of the northern Peloponnese.


description:
Isolated [Pinus pallasiana]-dominated forests of the montane level of mountains of the southern Pindus complex, in particular of the Giona group, and of outlying ranges in Beotia and Eubaea.


description:
Forests dominated by [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana] occupying slopes and ridges of the 500 metre to 1500 metre belt of the Thessalian Mount Olympus, Pieria and Vourninos, extending from the upper limit of the Mediterranean forest and shrub level to, and into, the beech forest zone, accompanied by species characteristic of both the Mediterranean and montane levels, most extensive on the northern side, constituting the most important forest element of the Olympic system.


description:
Forests dominated by [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana] of the northern and central Pindus system.


description:
[Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Pelagonides of north-central Greece, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, north to the middle Treska Valley.


description:
Scattered [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Rila, Pirin, Slavianka, Rhodopes, Vrondous and Falakron, most widespread in the Rhodope, in part accompanied by [Quercus dalechampii], [Ostrya carpinifolia] (southern Rhodopes), [Abies alba] or [Pinus sylvestris].


description:
Uncommon [Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the beech and durmast oak levels of the western and central Balkan Range and its associated southern chains, sometimes accompanied by [Abies alba], by [Quercus dalechampii], or by [Ostrya carpinifolia].


description:
[Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.


description:
[Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana]-dominated forests of the Aegean islands of Thasos and Samos.


description:
Relict thermophile forests of [Pinus banatica] ([Pinus nigra var. banatica]) developed on calcareous substrates of the montane level of the Southern Carpathians, in particular, of the Banat, with [Genista radiata], [Fraxinus ornus], [Cotinus coggygria], [Biscutella laevigata], [Ceterach officinarum], [Festuca xanthina], [Seseli rigidum], [Campanula kladniana], [Centaurea rhenana] and [Campanula divergens].


description:
Forests of [Pinus pallasiana var. caramanica] of the cold, snowy, high altitudes, above 1400 metres, of the Troodos Range, with [Euphorbia cassia] and numerous Cyprian endemics or near-endemics, among which [Platanthera holmboei], [Epipactis troodi], [Thlaspi cyprium] and [Jurinea cypria].


description:
[Pinus pallasiana] forests of northwestern, southwestern and southern interior Anatolia, occurring between 1200 and 1800 metres altitude, in areas of only a few months of snow cover, moderate to low precipitation and up to six months of summer drought a year.


description:
Plantations of pines of the [Pinus nigra] group, accompanied by semi-natural undergrowth formations. These are usually calciphilous communities when accompanying [Pinus nigra], acidophilous ones when with [Pinus laricio].


description:
Woods of [Pinus heldreichii], [Pinus leucodermis] or [Pinus peuce].


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the plateaux of Old Castile in the provinces of Valladolid, Zamora, Avila and Segovia, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]; the undergrowth includes [Cistus laurifolius], [Cytisus scoparius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Salvia officinalis], [Lavandula latifolia], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus thurifera] and tufts of [Corynephorus canescens].


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the foothills of the Cordillera Central, particularly in areas between Guadarrama and Gredos, pure or with [Pinus pinaster]; the undergrowth, similar to that of evergreen oak forests, includes [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Retama sphaerocarpa], [Cytisus scoparius], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Lavandula pedunculata], [Helichrysum serotinum].


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of coastal and lowland Catalonia, often natural, and with an abundant shrub layer comprising [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Ulex australis], [Calicotome spinosa], [Cistus albidus], [Cistus monspeliensis], [Cistus salvifolius], [Cistus laurifolius].


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the Sierra Morena, largely represented by plantations.


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the foothills of the Southern Iberian Range and the plateaux of La Mancha, also mostly of artificial origin.


description:
[Pinus pinea] formations of the Balearic Islands, native only on Ibiza and Formentera.


description:
[Pinus pinea] formations of Provence, possibly spontaneous on coastal sands and in the Maures area.


description:
[Pinus pinea] formations of the littoral of Corsica, some of which may be of natural origin, in particular on old dunes of the east coast.


description:
[Pinus pinea] formations of the Monti Peloritani, northwestern Sicily, of probable native origin.


description:
Large [Pinus pinea] forests and ancient plantations of the Tyrhenian and Adriatic coasts of the Italian peninsula, in Liguria, Toscany, Latium, Campania, Emilia-Romagna (Ravenna) and Friuli-Venetia Giulia (Grado). At least the forests of the Adriatic coast, between Ravenna and the P“, are of natural origine, with a continuous record since post-glacial times.


description:
[Pinus pinea] woods of the littoral and coastal hills of the Peloponnese, Chalcidice, Crete and Aegean islands, rather local but probably in part, at least, spontaneous; a splendid example exists, in particular, on Skiathos.


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the southern Adriatic and Otranto Canal coastlands of Albania, where they form, in particular, considerable forests of varied composition on coastal sands between the Shkumbin and Seman rivers.


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the eastern Adriatic coastlands, distributed, in particular, in Istria and the Gulf of Rijeka and in southern Croatia.


description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of Mediterranean enclaves on the southern Black Sea coast of Anatolia in extreme eastern Paphlegonia and in western and eastern Lazistan, some, at least, apparently indigenous. In Lazistan, they occur, in particular, on hill slopes, from sea level to the top of the coastal range, on eruptive rocks, with a rich undergrowth including [Cistus creticus], [Pistacia palaestina], [Juniperus oxycedrus].


hname:
Mediterranean Anatolian stone pine forests

description:
[Pinus pinea] forests of the Aegean and east Mediterranean coasts of Anatolia and of their Mediterranean hinterland.


description:
Woods of [Pinus halepensis], a frequent colonist of thermo- and calcicolous meso-mediterranean scrubs not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). The distinction between spontaneous forests and long-established formations of artificial origin is often difficult. The latter are thus included here, while recent, obviously artificial groves are not.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] forests of Spain, considered native for at least two-thirds of their considerable expanse; they are mostly restricted to eastern regions on the Mediterranean slope of the Catalonian mountains, the Maestrazgo, the pre-Baetic ranges of the upper Guadalquivir basin, the southern Andalusian mountains; they penetrate farther inland in the Ebro basin and around the headwaters of the Tagus and Guadalquivir systems. They appear to extend north along the coast of the French Golfe du Lion to the region of Agde.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] formations of the Balearics, present and probably native on all the major islands.


description:
Mostly lower meso-Mediterranean [Pinus halepensis] forests of Provence and of the lower slopes and coastlines of the Maritime and Ligurian Alps, extensive and undoubtedly native.


description:
Rare and local [Pinus halepensis] woods of the Corsican coasts, some, at least, possibly natural.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] formations of Sardinia, where certainly native woods occur on Isola di San Pietro and the Sulcis coast of Iglesiente.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] formations of Sicily and peripheral islands.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] formations of the Italian peninsula; extensive, probably at least partially native ones, are individualised in the subdivisions below.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] forests of monte Gargano and the Tremiti islands.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] forests of the Gulf of Taranto area, in particular of the Metapontine littoral.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] forests of southern Umbria, in the Narni and Spoleto-Terni areas.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] formations of Greece, where the species is relatively widespread, particularly in Attica, Thessaly, the coasts of the Peloponnese and of central continental Greece, the Ionian islands, Chalcidici, the northern Sporades, Euboea and Skiros.


description:
[Pinus halepensis] forests and woods of the southern and central part of the meso-Mediterranean [Orno-Quercetum illicis] zone of the Balkan peninsula, extending in a narrow coastal and archipelagic band from the Gulf of Sarandë to northern Dalmatia.


description:
Forests of [Pinus halepensis] of the Mediterranean coastal regions of the Middle East. Extensive and varied in the southern part of the region, they are represented further north by isolated outposts in the coastal region of Syria and in south central Anatolia, where [Pinus halepensis] occurs in the thermo-Mediterranean zone of the Cilician plain, apparently mixed with [Pinus brutia].


description:
[Pinus brutia] forests of Crete, the eastern Aegean islands, extreme southeastern continental Europe, Anatolia, Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions not on coastal dunes (otherwise see unit B1.71). Eastern vicariants of Aleppo pine forests (unit G3.74), they comprise, however, taller, more luxuriant, and often extensive, formations. Disjunct formations of this pine or of related species, described from Crimea and the Caucasian region ([Pinus pityusa], [Pinus stankewiczii], [Pinus eldarica]) have been included.


hname:
Canary Island pine ([Pinus canariensis]) woodland

description:
Forests of endemic [Pinus canariensis], of the dry montane level at around 800 to 2000 m (locally down to 500 and up to 2500 m) in Tenerife, La Palma, Gran Canaria and Hierro, with [Chamaecytisus proliferus], [Adenocarpus foliolosus], [Cistus symphytifolius], [Lotus campylocladus], [Lotus hillebrandii], [Lotus spartioides], [Daphne gnidium], [Juniperus cedrus], [Micromeria] spp.; these forests, of which well-preserved examples have become rare, are the only habitat of [Fringilla teydea], [Dendrocopos major canariensis] and [Dendrocopos major thanneri].


description:
Climax [Pinus canariensis] forests of the main zone of altitudinal occurrence of the species, with an undergrowth characterized and often dominated by [Cistus symphytifolius] and comprising [Chamaecytisus proliferus], [Lotus campylocladus], [Lotus hillebrandii], [Lotus spartioides], [Juniperus cedrus], [Bystropogon origanifolius], [Argyranthemum adauctum].


description:
[Pinus canariensis] forests of Tenerife, with [Lotus campylocladus], [Chamaecytisus proliferus]; they are the main habitat of the endangered [Dendrocopos major canariensis] and of [Fringilla teydea teydea].


description:
[Pinus canariensis] forests of La Palma, with [Lotus hillebrandii].


description:
[Pinus canariensis] forests of Gran Canaria, with [Cistus symphytifolius var. leucophyllus] and [Lotus spartioides]; they are the main habitat of the threatened [Dendrocopos major thanneri] and [Fringilla teydea polatzeki].


description:
[Pinus canariensis] forests of Hierro, with [Lotus hillebrandii].


description:
Forests of dry, south-facing slopes of the Canary islands developed in the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, transitional towards juniper formations and their degradation scrubs, with an undergrowth often formed by [Cistus monspeliensis], [Euphorbia obtusifolia ssp. regis-jubae], [Salvia canariensis], [Micromeria hyssopifolia], [Echium aculeatum].


description:
Eastern Mediterranean and western North African forests dominated by [Cedrus libani], [Cedrus brevifolia] or [Cedrus atlantica].


description:
Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the Taurus system, of Paphlagonia and of the Levant.


description:
Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the western Taurus, pure or mixed with [Acer sempervirens], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus montana], [Populus tremula], developed at between 1500 and 2000 metres on limestones and rendzinas under a cold and snowy climate. The undergrowth includes [Alliaria officinalis], [Oryzopsis holciformis] and the endemics [Paeonia turcica], [Pentapera bocquetii], [Ebenus boissieri], [Campanula michauxioides].


description:
Forests of [Cedrus libani] of the Pisidian, Isaurian and Cilician Taurus, of the western Anti-Taurus and of the Amanus.


description:
Very local sub-Pontic forests of [Cedrus libani] of northeastern Anatolia.


description:
Forests of [Cedrus brevifolia], endemic to Cyprus where they are limited to the western summits of the Troodos range, in the 900-1400 metre range.


description:
Boreal spruce or spruce-pine forests of Fennoscandia, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, with G3.B constituting the westernmost section of the continuous Eurasian northern taiga belt.


description:
Forests of [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], or [Picea] spp. and [Pinus sylvestris], of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and mosses, developed on mesic moraine ground, on podsols with heavy raw humus. They constitute the most widespread and characteristic type of western spruce taiga in the boreal zone and extend to the boreonemoral zone. Accompanying small tree and shrub species include [Betula pubescens], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Empetrum] spp., [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Ledum palustre] (in the north), with a field layer comprising [Linnaea borealis], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Melampyrum pratense], [Solidago virgaurea], [Trientalis europaea], [Luzula pilosa], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Dicranum] spp., [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees may accompany the conifers, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], [Populus tremula].


hname:
Subcontinental bilberry western spruce taiga

description:
Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements.


hname:
Suboceanic bilberry western spruce taiga

description:
Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, [Betula pubescens], [Cornus suecica], [Plagiothecium undulatum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus].


hname:
Continental bilberry western spruce taiga

description:
Bilberry spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica].


hname:
Boreo-nemoral bilberry western spruce taiga

description:
Forests of [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], or of [Picea] spp. and [Pinus sylvestris], accompanied by deciduous trees ([Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], [Populus tremula]), of boreonemoral Fennoscandia, boreonemoral Russia west of the Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, northeastern Poland, with an understorey dominated by [Vaccinium myrtillus]. [Picea abies] is the main tree dominant west of the Oka and Vetluga rivers, [Picea obovata] east of them.


description:
Forests of [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], or of [Picea] spp. with [Pinus sylvestris], of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns accompanied by ericaceous shrubs or phanerogamic herbs, by mosses and lichens.


description:
Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], of boreal Fennoscandia, boreal Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, extending into the boreonemoral region, in particular, in Fennoscandia, with an understorey dominated by [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Oxalis acetosella], ericaceous shrubs and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1, with a lower humidity level than the tall fern forests of unit G3.A22 and with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit G3.A3.


hname:
Subcontinental small fern western spruce taiga

description:
Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending in the sub-boreal zone, particularly in Scandinavia, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], and with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements. The dominant [Gymnocarpium dryopteris] and [Oxalis acetosella] are accompanied by, in particular, [Thelypteris phegopteris], [Dryopteris expansa], [Anemone nemorosa] and by the mosses [Brachythecium reflexum], [Hylocomium umbratum].


hname:
Suboceanic small fern western spruce taiga

description:
Small fern spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements, in particular, [Thelypteris limbosperma], [Blechnum spicant], [Cornus suecica], [Luzula sylvatica], [Plagiothecium undulatum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus].


hname:
Continental small fern western spruce taiga

description:
Small fern spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica].


description:
Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula], of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with an understorey dominated by ferns, in particular, [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris expansa], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], often with two tiers, one of taller ferns, one of medium-sized ferns, with a greater presence of herbs than of [Vaccinium myrtillus] and much [Oxalis acetosella], developing on mesic to moist moraines (podsol-acid brown forest earth). Accompanying species include [Betula pubescens], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Trientalis europaea], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Rubus saxatilis], [Stellaria nemorum], [Viola epipsila], [Paris quadrifolia], [Luzula pilosa], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Deschampsia flexuosa] [Equisetum sylvaticum], and mosses. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit 42.C1 and of the small fern forests of unit 42.C21, with a lower nutrient supply than the small herb forests of unit 42.C3 and the tall herb forests of unit 42.C4, and with a higher humidity level than all except the latter. In the boreo-nemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer.


description:
Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula], of southern boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, with an understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and a low-growing herb layer, characteristic of calcareous substrates and warm stations, developed on acid brown forest soils with mull, or on weakly podsolised soils, with a preference for low-lying areas with fine sediments and a good water supply, sometimes with a tendency to waterlogging. They occupy stations with a richer nutrient supply than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1 and of the fern forests of unit G3.A2, and with a lower humidity level than the fern forests and the tall herb forests of unit G3.A4. Accompanying tree and shrub species include a predominance of [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], with [Alnus] spp., [Betula] spp., [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], a field layer dominated by [Oxalis acetosella], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Trientalis europaea], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Thelypteris phegopteris] accompanied by [Linnaea borealis], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Solidago virgaurea], [Rubus saxatilis], [Viola riviniana], [Hieracium silvaticum] grp., [Pyrola] spp., [Paris quadrifolia], [Melica nutans], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Luzula pilosa], [Lycopodium annotinum], [Equisetum sylvaticum], and mosses. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer.


hname:
Subcontinental small-herb western spruce taiga

description:
Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of southern boreal and boreonemoral Fennoscandia and Eastern Europe, east of the Scandinavian mountains and west of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, extending locally in the middle and northern boreal zones, particularly in calcareous regions, developed under subcontinental to near-continental climates, dominated by [Picea abies], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris], with a species cortège devoid of oceanic elements.


hname:
Suboceanic small-herb western spruce taiga

description:
Small herb spruce forests of western Norway, with a species cortège enriched in oceanic or suboceanic elements.


hname:
Continental small-herb western spruce taiga

description:
Small herb spruce and spruce-pine forests of boreal Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, extending in the sub-boreal zone, developed under continental climates, dominated by [Picea obovata], sometimes accompanied by [Pinus sylvestris] or [Abies sibirica].


hname:
Boreo-nemoral small-herb western spruce taiga

description:
Forests of [Picea abies], accompanied, in a second tree layer by deciduous trees, in particular, [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], sometimes with [Pinus sylvestris] and/or [Populus tremula] in the canopy, with a low understorey dominated by dwarf-shrubs and low-growing herbs, of which many are of nemoral affinities, often with a well-developed taller shrub layer that may include much [Sorbus aucuparia], characteristic of boreonemoral regions of Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States and northeastern Poland.


description:
Forests of [Picea abies] or, in the east, [Picea obovata], of boreal and boreonemoral regions of Fennoscandia, Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, Belarus, the Baltic States, with a species-rich understorey dominated by tall herbs and ferns and with a significant component of deciduous trees, including [Betula pubescens], [Alnus incana], [Sorbus aucuparia]; the species cortège includes an abundance of [Oxalis acetosella] and [Sambucus nigra], [Actaea spicata], [Campanula latifolia], [Mercurialis perennis], [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cicerbita alpina], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Crepis paludosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geum rivale], [Viola epipsila], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Paris quadrifolia], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus saxatilis], [Trientalis europaea], [Trollius europaeus], [Equisetum pratense], [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Dryopteris expansa], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Matteuccia struthiopteris]. Tall-herb spruce forests occupy low-lying areas, slopes and ravines with fine sediment and good water supply, on calcareous brown forest soils. Their stations have a richer nutrient supply and a higher humidity level than those of the bilberry forests of unit G3.A1, of the fern forests of unit G3.A2 or of the small herb forests of unit G3.A3. In the boreonemoral zone, deciduous trees, in particular, [Tilia cordata], [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus laevis], may form a second tree layer.


hname:
Northern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga

description:
Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of northern Fennoscandia and of northern Russia west of the western Ural piedmont, installed on calcareous substrates, with a species-rich understorey dominated by [Aconitum septentrionale] ([Aconitum lycoctonum]), [Cicerbita alpina], [Alnus incana].


hname:
Southern subcontinental tall-herb spruce taiga

description:
Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of southern boreal and sub-boreal Fennoscandia and Russia, west of the western Ural piedmont, of Belarus and the Baltic States, developed on calcareous brown forest soils, with a species-rich understorey dominated by [Actaea spicata], [Campanula latifolia], [Mercurialis perennis], [Sambucus nigra], and ferns.


description:
Tall herb forests of [Picea abies] of calcareous brown soils of western Norway, developed under oceanic climate conditions with much [Betula pubescens] and an understorey harbouring western, oceanic species, sometimes dominated by [Matteuccia struthiopteris].


hname:
Continental tall-herb western spruce taiga

description:
Tall herb [Picea obovata] forests of boreal and boreonemoral Russia, east of the Northern Dvina and Vetluga rivers, and west of the Ural piedmont, developed under continental climates.


hname:
Pretundra Siberian spruce ([Picea obovata]) taiga

description:
Sparse or patchy, often stunted, [Picea obovata] woods forming the timberline in the wooded tundra zone of eastern Europe, east of the White Sea and west of the Ural piedmont.


description:
Boreal pine forests of Fennoscandia, northeastern Poland, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, with G3.A constituting the westernmost section of the continuous Eurasian northern taiga belt.


description:
Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes accompanied by [Picea abies], with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich or lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum].


description:
Sparse, extensive forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] and [Picea abies], with many birches and an understorey dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, in the north, [Vaccinium uliginosum], with [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], lichens, notably of genus [Cladonia], mosses ([Dicranum]). They are, in particular, characteristic of cold, low evaporation regions of Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish mountains, up to the subalpine belt, occupying heavy raw humus on podsols.


description:
Sparse woodlands of suboceanic subalpine Scandinavia dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], with much [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by some low-growing [Picea abies], with an undergrowth dominated by [Calluna vulgaris] and [Empetrum hermaphroditum], with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Betula nana], [Cornus suecica], [Deschampsia flexuosa] and thick cushions of lichens and mosses formed by [Cladonia islandica], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia sylvatica], [Dicranum scoparium], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Barbilophozia lycopodioides], [Dicranum fuscescens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Sphagnum nemoreum]. They are installed on podsols with heavy raw humus in cool, submaritime, moist mostly northern boreal regions.


description:
Sparse woods of low-growing [Pinus sylvestris], and some elements of birch, of maritime climate regions of western Norway, at subalpine levels, with an undergrowth dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], and with a species cortège characterized by the presence of [Cornus suecica], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Blechnum spicant], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Bazzania trilobata], [Leucobryum glaucum], [Racomitrium lanuginosum], [Rhytidiadelphus loreus], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum quinquefarium]; [Picea abies] is absent.


description:
Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, limited to southern and central Finland, central and northern Sweden and southeastern Norway, the Baltic States, southern boreal and boreonemoral Russia, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], often accompanied by [Picea abies], which may dominate or codominate, with an ericoid-dominated, moss-rich and lichen-rich undergrowth mostly formed by [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] with [Empetrum nigrum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum]. The species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Calluna vulgaris], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Goodyera repens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Lycopodium complanatum], [Cladonia] spp., [Dicranum scoparium], [Dicranum polysetum], [Dicranum fuscescens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi]. They occur on sandy moraines or calcareous sand sediments in low rainfall areas.


description:
Conifer forests of the taiga belt of western Eurasia, west of the middle Petchora, dominated by [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes accompanied by [Picea abies], with a grass-, small herb-, tall herb- or fern-dominated undergrowth.


description:
Woods of [Pinus sylvestris] of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and northern Russia, with a very low, sparse, dwarf-shrub layer and a ground layer dominated by lichens mainly of genus [Cladonia], notably [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia alpestris], [Cladonia mitis]. Participating species include [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Cetraria islandica], [Dicranum polysetum], [Dicranum spurium], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Stereocaulon] spp., installed on podsols with a thin raw humus layer, often on sand sediment.


description:
Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the maritime climate region of western Norway, rich in [Racomitrium lanuginosum].


hname:
Southern boreal continental lichen pine taiga

description:
Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of areas of continental climate regions of Fennoscandia, of the Baltic States and of the southern boreal and boreonemoral zones of northern Russia, particularly characteristic of eastern Sweden and Finland. Dominant lichens are [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia alpestris], [Cladonia mitis] and, in coastal Åstland, [Cladonia uncialis]. Eastern Swedish and southeastern Norwegian stands harbour [Anemone sylvestris].


description:
Lichen-carpeted [Pinus sylvestris] woods of northern boreal Russia, the Kola peninsula and extreme northeastern Fennoscandia.


description:
Woods of [Pinus sylvestris] colonizing often small, level, glacier-fashioned granite, gneiss or acidic-sediment rock outcrops of southern and middle Fennoscandia, with dense lichen carpets, mostly of [Cladonia rangiferina], or a varied lichen and moss cover, accompanied by small shrubs, grasses and petrophile forbs, sometimes by abundant [Juniperus communis].


description:
Boreal larch, forests of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States, Belarus and European Russia, occuring in limited, edaphic pockets within the area dominated by G3.A and G3.B.


description:
[Larix russica] ([Larix sukaczewii], [Larix sibirica]) forests of the western Eurasian taiga zone of European Russia west of the middle Pechora, middle Kama basins and the western piedmont of the Urals, developed in edaphic pockets of the dark taiga spruce forests and on steep river valley slopes.


description:
Woods of [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp., sometimes mixed with [Betula pubescens], colonizing bogs and fens in the boreal and boreonemoral zones.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated woods of bogs of the boreal regions of western Eurasia.


hname:
Boreal Labrador tea Scots pine bog woods

description:
Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Ledum palustre], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaedaphne calyculata] in eastern Finland, or [Betula nana] in the north, with [Eriophorum vaginatum]; the mucinal layer is dominated by [Sphagnum angustifolium] with [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum russowii], [Polytrichum strictum], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Aulacomnium palustre], characteristic of dry mires with relatively low-lying groundwater surface.


description:
Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by the ericaceous shrubs [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and by [Betula nana], with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Andromeda polifolia], [Empetrum nigrum], [Rubus chamaemorus], and a mucinal layer dominated by [Sphagnum fuscum] and [Pleurozium schreberi], accompanied by [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Cladonia rangiferina]. In Finland, this type of bog woods occupies entire mire areas. This type also occurs on hummocks in concentric raised bogs, on strings in the excentric bogs and aapa mires, and as marginal woodland around concentric raised bogs with treeless plateaux.


description:
Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Calluna vulgaris].


description:
Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Empetrum nigrum].


hname:
Boreal bog rosemary Scots pine bog woods

description:
Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic formed of sparse, low growing [Pinus sylvestris] with a shrub layer dominated by [Andromeda polifolia].


description:
Scots pine bog woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a 5-7 m high tree layer formed of [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes with an important admixture of birch, a field layer dominated by [Eriophorum vaginatum], and a sphagnum carpet of, in particular, [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum fuscum], of raised bogs and aapa mire fringes.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated woods of fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with an understorey rich in or dominated by sedges, ericoid shrubs and acidophile or neutrocline sphagnum mosses.


description:
Scots pine fen woods of the western boreal region of the Palaearctic, with a tree layer of [Pinus sylvestris], field layer dominated by [Carex globularis], a dwarf-shrub layer sparser than in Scots pine fen woods of unit G3.D22, and a ground layer dominated by the acidophilous sphagna [Sphagnum angustifolium] or [Sphagnum fuscum]. The species cortège comprises [Betula nana], [Andromeda polifolia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Ledum palustre], [Myrica gale], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Carex pauciflora], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum magellanicum].


description:
Oligotrophic, acidophile [Pinus sylvestris] woods of peat-forming fens, fen edges, bog edges, lake shores of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic with an understorey dominated by ericoid shrubs, in particular, [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Ledum palustre], associated with [Betula nana], and accompanied by an abundance of [Eriophorum vaginatum], of acidophilous sphagnum mosses, in particular, [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum russowii], and of lichens of genus [Cladonia]. The species cortège habitually includes [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Molinia caerulea], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Polytrichum commune] and, regionally, [Chamaedaphne calyculata], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Carex globulosa].


hname:
Native cypress, juniper, yew plantations

description:
Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera [Cupressus], [Juniperus], [Taxus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3.


description:
Plantations of non-Palaearctic species of conifers or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.


hname:
Exotic spruce, fir, larch, douglas fir, deodar plantations

description:
Plantations of conifers of genera [Abies], [Picea], [Larix], [Pseudotsuga] or [Cedrus] formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.


description:
Plantations of conifers of genus [Pinus] formed of non-Palaearctic species, or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.


description:
Plantations of conifers of genera other than [Pinus], [Abies], [Picea], [Larix], [Pseudotsuga] or [Cedrus], formed of non-Palaearctic species or of Palaearctic species outside of their broad biogeographical region of occurrence.


description:
Forest and woodland of mixed broad-leaved deciduous or evergreen and coniferous trees of the nemoral, boreal, warm-temperate humid and mediterranean zones. They are mostly characteristic of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests, and of the montane level of the major mountain ranges to the south. Neither coniferous, nor broadleaved species account for more than 75% of the crown cover. Deciduous forests with an understorey of conifers or with a small admixture of conifers in the dominant layer are included in unit G1. Conifer forests with an understorey of deciduous trees or with a small admixture of deciduous trees in the dominant layer are included in unit G3.


description:
Broadleaved swamp woodland (G1.4 or G1.5) in combination with bog conifer woodland (G3.D or G3.E). Includes [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp. mixed with [Betula pubescens], [Alnus], [Populus] or [Quercus].


description:
Boreal taiga conifer woodland (G3.A, G3.B or G3.C) mixed with a significant component of [Betula] woodland (G1.91).


hname:
Mixed sub-taiga woodland with acidophilous oak

description:
The boreo-nemoral southern fringe of the taiga conifer woodland (G3.A, G3.B or G3.C) mixed with a significant component of acidophilous [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea] woodland (G1.8).


hname:
Boreonemoral lichen-dwarf shrub mixed forests

description:
Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, mostly [Pinus sylvestris], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, usually [Quercus robur], [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by an undergrowth formed by lichens and dwarf, matted, ericoid shrubs. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of unit G3.B4 or of deciduous woods of unit G1.8, in particular, G1.81 and G1.821, or of unit G1.91721.


description:
Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], [Pinus sylvestris], [Abies sibirica], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, mostly [Quercus robur], but also [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], and sometimes, in the extreme southwest of the region, [Fagus sylvatica], accompanied by an undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs and grasses, in particular, [Deschampsia cespitosa]. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of units G3.A1, G3.B1 or G3.B2, or of deciduous woods of unit G1.8, in particular, G1.81 and G1.821, of units G1.621, G1.918, or G1.91722.


description:
Forests of the boreonemoral transition zone between taiga and temperate lowland deciduous forests in which conifers, [Picea abies], [Picea obovata], [Pinus sylvestris], [Abies sibirica], share the main canopy with deciduous trees, mostly [Quercus robur], but also [Betula pendula] or [Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii], accompanied by an undergrowth rich in forbs, ferns and mesophile grasses. A number of subunits can be distinguished with species cortèges similar to those of conifer taiga forests of units G3.A2-G3.A4, G3.B3 or of deciduous woods of units G1.A141, G1.918, G1.91724- G1.91726.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with [Betula] woodland (G1.9).


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with [Fagus] woodland (G1.6).


description:
Forests in which [Fagus sylvatica] in western and central Europe or other [Fagus] species including [Fagus orientalis] in southeastern Europe and Pontic Asia (G1.6), is associated in the main canopy with fir [Abies] spp. and/or spruce [Picea] spp. (G3.1), sometimes with an admixture of other conifers, in particular, pines [Pinus] spp. Characteristic of the montane level of the major European mountains south of the boreal zone.


hname:
Mixed Scots pine - acidophilous oak woodland

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woodland south of the taiga (G3.4) intimately mixed with acidophilous [Quercus] woodland (G1.8).


hname:
Subcontinental nemoral pine - oak forests

description:
Acidophilous forests in which [Quercus robur] and/or [Quercus petraea] are associated in the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], characteristic of sandy substrates and granitic arenas of subcontinental climate regions in the High-Palatinate, the Erzgebirge, the Vogtland, the southern Saxony hills, the western, northern and eastern Bohemian basin, Brandenburg, Poland, the western Ukraine and Lithuania, and of siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian quadrangle, the Carpathians, the eastern Alps and their associated plateaux.


description:
Acidophilous [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Brandenburg, Poland, the western Ukraine and Lithuania, most characteristic of diluvial sands in regions of subcontinental climate.


description:
Mesophile acidophilous [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] forests of Brandenburg, northern Poland and Lithuania, characteristic of the more mesotrophic, well-drained sites within the range of the northeastern "[Pino-Quercetum]", with [Juniperus communis], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chimaphila umbellata], [Trientalis europaea], [Melampyrum pratense], [Peucedanum oreoselinum], [Scorzonera humilis], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Danthonia decumbens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Luzula multiflora], [Luzula pilosa], [Dicranum] spp., [Polytrichum] spp.


description:
Mixed forest stands of [Quercus robur], [Populus tremula], [Pinus sylvestris], [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], characteristic of podsols and gley soils with high water table, within the range of the "[Pino-Quercetum]"; they have an impoverished species composition with little representation of the [Querco-Fagetea] and no thermophilous species; common or characteristic are [Juniperus communis], [Frangula alnus], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Trientalis europaea], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Luzula pilosa], [Calamagrostis canescens].


description:
Acidophilous forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] on sandy substrates and granitic arenas of subcontinental climate regions in the High-Palatinate, the Vogtland, Thuringe, the Erzgebirge, the southern Saxony hills, the western, northern and eastern Bohemian basin, with an undergrowth of [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melampyrum pratense], [Luzula luzuloides]. and sometimes [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Lembotropis nigricans], ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Genista tinctoria], [Genista germanica], [Molinia arundinacea].


description:
Caves of the islands of Eurasia and North Africa essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes).


description:
Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont amphibians or fish, but include troglobiont invertebrates, limited worldwide to a relatively small number of species belonging to a limited number of groups, and including remarkable relict species. In the Palaearctic region, the majority are situated in the northern Mediterranean basin and the peri-Pontic region. Gastropoda, Opiliones, Chilopoda (Lithobiidae), Collembol, Coleoptera (Bathysciinae and Trechinae subfamilies) among the terrestrial faunas, Turbellaria, Gastropoda and Urodela, among the aquatic faunas, are characteristic of their communities, and essentially restricted to caves of temperate regions.


description:
Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, dry, humidified by seeps or crossed by permanent or temporary watercourses, but not retaining glaciers, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, often including remarkable relict species.


description:
Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates, and in which past and present conditions permit the retention of glaciers; they are rare, known in particular from the Carpathians of Romania and Slovakia, the Alps and the Jura.


description:
Caves under normally oxygenated, buffered microclimates, warmed and humidified by geothermal waters, and harbouring communities of troglobiont invertebrates.


description:
Deoxygenated, relatively warm caves, with atmospheres rich in carbon dioxide and sulphur vapour or methane and hydrogen sulfide, harbouring relict thermophile faunas of highly distinctive troglobiont and stygobiont invertebrates.


description:
Caves harbouring communities that include no troglobiont organisms, but include troglophile invertebrates. Generally, they are caves crossed by watercourses or with rich trophic substratum, excavated in limestone afforested zones.


description:
Caves essential to parts of the life-cycle (quiescence period) of invertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes), such as Lepidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera; in general they are stably cool (or warm) and humid caves.


hname:
Caves without vertebrates or invertebrates

description:
Caves, often small and dry, devoid of significant troglobiont or troglophile zoocoenoses, and not harbouring significant subtroglophiles.


description:
Cavities within cave systems that are much longer than wide or high and may join larger cavities.


description:
Caves formed in lava flows by open-ended tubes or passages resulting from the cooling of the surface whose molten interior continued to flow. Near the coast, they may contain salt water not connected to the sea and be colonized by specialized (anchihaline) communities.


description:
Lava tubes of of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands. The very large tube created by the volcano La Corona of Lanzarote harbours unique communities of invertebrates, in particular, the decapod crustacean [Munidopsis polymorpha], endemic to that locality, and several crustaceans of the genus [Speleonectes].


description:
Lava tubes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, including Etna, Vesuvius, the Phlegrean Fields, Ischia, the Lipari Islands, Pantelleria, the Aegean archipelago, Nemrut Dag in eastern Turkey, Damavand in northern Iran, Taftan in southern Iran, the volcanoes of Syria.


description:
Humid, humus-rich siliceous screes of the Alps, on slopes long-covered with snow, carpeted by the alpine woodrush, [Luzula alpinopilosa], accompanied by a cortège that constitutes an ecological variant of the snow patch communities of unit E4.11, characterized by a stronger representation of scree species of the [Androsasetalia].


description:
[Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura] ([Luzula alpinopilosa] = [Luzula spadicea]) of the siliceous high Tatras and of the alpine level of the high southeastern Carpathians.


description:
Screes colonized by communities dominated by [Luzula alpinopilosa] ([Luzula spadicea]) and [Festuca picta] ([Festuca picturata], [Festuca violacea ssp. picta]), characteristic of slopes with prolonged snow-cover of Vitosha, Rila and Pirin.


description:
Communities of ferns and brambles, including [Gymnocarpium dryopteris] ([Dryopteris disjuncta]), [Cryptogramma crispa], [Athyrium distentifolium], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Cystopteris fragilis], colonizing nonstablized, shady subalpine siliceous screes of the Alpine system with a high proportion of large blocks.


description:
Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the high mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with [Saxifraga carpathica], [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa], [Saxifraga adscendens], [Veronica baumgartenii].


description:
Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the Pirin with [Senecio doronicum] ([Senecio glaberrimus], [Senecio transylvanicus], [Senecio rochelianus]).


description:
Stony siliceous screes of the alpine level of the eastern Carpathian system.


description:
[Festuca picta] screes of the siliceous high Tatras, the high mountains of the eastern Carpathian system and the Rhodope Mountains


description:
Siliceous screes of hills of western and central Europe, with [Epilobium collinum], [Galeopsis segetum], [Acetosella vulgaris], [Dalanum ladanum], [Petasites albus], [Tussilago farfara], [Senecio viscosus], [Anarrhinum bellidifolium], [Cryptogramma crispa]. Upland siliceous screes, often resulting from quarry activity, and colonised by very impoverished forms of the Alpine communities, usually rich in mosses, lichens and sometimes ferns, notably [Cryptogramma crispa], or pioneer psammophilous grasses, are included. Vegetation of alliance [Galeopsion segetum].


hname:
Southeast European mountain siliceous screes

description:
Siliceous screes of mountains of southeast Europe, with vegetation dominated by [Saxifraga bryoides], [Saxifraga adscendens], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Oxyria digyna], [Androsace hedraeantha] and [Poa cenisia]. [Cryptogramma crispa] and mosses occur. Other important species are [Vaccinium] spp., [Polygonum alpinum], [Pleuropteropyrum undulatum], [Lerchenfeldia flexuosa], [Senecio rupestris].


hname:
Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes

description:
Calcareous and calcschist screes of high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus. Usually sparse vegetation cover, unstabile, on steep slopes.


description:
Calcareous slate slope communities of the Alps, with [Draba hoppeana], [Campanula cenisia], [Saxifraga biflora], [Herniaria alpina], [Trisetum spicatum].


description:
Unstable, hard limestone and dolomite coarse screes of the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, with [Thlaspi rotundifolium], [Papaver rhaeticum], [Papaver sendtneri], [Viola cenisia], [Linaria alpina], [Arabis alpina].


description:
Fine-element calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and high montane levels of the Alps and neighbouring ranges.


description:
High montane and subalpine, relatively humid, fine limestone and marl screes, with [Petasites paradoxus], [Valeriana montana], [Gypsophila repens].


description:
Damp, marlo-calcareous screes of the alpine level of the Alps.


description:
Calcareous screes of the Carpathians, represented by diverse communities of mostly very local occurrence, often with significant endemic species.


description:
Calcareous screes of high altitudes of the Tatras, with [Cerastium latifolium], [Cerastium tatrae], [Arabis alpina], [Hutchinsia alpina], [Sedum atratum], [Cystopteris montana].


description:
Calcareous screes of the eastern Carpathian system.


description:
Screes of the Rhodope Mountains, with [Morina persica], [Sideritis scardica].


description:
Siliceous screes of warm exposures in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus, and of Mediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European upland or lowland sites.


description:
Siliceous screes of warm slopes of the subalpine level of the Alps and of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pyrenees, usually composed largely of big stones or boulders, with [Senecio leucophyllus], [Taraxacum pyrenaicum], [Galeopsis pyrenaica], [Xatardia scabra], [Armeria alpina].


description:
Siliceous screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica; floristically rich formations of the "dark" screes of the Cordillera are related to those under unit H2.64, though somewhat intermediate towards H2.54; other more species-poor ones, characterised by [Trisetum hispidum] and [Rumex suffruticosus], belong to the latter.


description:
Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of siliceous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Pyrenees.


description:
Screes of the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, the Leonese mountains, with [Linaria saxatilis], [Linaria alpina], [Digitalis purpurea var. carpetana], [Senecio pyrenaicus ssp. carpetanus], [Rumex suffruticosus], [Santolina oblongifolia], [Conopodium bunioides], [Reseda gredensis].


description:
Siliceous screes of the high levels of the Sierra Nevada, very rich in endemics.


description:
Screes at the subsummital levels of the Sierra Nevada, between 1900 and 2900 metres, with [Senecio tournefortii var. granatensis], [Digitalis purpurea var. nevadensis], [Cirsium gregarium], [Solidago virgaurea ssp. alpestris], [Holcus caespitosus], [Crepis oporinoides], [Eryngium glaciale], [Linaria aeruginea var. nevadensis].


description:
Screes of the summital region of the Sierra Nevada, at around 2800-3000 metres, with a very sparse community formed by [Viola crassiuscula], [Linaria glacialis], [Rhynchosinapis cheiranthos ssp. nevadensis], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus parnassifolius], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Papaver suaveolens], [Holcus caespitosus], [Crepis oporinoides] and, in more stabilised areas, [Erigeron frigidus].


description:
Siliceous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands.


description:
Screes of the mountains and steppe hills of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions of Anatolia.


description:
Warm dry screes of the Balkan Peninsula, with vegetation dominated by [Achnatherum calamagrostis] and [Melica ciliata].


hname:
Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures

description:
Calcareous and calcschist screes of warm exposures in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus, and of Mediterranean mountains, hills and lowlands and, locally, of warm, sunny middle European upland or lowland sites.


description:
Mostly coarse, unstablized, dry, sunny calcareous screes of the montane and subalpine levels of the Alps and of the uplands and lowlands of Central Europe. Vegetation of alliances [Stipion calamagrostis] and [Arabidion alpinae].


description:
[Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes of warmer, lower parts of Alpine valleys and of the southwestern outer Alps.


description:
Forb- or fern-dominated sunny calcareous screes of the montane or collinar levels of peri-Alpine ranges, particularly characteristic of the Jura, locally also of the middle European Hercynian ranges and of the southern Alpine periphery.


description:
Species-poor pioneer communities of warm sunny calcareous screes of the Jura, the Alpine system, the Carpathians and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Galeopsis angustifolia].


description:
Species-poor open pioneering communities of dry calcareous screes of the low to moderate altitudes of the Alpine system, the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Rumex scutatus], often with [Silene vulgaris ssp. glareosa], [Silene hayekiana], [Hieracium bifidum].


description:
Open to closed fern swards of [Gymnocarpium robertianum] colonizing often slightly damp, more or less calcareous screes of the Jura and the middle European Hercynian ranges.


description:
Species-rich thermophile pioneer scree communities of natural and anthropogenic station of the Alpine system, the Jura, the middle European Hercynian ranges, in particular, the Hautes Fagnes, and their vicinity, dominated by [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], often with [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Anthericum ramosum], [Knautia dipsacifolia] ([Knautia sylvatica]), [Calamagrostis varia], [Campanula rapunculoides], [Galium album], [Origanum vulgare].


description:
Calcareous screes of the Paris basin and its periphery, with [Leontodon hyoseroides], [Sisymbrium supinum], [Linaria supina], [Galeopsis angustifolia] and many rare or endemic plants, including [Viola hispida] (endangered endemic), [Galium timeroyi ssp. fleurotii], [Iberis violetii], [Iberis durandii], [Biscutella neustriaca].


description:
Supra-Mediterranean screes of Mediterranean southern France, common in the coastal ranges of the Marseille region (Allauch, Carpiagne, Puget, Marseilleveyre), rare on the Sainte-Baume, also represented in the Cévennes, with [Arenaria provincialis] ([Gouffeia arenarioides]), [Ptychotis heterophylla], [Linaria supina], [Centranthus ruber], [Centranthus lecoqii], [Crucianella latifolia].


description:
Basiphile screes of the Cordillera Cantabrica.


description:
Fern-dominated chaotic boulder fields of the altimontane, subalpine and oro-mediterranean zones of calcareous Iberian mountains, in particular, of the Cordillera Cantabrica.


description:
Screes of the calcareous Baetic mountains of southern and southeastern Iberia.


description:
Calcareous screes of the Italian peninsula, of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and their associated islands.


description:
Limestone screes of high mountains of southern Albania, mainland Greece, the Peloponnese, the Aegean, with [Drypis spinosa], [Ranunculus brevifolius], [Senecio thapsoides], [Aethionema saxatile]. They can contain synanthropic species like [Geranium robertianum ssp. purpureum], [Centranthus calcitrapa], [Mercurialis annua], [Theligonum cynocrambe] and [Thlaspi perfoliatum].


description:
Serpentine screes of high mountains of southern Albania and mainland Greece, less widespread than the limestone screes of unit H2.68, restricted to serpentines of the northern Pindus and of Mount Olympus.


description:
Limestone and ophiolite screes of Cyprus, in particular, limestone and ophiolite screes of the Troodos range, limestone screes of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate screes of the Kythrean formation. Endemic plants include [Alyssum troodi], of Troodos serpentine substrates, [Hedysarum cyprium] and [Salvia veneris] of the Kythrean formation.


description:
Calcareous screes of the alpine, subalpine and, locally, montane levels of the Dinarides, the Pelagonides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.


description:
[Dryopteris villarii]-dominated formations of calcareous screes of the east Adriatic mountains, widespread in the Dinarides and Pelagonides, with [Doronicum columnae], [Ligusticum dinaricum], [Scrophularia bosniaca].


description:
[Petasites paradoxus]-dominated formations of the foot and grooves of calcareous scree slopes of the Dinarides and Pelagonides.


description:
Screes of the Dinarides and northern Hellenides dominated by [Drypis spinosa ssp. linnaena], of more sub-Mediterranean affinities than the communities of units H2.6B1 and H2.6B2, with [Cardamine carnosa].


description:
Wind-exposed, snow-free calcareous screes of the Dinarides, with [Bunium alpinum], [Iberis pruitii], [Thymus acicularis], [Degenia velebitica].


description:
High-altitude calcareous screes of the Dinarides, in particular of the Prenj in Herzegovina and the Durmitor in Montenegro, with [Moehringia ciliata], [Papaver kerneri], [Poa minor].


description:
Calcareous screes of the Dinara and Velebit, with [Cerastium dinaricum], [Euphorbia capitulata], [Thlaspi dinaricum], [Rumex scutatus], [Valeria montana], [Achillea clavennae], [Arabis scopoliana].


description:
Calcareous screes of the Piva basin of Montenegro, with [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Moehringia muscosa], [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Saxifraga rotundifolia].


description:
Calcareous screes of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Albania, in particular, of the Korab range, with [Valeriana bertisceae], [Sedum magellense], [Lamium bifidum], [Hieracium bifidum], [Ranunculus seguieri].


description:
Thermophile calcareous screes of the upper mesomediterranean and supra-Mediterranean [Orno-Quercetum ilicis] and [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] levels of the Triestine Karst, Istria, Balkan Peninsula, including the Dalmatian coast, Montenegro and Albania. Typical species: [Dianthus petraeus], [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Peltaria alliacea], [Drypis spinosa ssp. jacquiniana], [Malcolmia serbica], [Galium corrudifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Geranium robertianum].


description:
Serpentine screes of the montane level of the Dinarides of Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia) with abundant [Achnatherum calamagrostis], harbouring the endemics [Halacsya sendtneri], [Scrophularia tristis], [Alyssum markgrafii], [Linaria rubioides], [Stachys chrysophaea]. The shrub [Cotinus coggygria] often grows in such sites.


description:
[Achnatherum calamagrostis] screes of the Balkan Peninsula (Albania, Montenegro, Serbia) and in particular, of the Piva basin, southeastern representatives of the peri-Alpine [Stipion calamagrostidis] screes of unit H2.611.


hname:
Eastern Carpathian calcareous thermophilous screes

description:
Screes of the Eastern Carpathians, typified by the presence of numerous Mediterranean thermophilous species and those belonging to the Dacio-Balkanic floristic element. Characteristic species: [Achnatherum calamagrostis], [Parietaria officinalis], [Lamium garganicum ssp. laevigatum], [Galium album ssp. album], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria].


hname:
Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops

description:
Unvegetated, sparsely vegetated, and bryophyte- or lichen-vegetated cliffs, rock faces and rock pavements, not presently adjacent to the sea, and not resulting from recent volcanic activity. Parts of seacliffs free from the influence of wave or wind transported marine salt are included. Rock accumulations resulting from depositional processes are excluded and listed under H2 or H5.


description:
Dry non-calcareous inland cliffs. Specific plant associations colonize montane and Mediterranean cliffs. Most of the subdivisions refer to them. Northern lowland cliffs usually support fragments of other less specialized communities.


hname:
Middle European montane siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, the Pyrenees, the western Carpathians, the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura. Vegetation of alliances [Androsacion vandelii], [Asplenion septentrionalis] and [Hypno-Polypodion vulgaris], with the most typical species [Acetosella vulgaris], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Polypodium vulgare], [Woodsia ilvensis], [Primula minima], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga bryoides], [Silene acaulis].


hname:
Middle European high-altitude siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the northwestern, northern, eastern and central Alps, with outliers in the Dinarides, of the Massif Central and of the Pyrenees.


hname:
Hercynio-Alpine montane and collinar siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the montane level of the middle European Hercynian ranges, the Jura, the Alps and their periphery, of Atlantic regions of the European continent and the British Isles, with [Saxifraga sponhemica], [Biscutella laevigata], [Asplenium septentrionale], [Asplenium adiantum-nigrum], [Asplenium billotii], [Asplenium foreziense].


description:
Serpentine cliff and rock communities of the middle European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, of northern Styria, Low-Austria and the Burgenland, with [Asplenium adulterinum], [Asplenium cuneifolium], [Asplenium x alternifolium], [Cheilanthes marantae].


description:
Siliceous cliff communities of Alpine affinities of the Carpathians, formed principally by bryophytes and ferns.


description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Iberian mountains.


description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cordillera Cantabrica, the Iberian Range, the Cordillera Central and the Leonese mountains, with [Hieracium pallidum ssp. graniticum], [Murbeckiella boryi ssp. boryi], [Murbeckiella boryi ssp. herminii], [Saxifraga willkommiana], [Spergula viscosa ssp. pourretii].


description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Sierra Nevada, with [Saxifraga nevadensis], [Sedum brevifolium], [Centranthus nevadensis].


description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime, Ligurian and Cottian Alps, with [Saxifraga pedemontana].


hname:
Cyrno-Sardinian montane and alpine cliffs

description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia, distributed from the supra-Mediterranean to the alpine level, with [Potentilla crassinervia], [Armeria leucocephala], [Silene requienii], [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cervicornis]. Supra-Mediterranean and montane communities have [Amelanchier ovalis ssp. rhamnoides], cryomediterranean, subalpine and alpine communities have [Festuca sardoa], [Phyteuma serratum], [Helechryssum frigidum], [Aquilegia bernardii], [Leucanthemum corsicum], [Scabiosa corsica], upper alpine communities are characterized by the presence of [Draba dubia], [Asplenium viride], [Draba loiseleurii], [Erigeron paolii] and the absence of thermophile species.


description:
Siliceous cliff communities rich in Dacio-Balkanic endemics of the subalpine level of the eastern Carpathian system and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, including the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains, of relict character.


hname:
Southern Carpathian campion siliceous cliffs

description:
Endemic siliceous cliff communities of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Southern Carpathians.


description:
Siliceous cliff communities of the Paring mountains in the Southern Carpathians, of the Balkan Range and of the Rhodope Mountains, in particular, of the Rila and the Pirin, with [Silene lerchenfeldiana], [Potentilla haynaldiana], [Saxifraga juniperifolia ssp. juniperifolia] ([Saxifraga pseudosancta]), [Saxifraga pedemontana ssp. cymosa], [Rhodiola rosea] ([Sedum rosea]), [Dianthus henteri], [Minuartia bulgarica], [Haberlea rhodopensis], [Symphyandra wanneri], [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), [Juncus trifidus], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca airoides], [Poa nemoralis], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Cystopteris fragilis].


description:
Siliceous cliff communities of the Pelagonides of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and northern Greece.


description:
Montane siliceous cliff and rock communities of the Cévennes, the eastern and central Pyrenees and the Catalonian hills, with [Asarina procumbens] ([Antirrhinum asarina]), [Sedum hirsutum], [Centaurea pectinata], [Sempervivum arvernense], [Dianthus graniticus], [Saxifraga clusii], [Saxifraga hypnoides].


description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the meso-Mediterranean level of western Iberia, with [Cheilanthes tinaei], [Cheilanthes hispanica].


hname:
West Mediterranean thermophile siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of the thermo-Mediterranean, mesomediterranean and lower supra-Mediterranean levels of Provence, Corsica and eastern Spain, mostly constituted by ferns, in particular, of genus [Cheilanthes] (including [Cosentinia]) in xeric sunny situations, of genera [Asplenium] and [Polypodium] in more shady locations, accompanied by species of genus [Dianthus], in particular, [Dianthus sylvestris ssp. siculus], [Dianthus sylvestris ssp. godronianus].


hname:
Lowland northern- and middle-European siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous cliff and rock communities of low hills of northern and middle nemoral Europe.


description:
Rock and cliff crevice communities of granites, gneisses and acidic rocks of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine.


description:
Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic. Their lichen communities are composed of external crustose lichens ([Rhizocarpon]), navel lichens ([Umbilicaria]) and fruticose lichens ([Ramalina], [Cornicularia], [Rhizoplaca]).


hname:
High altitude and arctic siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions and of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic.


description:
Siliceous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean, nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities.


hname:
Boreo-nemoral and boreal siliceous cliffs

description:
Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities.


description:
Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic, harbouring impoverished, paucispecific, fissure communities.


description:
Siliceous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region, harbouring specialised Mediterranean chasmophyte communities.


description:
Permanently or temporarily unworked sites or parts of sites of open-sky extractive activities.


description:
Dry, calcareous inland cliffs. Specific plant associations colonize montane and Mediterranean cliffs. Most of the subdivisions refer to them. Northern lowland cliffs usually support fragments of other less specialized communities.


hname:
Tyrrheno-Adriatic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities

description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the mediterranean level of mainland Spain, of the Balaearics, of the thermo- and meso-mediterranean levels of mainland France, of Corsica and Sardinia, of peninsular Italy, of Sicily and associated islands, of the Adriatic coastal regions of the Balkan peninsula.


description:
Calcareous and dolomitic cliff and rock communities of the Mediterranean hills and mountains of Spain, from Catalonia to the Serrania de Ronda, and of the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean levels of the Balearics, the coastal chains of Provence and Bas-Languedoc, of the southern Cévennes, of Corsica and Sardinia, with [Asplenium petrarchae], [Phagnalon sordidum], [Sarcocapnos enneaphylla], [Biscutella frutescens], [Hieracium stelligerum], [Lavatera maritima], [Campanula macrorhiza], [Melica minuta], [Melica bauhinii].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the arid southeastern regions of Spain, with large shrubs; [Scabiosa saxatilis], [Teucrium buxifolium], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. borgiae] are characteristic.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Balearics, with many endemics, including [Brassica balearica] and [Helichrysum rupestre var. cambessedesii].


description:
Calcareous rock communities of the mesomediterranean level of Corsica, Sardinia and Pantellaria, with [Brassica insularis], [Ruta graveolens], [Stachys glutinosa].


description:
Cool, shaded calcareous cliff and rock communities of the west Mediterranean regions, formed mostly of bryophytes and ferns, including [Polypodium cambricum ssp. australe] ([Polypodium australe]), and with [Selaginella denticulata].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the thermo- and mesomediterranean levels of Sicily, the Egadi Islands, the Maltese Islands, southern Calabria, southern Tyrrhenian Italy, rich in large subshrubby plants, with [Dianthus rupicola], [Iberis semperflorens], [Lithodora rosmarinifolia], [Antirrhinum siculum], [Brassica rupestris], [Brassica incana], [Scabiosa limonifolia], [Pimpinella anisoides], [Seseli bocconi ssp. bocconi], [Silene fruticosa], [Asperula rupestris], [Cymbalaria pubescens], [Odontites bocconei], all of them endemic to these communities or having in them their area of greatest diffusion.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean zone of northeastern Italy and the Balkan peninsula. Some of them grade into maritime cliff communities of unit B3.331.


description:
Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy and northern Istria with [Campanula pyramidalis], [Cheiranthus cheiri], [Teucrium flavum], [Euphorbia wulfenii], [Micromeria thymifolia], harbouring the very rare, threatened endemics [Centaurea kartschiana] and [Moehringia tommasinii].


description:
Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy, with the very rare Triestine endemic [Centaurea kartschiana], and with [Erysimum cheiri] ([Cheiranthus cheiri]), [Campanula pyramidalis], [Teucrium flavum], [Sesleria juncifolia].


description:
Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy and Slovenia, with [Campanula pyramidalis], [Micromeria thymifolia], [Sesleria juncifolia], [Teucrium flavum] and [Euphorbia wulfenii].


description:
Cliff communities of the karst region of northeastern Italy, southwestern Slovenia and extreme northwestern Croatia, in the Vena Mountains between Val Rosandra and Buzet, harbouring the rare, threatened [Moehringia tommasinii], known from a very restricted number of stations within an exiguous region, one of them in Italy.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the northern Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian islands of Rab and Pag with the endemic [Centaurea dalmatica].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian archipelago
with [Scorzonera austriaca], [Sesleria juncifolia], [Seseli pallasii], [Alyssum robertianum].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and southern Velebit coast lands, with [Campanula fenestrellata], in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the central Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, with the endemic [Centaurea ragusina] and [Convolvulus cneorum].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and southern parts of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, with [Moltkia petraea].


description:
Calcareous cliffs of the southern Biokovo coastlands of central Dalmatia, with [Inula] spp., [Centaurea cuspidata], [Seseli tomentosum].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Adriadic meso-mediterranean coast lands of the southern Dalmatian coast, in part constituting the upper levels of sea-cliffs of unit B3.331, in particular, communities dominated by [Putoria calabrica].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Dalmatian mesomediterranean zone, widespread on rocks and man-made structures, with [Umbilicus horizontalis] and asplenioid ferns.


hname:
Central Pyrenean calcicolous chasmophyte communities

description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the central and eastern Pyrenees, with [Saxifraga media], [Saxifraga longifolia], [Saxifraga aretioides], [Potentilla alchimilloides], [Potentilla nivalis], [Ramonda myconi], [Asperula hirta].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Maritime Alps and northern Apennines, with [Saxifraga lingulata], [Primula marginata], [Primula allionii], [Phyteuma charmelii], [Phyteuma villarsii], [Silene campanula], [Potentilla saxifraga], [Ballota frutescens].


description:
Cliff and rock communities of the Sporades, with [Inula sophiae], [Capparis spinosa], [Dianthus arboreus], [Amaracus tournefortii].


description:
Limestone and ophiolite cliff and rock communities of Cyprus, in particular, limestone and ophiolite cliffs and gorges of the Troodos range, limestone cliffs and pinnacles of the Kyrenia range, flysch, sandstone and conglomerate rock-slopes of the Kythrean formation.


description:
Limestone cliff and rock communities of the Kyrenia range. Endemic plants include [Delphinium caseyi], [Brassica hilarionis] and [Arabis cypria] of the Kythrean formation.


description:
Limestone cliff and rock communities of the Troodos range.


description:
Ophiolite cliff and rock communities of the Troodos range and the Akamas peninsula. Endemic plants include [Alyssum troodi], [Alyssum akamasicum], [Alyssum chondrogynum].


description:
Calciphile cliff and rock crevice communities of the Kythrean formation, with several local endemics, including [Hedysarum cyprium] and [Salvia veneris].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of the Peloponnese, Giona and Parnassus, with [Silene auriculata], [Achillea umbellata], [Campanula rupicola], [Saxifraga sibthorpii], [Saxifraga marginata], [Saxifraga spruneri], [Minuartia stellata], [Valeriana olenaea], [Satureja parnassica], [Rosa glutinosa], [Viola poetica], [Edraianthus parnassicus], [Campanula aizoon].


description:
Calcareous and ultra-basic cliff and rock communities of the high altitudes of the central and northern Pindus and of the Thessalian Olympus system. Vegetation of the alliance [Saxifragion scardici] with species [Saxifraga scardica], [Saxifraga glabella], [Campanula oreadum], [Arabis bryoides], [Potentilla deorum], and of alliance [Galion dagenii] with species [Galium dagenii], [Edraianthus graminifolius], [Asplenium fissum], [Aubrietea gracilis], [Achillea clavennae], [Satureja parnassica].


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Dinarides, the southwestern foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, the Balkan Range, the Pelagonides, the Rhodope Mountains, formed by often narrowly endemic species of Illyro-Balkanic affinities.


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Balkan Range, the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains.


description:
Calcareous cliffs of the Pelagonides of northern Greece, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and of Albania, in particular of the Kapina, the Galicica, the Bistra, the Korab, the Jakupica, the Voras-Nidze, the Vermion, with [Ramondia nathaliae], [Campanula formanekiana], [Alyssoides utriculata], [Jurinea consanguinea], [Micromeria cristata].


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Rhodope Mountains.


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Pirin and the Slavianka with [Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale], [Potentilla apennina ssp. stoianovii], [Kernera saxatilis], [Campanula cochlearifolia var. pirinica], [Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi], [Saxifraga luteoviridis], [Papaver degenii], [Aster alpinus var. dolomiticus], [Brassica jordanoffii], [Danthoniastrum compactum], [Festuca pirinica], [Sesleria rigida], [Sesleria korabensis], [Pinus heldreichii] and, in the Slavianka, [Viola delphinantha], [Convolvulus boissieri].


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Rila, of very limited extent.


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Rhodopes with [Campanula orphanidea] ([Petkovia orphanidea]), [Saxifraga stribrnyi], [Scabiosa rhodopensis], [Sideritis scardica], [Seseli rhodopeum], [Haberlea rhodopensis], [Morina persica], [Trachelium jacquinii ssp. rumelianum] ([Trachelium rumelianum]), [Campanula lanata], [Sesleria rigida], [Ceterach officinarum].


hname:
Balkan Range calcicolous chasmophyte communities

description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Balkan Range.


description:
Very rare and restricted [Ramonda serbica] communities of cliffs of the foothills of the western Balkan range.


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Vrachaanska mountains in the western Balkan Range, developed around 1400 metres of altitude, with [Festuca balcanica ssp. balcanica], [Festuca xanthina], [Achnatherum calamagrostis], [Juniperus sabina], [Daphne oleoides], [Syringa vulgaris], [Saxifraga rocheliana], [Polygala murbeckii].


description:
Calcareous cliff communities of the Dinarides and the southwestern foothills of the eastern Carpathian system.


hname:
Moist Dinaric calcicolous chasmophyte communities

description:
Communities of humid cliffs of the northern Dinarides, subjected to tufa formation, with [Carex brachystachys], [Valeriana elongata], [Aster bellidiastrum], [Campanula cochlearifolia ssp. croatica].


hname:
Balkano-Illyrian shaded calcicolous chasmophyte communities

description:
Communities of shady, cool, often moist rockfaces of the Dinarides and neighbouring regions, Balkano-Illyrian vicariant of the [Cystopteridion] communities of unit H2.6C, widespread at the montane beech level, with many ferns, including [Cystopteris montana], [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Asplenium trichomanes], and with [Corydalis ochroleuca], [Moehringia muscosa], [Cardaminopsis croatica], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Campanula justiniana].


hname:
Lowland middle European calcareous cliff communities

description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the plains and hills of nemoral northern and middle Europe, very species-poor, usually occupying small surfaces within the environment of more extensive communities of units E1.1 or E1.29.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the eastern Mediterranean hinterland and of mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean Anatolia.


description:
Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic. Their lichen communities are composed of internal crustose lichens ([Protoblastenia], [Verrucaria], [Petractis], [Polyblastia]), external crustose lichens ([Caloplaca], [Xanthoria]) or gelatinous ([Collema]) and foliose ([Dermatocarpon]) lichens.


hname:
High altitude and arctic limestone cliffs

description:
Limestone rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions and of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic.


description:
Limestone rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean, nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities.


hname:
Boreo-nemoral and boreal limestone cliffs

description:
Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities, including near vertical surfaces of alvars of the eastern Fenno-Scandian boreonemoral zone occupied by epilithic lichen communities, associated with debris swards, calcareous grasslands and paucispecific nemoral fissure communities of units E1.115, 'E1.25 and H3.2B.


description:
Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic, harbouring impoverished, paucispecific, fissure communities.


description:
Limestone rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region, harbouring specialised Mediterranean chasmophyte communities.


hname:
Boreal and arctic serpentine and basaltic cliff communities

description:
Serpentine and basalt cliff and rock communities of the boreal and arctic zones of the Palaearctic domaine.


description:
Inland dunes, unvegetated or colonized by species-poor grassland communities dominated by [Leymus arenarius] or [Festuca cryophila], with [Equisetum boreale], [Silene uniflora], [Silene maritima], [Armeria maritima].


hname:
Gravel with very sparse or no vegetation


hname:
Shallow rocky soils with very sparse or no vegetation


description:
Accumulations of boulders, stones and rock fragments which are bare or colonised by lichens or mosses, or by sparse herb- or shrub-dominated communities. Included are block slopes, block streams and block fields constructed by periglacial depositional processes of downslope mass movement, and ancient beach deposits constituted by former coastal constructional processes. Weathered rock outcrops are classified as H3.6.


hname:
Dry organic substrates with very sparse or no vegetation

description:
Unvegetated raw humus that is not the result of burning.


description:
Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of the Azores, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands, unvegetated, occupied by usually discontinuous communities dominated by algae, lichens or mosses, sometimes colonized by very sparse vascular plants. Barren lava fields of Fuerteventura, Lobos and Lanzarote are the main habitat of the endemic and vulnerable Canary Shrew, [Crocidura canariensis].


description:
Lava flows, fields, dykes, necks, domes, cones of the volcanoes of the Mediterranean Basin and of western Asia, unvegetated, occupied by usually discontinuous communities dominated by algae, lichens, notably [Stereocaulon vesubianum], or mosses, sometimes colonized by very sparse vascular plants.


description:
Exposed deposits of pyroclastic rocks, fragmental volcanic material blown into the atmosphere by explosive activity, including ash, lapilli, bombs, peles hair, or of detritic pumice and scoriae, together with the pioneer assemblies of specialised species that may colonize them.


hname:
Regularly or recently cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats

description:
Habitats maintained solely by frequent tilling or arising from recent abandonment of previously tilled ground such as arable land and gardens. Includes tilled ground subject to inundation. Excludes lawns and sports fields (E2.6), shrub orchards (FB), tree nurseries (G5.7) and tree-crop plantations (G3.F etc.).


description:
Croplands planted for annually or regularly harvested crops other than those that carry trees or shrubs. They include fields of cereals, of sunflowers and other oil seed plants, of beets, legumes, fodder, potatoes and other forbs. Croplands comprise intensively cultivated fields as well as traditionally and extensively cultivated crops with little or no chemical fertilisation or pesticide application. Faunal and floral quality and diversity depend on the intensity of agricultural use and on the presence of borders of natural vegetation between fields.


description:
Cereal and other crops grown on large, unbroken surfaces in open field landscapes.


hname:
Large-scale intensive unmixed crops (>25ha)


hname:
Medium-scale intensive unmixed crops (1-25ha)


hname:
Small-scale intensive unmixed crops (<1ha)


hname:
Mixed crops of market gardens and horticulture

description:
Intensive cultivation of vegetables, flowers, small fruits, usually in alternating strips of different crops. Includes allotments and small-scale market gardens.


hname:
Large-scale market gardens and horticulture


hname:
Small-scale market gardens and horticulture, including allotments


hname:
Arable land with unmixed crops grown by low-intensity agricultural methods

description:
Traditionally and extensively cultivated crops, in particular, of cereals, harbouring a rich and threatened flora of field weeds including [Agrostemma githago], [Centaurea cyanus], [Legousia speculum-veneris], [Chrysanthemum segetum], [Calendula arvensis], [Adonis] spp., [Consolida] spp., [Nigella] spp., [Papaver] spp.


hname:
Inundated or inundatable croplands, including rice fields

description:
Inundated or inundatable fields used for the cultivation of rice ([Oryza sativa]). When not too heavily treated, they may provide substitution habitats for some wetland faunal elements, in particular, birds, including ducks, rails and herons.


hname:
Bare tilled, fallow or recently abandoned arable land

description:
Fields abandoned or left to rest, and other interstitial spaces on disturbed ground. Set-aside or abandoned arable land with forbs planted for purposes of soil protection, stabilization, fertilisation or reclamation. Abandoned fields are colonised by numerous pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants. They sometimes provide habitats that can be used by animals of open spaces.


hname:
Fallow un-inundated fields with annual weed communities

description:
Communities of segetal, pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising fallow fields, disused farmland, vinyards, neglected flower beds and abandoned gardens of the Palaearctic region.


hname:
Fallow un-inundated fields with annual and perennial weed communities

description:
Communities of arable weeds, pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising fallow fields, disused farmland, vineyards, neglected flower beds and abandoned gardens.


hname:
Fallow inundated fields with annual weed communities


hname:
Fallow inundated fields with annual and perennial weed communities


description:
Cultivated areas of small-scale and large-scale gardens, including kitchen gardens, ornamental gardens and small parks in city squares. Excludes allotment gardens (I1.2).


description:
Cultivated areas of large-scale recreational gardens. The vegetation, usually composed mainly of introduced species or cultivars, can nevertheless include many native plants and supports a varied fauna when not intensively managed. Large-scale gardens are treated as habitat complexes (X23).


description:
Plantations of ornamental forbs or shrubs constituting elements of urban parks.


hname:
Small-scale ornamental and domestic garden areas

description:
Cultivated areas of ornamental gardens and small parks beside houses or in city squares. Kitchen gardens in the immediate vicinity of dwelling places. Excludes allotment gardens (I1.2). Small gardens are treated as habitat complexes (X22, X24, X25).


description:
Areas of land adjoining a house, planted with ornamental grass, shrubs, trees, flower beds.


description:
Areas of land used for the cultivation of fruit, vegetables, fruit trees or other domestic crops in the immediate vicinity of a dwelling.


description:
Abandoned flowerbeds and vegetable plots in gardens are rapidly colonized by abundant weeds (E5.1).


hname:
Constructed, industrial and other artificial habitats

description:
Primarily human settlements, buildings, industrial developments, the transport network, waste dump sites. Includes highly artificial saline and non-saline waters with wholly constructed beds or heavily contaminated water (such as industrial lagoons and saltworks) which are virtually devoid of plant and animal life. Excludes disused underground mines (H1.7).


description:
Buildings in built-up areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces occupy at least 30% of the land. Includes agricultural building complexes where the built area exceeds 1 ha.


hname:
Residential buildings of city and town centres

description:
Buildings in urban areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces occupy at least 80% of the land, and with continuous or nearly continuous buildings, which may be houses, flats or buildings occupied for only part of the day.


hname:
Residential buildings of villages and urban peripheries

description:
Residential buildings in suburbs and villages where buildings and other impermeable surfaces occupy between 30% and 80% of the land area.


description:
Buildings with public access, such as hospitals, schools, churches, cinemas, government buildings, shopping complexes and other places of public resort.


description:
Ancient town walls and similar structures which are not derelict. Frequently with pteridophytes. Other possible species include: [Parietaria judaica], [Mercurialis annua], [Hyoscyamus albus], [Verbascum undulatum], [Capparis spinosa ssp. spinosa], [Micromeria juliana], [Diplotaxis tenuifolia], [Sedum album], [Lactuca serriola], [Asphodelus fistulosus], [Bromus madritensis], [Erysimum cheiri], [Antirrhinum majus], [Sonchus oleraceus].


hname:
Urban and suburban industrial and commercial sites still in active use

description:
Buildings in sites with current industrial or commercial use. Includes office blocks, factories, industrial units, large (greater than 1 ha) greenhouse complexes, large animal-rearing batteries and large farm units.


hname:
Disused constructions of cities, towns and villages

description:
Disused factories, houses, offices, factories or other buildings; these structures would, while in use, have been classified as J1.1, J1.2, J1.3 or J1.4.


hname:
Urban and suburban construction and demolition sites

description:
Non-rural sites in which buildings are being constructed or demolished; this land, when in use, would have been or will be classified as J1.1, J1.2, J1.3 or J1.4.


hname:
High density temporary residential units

description:
Residential buildings that are not intended to be present for more than 10 years.


description:
Buildings in rural and built-up areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces are at a low density, typically occuping less than 30% of the ground. Excludes agricultural building complexes where the built area exceeds 1 ha (J1.4).


description:
Houses or flats in areas where buildings, roads and other impermeable surfaces are at a low density.


description:
Rural buildings with public access, such as government buildings, schools, shops or places of worship.


hname:
Rural industrial and commercial sites still in active use

description:
Rural buildings used for industry, offices, warehousing etc. Excludes high concentrations of buildings on sites greater than 1 ha (J1.4).


description:
Structures dispersed within the rural or natural environment established for the purpose of agricultural activities, permanent or temporary residences, small-scale commercial, artisanal or industrial activities, recreation, research, environmental protection. They include isolated greenhouses, animal shelters, harvest-drying structures, sheds and huts, field and pasture enclosures. Excludes high concentrations of buildings on sites greater than 1 ha (J1.4).


description:
Walls and fences in areas where buildings are at low density. Includes sea walls.


description:
Disused constructions that while in use would have been classified as J2.1, J2.2, J2.3 or J2.4.


hname:
Derelict spaces of disused rural constructions


description:
Rural sites in which buildings are being constructed or demolished.


description:
Sites in which minerals are extracted. Includes quarries, open-cast mines and active underground mines. Excludes disused underground mines (H1.7).


description:
Artificial underground spaces. They may constitute important substitution habitats for cave-dwelling bats and for significant subterranean invertebrates such as crustaceans, planarians etc. Excludes disused mines (H1.7).


hname:
Active opencast mineral extraction sites, including quarries

description:
Areas used for open-sky mining and quarrying activities and presently in operation.


hname:
Recently abandoned above-ground spaces of extractive industrial sites

description:
Disused sites that were formerly quarries or open-cast mines of type J3.2.


hname:
Transport networks and other constructed hard-surfaced areas

description:
Includes roads, car parks, railways, paved footpaths and hard-surfaced areas of airports, water ports and recreational areas.


hname:
Disused road, rail and other constructed hard-surfaced areas

description:
Disused land that when in use was of type J4.2, J4.3, J4.4, J4.5 or J4.6. Such land can be colonised by herbaceous weed vegetation (E5.1) or by trees (G5.6).


description:
Road surfaces and car parks, together with the immediate highly-disturbed environment adjacent to roads, which may consist of roadside banks or verges.


description:
Railway tracks, and the immediate highly-disturbed environment adjacent to railways, which may consist of banks or verges.


description:
In airports, hard surfaces other than buildings.


description:
In ports, hard surfaces other than buildings.


description:
Paved areas, city squares and hard-surfaced recreation areas where the traffic is on foot or if wheeled then does not use the hard-surfaced area as a route.


hname:
Highly artificial man-made waters and associated structures

description:
Inland artificial waterbodies with wholly-constructed beds or heavily contaminated water, and their associated conduits and containers. Includes saltworks by the coast. Excludes man-made but semi-natural waterbodies (C1, C2, C3).


hname:
Highly artificial saline and brackish standing waters

description:
Highly artificial inland saline or brackish waterbodies with no perceptible flow, together with their associated containers. Includes saltworks with active or recently abandoned salt-extraction evaporation basins.


hname:
Saline and brackish industrial lagoons and canals


description:
Active or recently abandoned salt-extraction evaporation basins. Habitats equivalent to subunits of A2.5, C1.5, or D6.1may develop.


hname:
Highly artificial saline and brackish running waters

description:
Highly artificial inland saline or brackish waterbodies with perceptible flow.


hname:
Highly artificial non-saline standing waters

description:
Artificial watercourses and basins, together with their associated containers, holding fresh water with no perceptible flow. Includes ponds and lakes with completely man-made substrate, water storage tanks, intensively managed fish ponds, and standing waterbodies of extractive industries.


hname:
Ponds and lakes with completely man-made substrate

description:
Artificial freshwater basins used for the needs of navigation, industrial activities, recreation or ornamentation outside of city parks.


hname:
Standing waterbodies of extractive industrial sites with extreme chemistry


hname:
Highly artificial non-saline running waters

description:
Artificial watercourses and basins, together with their associated containers, carrying fresh water with perceptible flow. Includes sewers, running discharges from extractive industrial sites, subterranean artificial watercourses, and channels with completely man-made substrate. Excludes fountains and cascades.


hname:
Non-saline water channels with completely man-made substrate


hname:
Running discharges from extractive industrial sites with extreme chemistry


hname:
Highly artificial non-saline fountains and cascades

description:
Artificial watercourses and basins, together with their associated containers, with fresh water that spurts or splashes.


description:
Tips, landfill sites and slurries produced as byproducts, usually unwanted, of human activity.


hname:
Waste resulting from building construction or demolition

description:
Dumps of building waste when not forming a part of construction or demolition sites, or when so large as to constitute a separate habitat.


description:
Sites used for disposal of household waste, including landfill sites that may be used for several types of waste.


description:
Sewage treatment plants and their basins.


description:
Dung heaps, slurry lagoons, decaying straw, dumps of unwanted produce.


hname:
Solid agricultural and horticultural waste


description:
Heaps, tips and mounds formed as byproducts of industrial activities. Includes slag heaps, mine waste, dumped quarry waste, and mineral wastes resulting from chemical processes.


description:
The listed habitat complexes represent preliminary draft proposals. They have not been subjected to rigorous scrutiny to ensure consistency. Some complex habitats have been listed above (e.g. valley mires D2.1).


description:
Downstream part of a river valley, subject to the tide and extending from the limit of brackish waters. River estuaries are coastal inlets where there is generally a substantial freshwater influence. The mixing of freshwater and sea water and the reduced current flows in the shelter of the estuary lead to deposition of fine sediments, often forming extensive intertidal sand and mud flats. In addition to herbs, they can also be colonised by shrubs creating thickets (e.g. [Tamarix] spp.). Where the tidal currents are faster than flood tides, most sediments deposit to form a delta at the mouth of the estuary. Baltic river mouths, considered as an estuary subtype, have brackish water and no tide, with helophytic wetland vegetation and luxurious aquatic vegetation in shallow water areas. Littoral and sublittoral habitat types typical of estuaries are included in A2 and A5, although many other habitat types including tidal rivers may occur in estuaries. Includes Transitional waters as defined by the Water Framework Directive.


description:
Lagoons are expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Salinity may vary from brackish water to hypersalinity depending on rainfall, evaporation and through the addition of fresh seawater from storms, temporary flooding of the sea in winter or tidal exchange. With or without vegetation of seagrasses or charophytes. Habitat types typical of lagoons are included in A5, although many other habitat types may also occur in lagoons.


description:
Lagoons are expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity and water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle, or, less frequently, by rocks. Fully saline coastal lagoons are classified as X02.
Flads and gloes, considered a Baltic variety of lagoons, are small, usually shallow, more or less delimited water bodies still connected to the sea or cut off from the sea very recently by land upheaval. Characterised by well-developed reedbeds and luxuriant submerged vegetation and having several morphological and botanical development stages in the process whereby sea becomes land. 
Mediterranean lagoons may host the [Ruppietum] community with halophytic vegetation, while at sites with a fresh water supply, plant communities of [Juncetum] and [Phragmitetum] can develop. [Sarcocornia perennis] and [Arthrocnemum macrostachyum] may occur here.


description:
Raised bogs are highly oligotrophic, strongly acidic, domed peatlands, whose peat is composed mainly of sphagnum remains and whose surface derives moisture and nutrients only from rainfall (ombrotrophic). Raised bog complexes may include elements of the main mire surface (D1.1) comprising a complex of low hummocks, small pools and their associated vegetation, together with larger pools (C1.46), a marginal lagg (C1.47), pre-woods (G5.64) and other associated habitat types.


description:
Areas that retain late-lying snow, including vegetated and unvegetated areas. Vegetated habitat types typical of snow patches are included in E4.1 and (rarely) F2.1, and unvegetated snow patches in H4.1.


description:
Crops, meadows or pastures developed under orchards or other cultivated tree plantations. The component habitat types may include elements of I1, E2.6 and FB.


hname:
Intensively-farmed crops interspersed with strips of natural and/or semi-natural vegetation

description:
'Intensively-grown crops interspersed with strips of natural and/or semi-natural vegetation. The semi-natural vegetation, which may consist of ruderal and pioneer species colonising uncultivated land, may be allowed to develop on broad headlands at arable field margins.


hname:
Pasture woods (with a tree layer overlying pasture)

description:
Pasture woods are the products of historic land management systems, and represent a vegetation structure rather than being a particular plant community. Typically this structure consists of large, open-grown or high forest trees (often pollards) at various densities, in a matrix of grazed grassland, heathland and/or woodland floras. This habitat is most common in southern Britain, but scattered examples occur throughout the UK. Outgrown wood-pasture and mature high forest remnants occur in northern and central Europe, but the number and continuity of ancient (veteran) trees with their associated distinctive saproxylic (wood-eating) fauna and epiphytic flora are more abundant in Britain than elsewhere. Component habitat types include beech and yew woodland (G1.6 and G3.97), heathland (F4) and dry acid grassland (E1.7). A range of native species usually predominates amongst the old trees but there may be non-native species which have been planted or regenerated naturally.


hname:
Mosaic landscapes with a woodland element (bocages)

description:
Landscapes consisting of a network of small linear, insular and semi-insular wooded habitats, tree-lines, hedgerows, closely interwoven with grassy or cultivated habitats. Component habitat types may include elements of G5, FA, E2 and I1. Characteristic of the British Isles, southern Fennoscandia, the Germano-Baltic plain, the northern piedmont of the Alps, western France, Galicia, Romania.


description:
Large, varied green spaces within towns and cities, usually > 5ha. They may include small woods (G5), mown lawns (E2.64), water bodies (which may be semi-natural or artificial), flower beds and shrubberies (I2.1), and semi-natural grassland or woodland enclaves.


hname:
Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved deciduous trees

description:
Land in which the woodland element comprises broadleaved deciduous trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%.


hname:
Land sparsely wooded with broadleaved evergreen trees

description:
Land in which the woodland element comprises broadleaved evergreen trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%.


hname:
Land sparsely wooded with coniferous trees

description:
Land in which the woodland element comprises coniferous trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%.


hname:
Land sparsely wooded with mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees

description:
Land in which the woodland element comprises mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees, with a canopy cover less than 5%.


description:
The transition zone between forests and the middle Eurasian, Irano-Anatolian or Saharo-Mediterranean steppes, occurring in a vast swath extending from Pannonia to the Far East, south of and inland from the boreal and nemoral forest belts, in regions of reduced summer humidity, as well as in areas adjacent to, or under the influence of the Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, represented by a macromosaic of steppe and connected, contiguous, disjunct or widely spaced woodland stands, the latter usually with a very developed grassy understorey, or by a scattering of trees within a steppe environment. The forest elements are often located on porous or slightly raised ground, valley sides or slopes, the grasslands occupying less well drained soils and lower places. Component habitat types include those of E1.2 in combination with G1.7.


description:
The transition zone between taiga and tundra, characterised by a scattering of stunted coniferous trees or deciduous shrubs within a tundra environment, or by a macromosaic of tundra with scattered islands of forest, or by forest with scattered treeless tundra patches. They occur in a broad belt, up to several hundreds of kilometres wide, across the north of the Eurasian continent and in a narrow ecotone in Siberian mountains. Component habitat types include those of F1 in combination with G3.A, G3.B, G3.C or G4.2.


description:
Formations of the timberline of mountains, in which subalpine forests give way to alpine or boreal heaths and scrubs, or to alpine grasslands; they are characterised by a scattering of stunted, gnarled trees punctuating an alpine shrub or grassland environment, by a macromosaic of alpine shrub and grass formations with scattered islands of forest, or by open or clear forest with an undergrowth composed of alpine elements such as ericaceous shrubs. They occupy a narrow belt, varying in altitudinal location according to latitude, exposure and other climatic or edaphic conditions. Component habitats include those of F2 and E4.


description:
Small gardens or other green spaces, usually < 0.5 ha, often partitioned by walls, located inside city blocks and completely or almost completely surrounded by continuous architectural structures (J1.1). May include mown lawns and flower beds (I2.2), native or ornamental trees.


description:
Large non-domestic gardens or other green spaces, more restricted in area and diversity than large parks (X11), typically 0.5 - 5 ha. Usually located within urban areas and completely or almost completely surrounded by continuous architectural structures (J1.1) or roads (J4.1). May include mown lawns and flower beds (I2.23), native or ornamental trees.


hname:
Domestic gardens of city and town centres

description:
Domestic gardens, usually small in area, usually < 0.5 ha, often with very mixed species-rich flora and fauna (crops, lawns, shrubs, flowerbeds etc., frequently interspersed with paths and small buildings) in close proximity to human dwellings, urban green spaces (usually species-poor) and parks. The component habitat types comprise combinations of several level 1 units.


hname:
Domestic gardens of villages and urban peripheries

description:
Domestic gardens, usually small in area, usually < 0.5 ha, often with very mixed species-rich flora and fauna (crops, lawns, shrubs, flowerbeds etc., frequently interspersed with paths and small buildings) in close proximity to human dwellings, agricultural land, natural or semi-natural habitats. The component habitat types comprise combinations of several level 1 units.


description:
Machair complexes are characterised by the effects of wind-blown calcareous sand with a predominance of shell fragments, a low proportion of sand-binding vegetation and a long history of agricultural use. Machair in its strict sense (B1.9) refers to short-turf grassland on relatively flat and low-lying sand plains formed by dry or wet (seasonally waterlogged) sandy soil above peat or impermeable bedrock. Machair complexes (X27) correspond to machair in the broad sense, including the beach zone (B1.2), mobile and semi-fixed foredunes (B1.3), dune-slack pools (C1.16), fens (D4.1), lochs (C1), some of them brackish, and saltmarsh (A2.5), as well as machair grassland (B1.9) and land cultivated on a strip rotation (I1).


description:
Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic, strongly acidic peatlands, formed on flat or gently sloping ground with poor surface drainage, in oceanic climates with high rainfall. Blanket bog complexes include dystrophic pools (C1.4) and acidic flushes (D2.2), as well as the main mire surface (D1.2).


description:
Permanently or usually emergent features of inland saline lakes and of permanent or temporary saline lakes or ponds.


description:
Habitats developed at the interface between the benthic substrate and water. A combination of habitat types from A1 to A6 with those from A7.


hname:
Mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrata in the littoral zone

description:
Littoral mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrates comprising intimate mixtures of units from A1 and A2.


hname:
Mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrata in the infralittoral zone

description:
Infralittoral mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrates comprising intimate mixtures of units from A3 and A5.


hname:
Mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrata in the circalittoral zone

description:
Circalittoral mosaics of mobile and non-mobile substrates comprising intimate mixtures of units from A4 and A5.


description:
Caves which are usually coastal, with different salinities in their water-body profile, from freshwater at the water surface to saline water (usually sea water) on the bottom, with biocenoses typical for each of them. They are influenced by outside climatic conditions and to differing extents by the sea. They occur on karstic substrates and are inhabited by specific communities of anchihaline stygobionts, e.g. copepods [Acanthocyclops gordani], [Diacyclops antrincola], thermosbaenaceans (crustaceans) [Monodella argentarii] and amphipods [Hadzia fragilis], [Niphargus hebereri], [Niphargus pectencoronatae], [Niphargus salonitanus], [Pseudoniphargus adriaticus], [Rhipidogammarus karamani], [Salentinella angelieri].


hname:
Eastern nemoral riverbanks with tall herb communities

description:
Tall herb communities of river banks in the eastern nemoral region of Europe (Note – this habitat type has not yet been formally incorporated into the EUNIS classification)


hname:
Eastern nemoral Tall-herb communities of humid meadows

description:
Tall herb communities of humid meadows in the eastern nemoral region of Europe (Note – this habitat type has not yet been formally incorporated into the EUNIS classification)


# tblHab

note:
C3.24, C3.21. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
tall helophytes nearby reedbeds, on wet substrate, after rainsfalls watertable is above the surface. C3.23,  C3.24, C3.22, C3.29


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. E2.1 Festucetum regelianae Arrhenatherion + Agrostion vinealis. Cattle grazing, haymaking, manure is present. Pyrus communis spreads.


note:
wet soils, watertable above the surface on the date. D5.21 Caricetum cespitosae. C3.24 - tall-herb littoral of Iris pseudacorus and others. D5.11, D5.132. E5.415 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
Units: 1) mixed Pinus-Betula-Quercus forest with grasses (type of forest B2, 85% of the polygon area), 2) moist /wet wooded depressions with green and Sphagnum mosses (10% of the polygon area), forest clearings with Cladonia sp. (5%) (joined with ID 19 of mapper 5 from 23.7.2017; added 5 species records; note: = Chelidonio majalis-Robinion pseudoacaciae, Dicrano-Pinion sylvestris)


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. It's waterlogged on the date.


note:
Species composition is similar to the polygon 73. Haymaking. The polygon included meadows monitoring plot 1.


note:
the polygon includes  plot No.2 for permanent monitoring of meadows


note:
E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis. G1.2135 Alnion incanae or G1.1 Salicion albae?


note:
(joined with ID 33 of mapper 6 from 7.7.2017; added 37 species records and E2.1)


note:
D5.2121, D5.2122, D5.2152. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae (joined with record ID 23 of mapper 6 from 5.7.2017)


note:
(joined with ID 86 of mapper 6 from 7.7.2017; added 20 species records)


note:
79= old field forms 79+790. salted grasslands nearby dirtroad. +790


note:
??????? E1.994 on alluvial sands, open and grey. Dominants locally are Calamagrostis, Kochia laniflora, Polytrichum piliferum or Festuca+Agrostis tenuis


note:
E5.415 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis


note:
C1.32, C1.34, C1.33. C3.23, C3.24, C3.21. River polygon, open water coverage 70%, floating vegetation 20%. Nymphaetum, Nupharetum, Hydrocharitetum, Statiotetum, Myriophylletum, Ceratophylletum, Potametum natantis, Sagittarietum, Sparganietum emersi


note:
D5.11, D5.13. Typha beds 20%, Phragmites beds 80%. D5.2 121, D5.2122, D5.2152. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae.  E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis


note:
Added ID 6 of mapper 6 from 26.5.2017; added 22 species records - G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
G1.225 Alnion incanae.  +  F of Salix cinerea


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae. wet soils. G1.4113 Alnion glutinosae on floodplain on wet turf soils


note:
G1.225 Alnion incanae, non-completed succession stage of floodplain deciduos forest. A lot of deadwood.


note:
crown cover 0,4-0,5. [Betula-Populus tremula] [Urtica] wood. G1.4 on drained floodplain.


note:
drained floodplain with artificial channels. Mostly [Urtica] stands. C1.32, C1.34.


note:
G1.225 Alnion incanae. Trees of diameter above 50 cm: Quercus, Ulmus


note:
slope. E1.22 Festucion valesiacae + E1.23 Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati - Meadow steppe grasslands


note:
C1.32, C1.34. E1.23 Fragario viridis-Trifolion montani (=Cirsion-Brachypodion pinnati), meadow steppe grassland on the slope. Nitrophilous forb stands with eutrophic channel in foots of the slope
(joined with ID 12 of mapper 6 from 24.5.2017; added 17 species records and note: E1.23 Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati (=Fragario-Trifolion montani))


note:
G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris. Large diameter trees - oaks.


note:
fruit and ornamental tree plantations and woodlines. Agricultural communities.


note:
G1.4113 Salici pentandrae-Betulion pubescentis?  Light sparse wood mostly of Betula pubescens with 100% of Urtica galeopsifolia, wet soils. Origin of forest: from G1.41 - [Alnus] swamp woods not on acid peat. A lot of channels without water vegetation.


note:
C1.32, C1.34. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae


note:
mostly private arable lands. E1.23 Fragario viridis-Trifolion montani(=Cirsio-Brachypodion) - Residual meadow steppe grasslands on slopes.


note:
(joined with ID 8 of mapper 5 from 27.5.2017; added 74 species records and E5.2, G1.7, G1.B, G5.8; note: E5.2 Trifolion medii. G1.7A1224 Convallario-Quercion robori. G1.B Alnion incanae. G5.8 Epilobion angustifoliae)


note:
687 + 685 are needed to be merged. D5. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae


note:
1.22 Festucion valesiacae. Vegetation is hardly disturbed by burning at May.


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. D5.1 (or C3.23?) dominated by Glyceria, Acorus, Iris, not in the water


note:
F9.1 or F9.2? Prominently conservated scrub in standing water, dominated by several shrub species.


note:
description of E2.2 = as in the 766. Solidago canadensis and Elaeagnus commutata are present in E2.7 and E2.2. D5.2 consists of Carex elata, Carex cespitosa, C.disticha, C.acuta beds. D5.2 and E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae are in complex.


note:
D5.1 - beds of Phragmites and Typha. D5.2: beds of Carex acuta, C.elata


note:
D5.211, D5.21. C3.29 of Carex elata. Boundaries with southern edge of the polygon 760 are corrected according to the field point in NextGIS Mobile.


note:
купинясті осоки. Купини випалені. Між купинами вода відсутня, буряни


note:
common reed beds. Salix cinerea carr sparsely. C3.21, C3.29. (joined with ID 15 of mapper 5 from 29.5.2017; added 24 species records and C3.2,D5.2)


note:
old field forms 766+764+758. Alopecurion, Festucetum regelianae. Grazing.


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae + Caricetum cespitosae. C2.32, C2.34. C3.21, C3.23


note:
[Populus tremula-Betula] secondary woodland with Pinus plantation, probably on the site of former E2.2 Festuca regeliana meadows


note:
G5.7 - betula + pyrus + populus plantations on the site of Agrostion vinealis abandoned meadows. Plantation L 5-7 m


note:
tall-herb marsh in complex with standing water pools. C1.32, C1.34


note:
Agrostion vinealis. Overgrowing with pyrus. Partially is plowed for cornfield


note:
swamp and a pool that is overgrowing. C1.32, C1.34. C3.23, C3.21, C3.24, C3.29


note:
old abandoned plantation of Morus, covered in herb stand by Agrostion vinealis herbs.


note:
410= old field forms 410+412. G1.4113 - alnus recovered after fire, tree l 10-12 m.   E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis. Tree layer L below 15 m, crown cover is low. After fire


note:
after fire. C3.21, C3.23, C3.24. E5.415 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis


note:
Alnus-Salix forest. Alnus: Salix 50/50. tree layer L 15 m. after fire, Salix is partially recovering, strong occupation by Humulus and Urtica.


note:
405= old field forms 405+406. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae: is mowed.  E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis: burning. Rejection of burning and sustain haymaking are required. 406 is partially plowed for cornfield.


note:
Festucetum regelianae (arrhenatherion) enslosed by alnus wood


note:
riparian protective zone is absent, the river is bordered by private agricultural lands.


note:
riparian protective zone is absent, the river is bordered by private agricultural lands. C1.32, C1.33, C1.34. C2.32, C2.34. C3.21, C3.22, C3.23, C3.24


note:
Carici pseudocyperi-Alnetum, var.Menynathes, var.Equisetum fluviatile


note:
caricetum cespitosae, Salix cinerea carr, Caricetum acutae


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae. Large oaks are occassionally distributed in woodland


note:
C3.21, C3.23. D5.21 - Caricetum acutiformis, C.ripariae


note:
E1.994 Koelerion glaucae with Kochia laniflora dominance. E2.2 + E2.7 Agrostion vinealis


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae strongly transformed by human. E2.7 Agrostion vinealis, E2.1 Festucetum regelianae


note:
Betula woodland G1.95? Tree layer L 15-18 m. G1.C3 Robinia plantations


note:
Robinia and Betula plantations, tree layer L 15 m


note:
Pinus-Robinia plantation. Tree layer L above 15 m


note:
797= old field forms 797+799. G1.2135 Alnion incanae


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae. In some places tree layer mostly consists of Acer negundo. The place where gas pipeline passes through.


note:
G1.2135 + G1.225 Alnion incanae (joined with ID 97 of mapper 6 from 5.7.2017; added 58 species records; note: G1.225 Alnion incanae 80%, Alnetea glutinosae 20%)


note:
(joined with ID 83 of mapper 6 from 4.7.2017; added 25 species records; E2.2 added). C3.21, C3.23.


note:
653= 653+old field forms 675+676+677. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. C1.3 - unreachable laked south-east from the 775


note:
Pinus plantation mostly with dead forest floor, tree layer L 15-20 m (joined with ID 34 of mapper 6; added 72 species records and note: Galietalia veri/ Vaccinio-Piceetea/ Epilobietea angustifoliae on felling; added E2.7, G3.4, G5.8)


note:
recently abandoned extractive site - sand quarry; 788+605; (joined with ID 26 of mapper 6 from 5.7.2017 added 19 species recrods)


note:
felled plantation of Pinus (joined with ID 61 of mapper 5 from 5.7.2017; added 12 species records; note: Senecionion fluviatilis and E5.1)


note:
Alnus layer L to 8 m and 75-80% of crown cover, but in some places L  5-7 m and coverage 30% (deeper swamp). C1.32, C1.34. C3.21, C3.23, C3.29. D5.2121, D5.2122


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris (joined with ID 6 of mapper 5 from 28.5.2017; added 31 species records; note: G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?)


note:
(joined with ID 31 of mapper 6 from 7.7.2017; added 31 species records and D5.2). C3.23, C3.21, C3.24, C3.29


note:
G1.1 [Alnus-Salix] mixture, highly transformed composition after drainage.


note:
G1.1 composed of [Alnus-Salix] mixture (no lower relevant units), highly transformed after drainage. Coppice?


note:
E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris). G1.2135 Alnion incanae


note:
Chara globularis carpets, together with Ceratophyllum


note:
G1.225 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris


note:
G1.4113 Alnion glutinosae + Salici pentandrae-Betulion pubescentis


note:
G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris. G1.2135 Alnion incanae


note:
E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis (joined with ID 77 of mapper 5 from 5.7.2017; added 21 species records and G5.7; note: Chelidonio-Robinion)


note:
G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris. E3 L 20-22 m


note:
G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or G1.2 Alnion incanae?


note:
C2.32, C2.34 - the river that experienced atificial drainage and straightening of the riverbed; now is 2-3 meters wide, almost no flowing. G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae? (joined with ID 78 of mapper 5 from 30.7.2017; added 20 species records


note:
E5.415 + E5.424 Senecionion fluviatilis + Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris (joined with ID 74 of mapper 6, added 56 species records)


note:
(joined with ID 72 of mapper 6; added 10 species records and G5.1)


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae or G1.1 Salicion albae?


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.7A1224 Aceri tatarici-Quercion. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris. G1.9111 Salici pentandrae-Betulion pubescentis
(joined with ID 66 of mapper 6; added 59 species records)


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. Haymaking, grazing


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae.  E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
old 398+399. after fire, trees are burnt down


note:
=727 (joined with ID 52 of mapper 6 from 4.7.2017; added 28 species records and E5.2)


note:
(joined with ID 70 of mapper 5 from 4.7.2017; added 44 species records and E5.2,G5.1; note: E5.2 Trifolion medii, G5.1 Chelidionio-Robinion)


note:
C1.32, C1.34. C3.23, C3.21. It could be overgrowing by reedbeds


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or G1.225 Alnion incanae?


note:
G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Alnion incanae?


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae.G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris


note:
=102=44 (joined with ID 104 of mapper 6; added E5.1)


note:
=102 (joined with ID 102 of mapper 6 from 1.8.2017; added E5.1)


note:
some parts of E2.7 are mown. D5.11, D5.131


note:
E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) + Senecionion fluviatilis


note:
228= old 193+228. village and private arable lands


note:
=798.  E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae (Molinia caerulea dominates). Haymaking in recent past.


note:
=165.  E5.415 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris). G1.2135 Alnion incanae (joined with ID 74 of mapper 5 from 1.8.2017; added 21 species records and G1.1; note: Alnion incanae)


note:
C1.32, C1.34. G1.225 Alnion incanae. G1.9111 or G1.91 Salici pentandrae-Betulion pubescentis.


note:
=719. E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
2017: standing water is fully of plants-macrophytes. Hunting? C1.32, C1.33, C1.34. C3.21, C3.23


note:
E1.23 Fragario viridis-Trifolion montani (=Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati)


note:
(joined with ID 9 of mapper 5 from 26.5.2017; added 12 species records and C3.2, G1.1; note: G1.1 Salicion albae)


note:
2017: not examined. Probably =698. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae.  E5.415 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris) (joined with ID 129 of mapper 5 from 26.5.2017; added 23 species records and C3.2 G1.1 - Salicion albae)


note:
recently felled Pinus sylvestris plantations


note:
G1.225 or G1.A1?. G1.4113 Alnion glutinosae. Large oaks were partially felled down few decades ago.


note:
564= old field forms 564+555+562+561. [Alnus] swamp, tree layer L 9 m with crown cover 30% and tree layer L 15 m with crown cover 60%


note:
=519. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae.  E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


note:
=544. G1.2135 Alnion incanae or G1.1 Salicion albae?


note:
river Perevod: width 4-4,5 m, depth 1-1,2 m on the date. C2.32, C2.34


note:
a lot of trees are burnt. = Alnion incanae


note:
E1.23 Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati (=Fragario viridis–Trifolion montani). A part of this polygon that goes from the border with No200, should be merged with the complex 291+200+286+201+292.


note:
old 626+747. traces of burning. Salicion albae


note:
E2.1 Arrhenatherion (=Festucion pratensis). E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. D5.211, D5.2152


note:
E1.9 Agrostion vinealis. E2.1 Arrhenatherion (=Festucion pratensis). E2.2 Deschampsion cespitosae (=Alopecurion pratensis)


note:
E2.1 Arrhenatherion (=Festucion pratensis), E3.464 Calthion palustris or Deschampsion cespitosae?


note:
40= old field forms 138+40. E2.1 Arrhenatherion elatioris (=Festucion pratensis). E2.2 Calthion?


note:
G1.1 Salicion albae. G.1.4 - Alnion incanae or Alnion glutinosae?


note:
G.1.1. = Salicion albae. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae


note:
G1.1= Salicion albae. G1.4 Alnion glutinosae


note:
366= old field forms 368+366. E5.1= Senecionion fluviatilis. G1.1 Salicion albae, G1.2135 Alnion incanae


note:
E3.464 Calthion, E5.1 Senecionion fluviatilis


note:
E2.1 Cynosurion, E2.2. Arrhenatherion (=Festucion pratensis), E3.464 Calthion


note:
C1.32. E5.415 + E5.424 Calthion or Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris? G1.1 Salicion albae


note:
old field forms 577+571. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. E5.424 Calthion or Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris?


note:
D5.2122, D4.2152. E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae


note:
2017: not examined. G1.225 Alnion incanae? Probably, flora composition =384.


note:
2017: not examined. Probably, =391 in its waterlogged wooded part


note:
2017: not examined (unreachable place). Probably, C2.32, C2.33, C2.34. C3.21, C3.23, C3.24


note:
134= old field forms 134+135+671. Arrhenatherion elatioris(=Festucion pratensis) + Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii


note:
old field forms 636+637+638. F9.212 Salicion cinereae


note:
200= old field forms 200+201. E5.1 Senecionion fluviatilis


note:
old southern part of 277 (wooded slopes) E1.23 Cirsio-Brachypodion (=Fragario viridis-Trifolion montani). E.5.2 Trifolion medii. G1.C Chelidonio-Robinion


note:
E1.23 Cirsio-Brachypodion pinnati (=Fragario viridis-Trifolion montani). Burned


note:
original number 200? - mistake? (joined with ID 2 of mapper 5 from 28.5.2017; added 10 species records; note: G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?)


note:
this polygon must be joined to the 501 polygon.


note:
590= old field forms 590+591. =583 (joined with ID 114 of mapper 5 from 4.7.2017; added 0 species records; note: =583)


note:
old part of 550, separated by the line 504/554. E5.4113 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (joined with ID 44 of mapper 5 from 2.7.2017; added 12 species records and G5.1; note: E5.4113 Althaea officinalis screens (Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris). E3.464 Deschampsion cespitosae. G5.1 Chelidonio-Robinion


note:
old number in field form: 528a! E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris


note:
666+653. E5.415 + E5.424 Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (joined with ID 69 of mapper 5 from 7.7.2017; added 3 species records and E2.1; note: 666+653. Arrhenatherion (=Festucion pratensis))


note:
(joined with ID 36 of mapper 5 from 1.8.2017; added 28 species records and G1.1, G1.4; note: G1.1 Salicion albae. G1.4 Alnion glutinosae)


note:
old part of 786! (joined with ID 76 of mapper 5 from 5.7.2017; added 24 species records and G3.4)


note:
G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
Convolvulo-Elytrigion repentis (mesic steppes in the past?)


note:
new 128 = river right-bank part of old No99


note:
99 = old 99+809+old128(small G1.1 polygons). 809 is cancelled


note:
G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
2017: not examined. Probably, =474. G1.2135 Alnion incanae


note:
114= a part of old field form 474. G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
115= a part of olf field form 474. G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
116= a part of olf field form 474. G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
117= a part of old field form 474. G1.2135 Alnion incanae. G1.A16A Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae?


note:
82= old field forms 82+81. E2.1 Arrhenatherion elatioris (=Festucion pratensis). E2.2 Calthion?


note:
constructed and arable lands of private and village commune ownership. +old 231


note:
2017: not examined. Probably, =339. G1.1= Salicion albae. G1.4 Alnion glutinosae


note:
2017: not examimned. Probably, =339. G1.1= Salicion albae. G1.4 Alnion glutinosae


# tblHabChL

Name:
Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide


Name:
Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterraneancoasts with endemic Limonium spp.


Name:
Salicornia and other annuals colonising ,ud and sand


Name:
Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi)


Name:
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Salicornetea fruticosi)


Name:
Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes)


Name:
Brachypodietalia dune grasslands with annuals


Name:
Nisko grmlje sa Majerovom vrijesinom (Myricaria ernestii mayeri)


Name:
Oligotrophic to mesotrophic standing waters with vegetation of the Littorelletea uniflorae and/or Isoeto-Nanojuncetea


Name:
Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp.


Name:
Natural eutrophic lakes with Magnopotamion or´Hydrocharition - type vegetation


Name:
Alpine rivers and the herbaceous vegetation along their banks


Name:
Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with Myricaria germanica


Name:
Alpine rivers and their ligneous vegetation with  Salix elaeagnos


Name:
Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Glaucium flavum


Name:
Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation


Name:
Rivers with muddy banks with Chenopodion rubri p.p.and Bidention p.p. vegetation


Name:
Constantly flowing Mediterranean rivers with Paspalo-Agrostidion species and hanging curtains of Salix and Populus alba


Name:
Intermittently flowing Mediterranean rivers of the Paspalo-Agrostidion


Name:
Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti)


Name:
Endemic oro-Mediterranean heaths with gorse


Name:
formations of Quercus robur subsp. scutariensis


Name:
Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands


Name:
Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp.


Name:
Arborescent matorral with Laurus nobilis


Name:
Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands


Name:
Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates (Festuco-Brometalia) ( *  important orchid sites)


Name:
Pseudo-steppe with grasses and annuals of the Thero-Brachypodietea


Name:
Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas, in Continental Europe)


Name:
Eastern sub-mediteranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneratalia villosae)


Name:
Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey-silt-laden soils (Molinion caeruleae)


Name:
Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels


Name:
Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)


Name:
Calcareous fens with Cladium mariscus and species of the Caricion davallianae


Name:
Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)


Name:
Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)


Name:
Western mediterranean and thermophilous screes


Name:
Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation


Name:
Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation


Name:
Submerged or partially submerged sea caves


Name:
Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines


Name:
Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)


Name:
Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris)


Name:
Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion)


Name:
Southern riparian galleries and thickets (Nerio-Tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae)


Name:
Quercus ilex and Quercus rotundifolia forests


Name:
Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea)


Name:
(Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines


Name:
Littoral sediments dominated by aquatic angiosperms


Name:
Infralittoral rock and other hard substrata


Name:
Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy infralittoral rock


Name:
Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy infralittoral rock


Name:
Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy infralittoral rock


Name:
Circalittoral rock and other hard substrata


Name:
Atlantic and Mediterranean high energy circalittoral rock


Name:
Atlantic and Mediterranean moderate energy circalittoral rock


Name:
Atlantic and Mediterranean low energy circalittoral rock


Name:
Deep-sea rock and artificial hard substrata


Name:
Deep-sea trenches and canyons, channels, slope failures and slumps on the continental slope


Name:
Vents, seeps, hypoxic and anoxic habitats of the deep sea


Name:
Completely mixed water column with reduced salinity


Name:
Completely mixed water column with full salinity


Name:
Partially mixed water column with reduced salinity and medium or long residence time


Name:
Unstratified water column with reduced salinity


Name:
Vertically stratified water column with reduced salinity


Name:
Unstratified water column with full salinity


Name:
Vertically stratified water column with full salinity


Name:
Coastal stable dune grassland (grey dunes)


Name:
Unvegetated mobile shingle beaches above the driftline


Name:
Upper shingle beaches with open vegetation


Name:
Fixed shingle beaches, with herbaceous vegetation


Name:
Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, including the supralittoral


Name:
Supralittoral rock (lichen or splash zone)


Name:
Unvegetated rock cliffs, ledges, shores and islets


Name:
Rock cliffs, ledges and shores, with angiosperms


Name:
Permanent oligotrophic lakes, ponds and pools


Name:
Permanent mesotrophic lakes, ponds and pools


Name:
Free-floating vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies


Name:
Rooted submerged vegetation of mesotrophic waterbodies

phytosociology:
Formations of Potamogeton, Elodea canadensis, Ceratophyllum submersum, Myriophyllum spicatum.


Name:
Submerged carpets of stoneworts in mesotrophic waterbodies


Name:
Permanent eutrophic lakes, ponds and pools


Name:
Free-floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies


Name:
Rooted submerged vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies


Name:
Rooted floating vegetation of eutrophic waterbodies


Name:
Permanent dystrophic lakes, ponds and pools


Name:
Permanent inland saline and brackish lakes, ponds and pools


Name:
Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses


Name:
Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers


Name:
Eutrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers


Name:
Films of water flowing over rocky watercourse margins


Name:
Littoral zone of inland surface waterbodies


Name:
Beds of small helophytes of fast-flowing waters


Name:
Water-fringing reedbeds and tall helophytes other than canes


Name:
Species-poor beds of low-growing water-fringing or amphibious vegetation


Name:
Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation


Name:
Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with soft or mobile sediments


Name:
Unvegetated or sparsely vegetated shores with non-mobile substrates


Name:
Inland spray- and steam-dependent habitats


Name:
Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires


Name:
Base-rich fens and calcareous spring mires


Name:
Rich fens, including eutrophic tall-herb fens and calcareous flushes and soaks


Name:
Basic mountain flushes and streamsides, with a rich arctic-montane flora


Name:
Sedge and reedbeds, normally without free-standing water


Name:
Reedbeds normally without free-standing water


Name:
Common reed ([Phragmites]) beds normally without free-standing water


Name:
Beds of large sedges normally without free-standing water


Name:
Swamps and marshes dominated by Juncus effusus or other large Juncus spp.


Name:
Inland saline and brackish marshes and reedbeds


Name:
Inland saline or brackish species-poor helophyte beds normally without free-standing water


Name:
Grasslands and lands dominated by forbs, mosses or lichens


Name:
Inland sand and rock with open vegetation


Name:
Perennial calcareous grassland and basic steppes


phytosociology:
Fragario-Trifolion montani = Cirsio-Brachypodion (Mucina 2016)


Name:
Mediterranean tall-grass and Artemisia steppes


Name:
Non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral closed grassland


Name:
Mediterranean dry acid and neutral closed grassland


Name:
Non-Mediterranean dry acid and neutral open grassland, including inland dune grassland


phytosociology:
Koelerion glaucae, Corynephoretalia canescentis, Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis (Mucina 2016)


Name:
Mediterranean dry acid and neutral open grassland


Name:
Dry mediterranean lands with unpalatable non-vernal herbaceous vegetation


Name:
Permanent mesotrophic pastures and aftermath-grazed meadows


phytosociology:
Arrhenatheretalia, Arrhenatherion elatioris, Festucetum pratensis-regelianae Kuzemko 2012. Galietalia veri, Agrostion vinealis


phytosociology:
Arrhenatheretalia, Arrhenatherion elatioris, Festucetum pratensis-regelianae Kuzemko 2013. Deschampsion (= Alopecurion pratensis, Mucina 2016)


Name:
Agriculturally-improved, re-seeded and heavily fertilised grassland, including sports fields and grass lawns


Name:
Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland


phytosociology:
Deschampsion cespitosae Horvatic 1930 (syn. Alopecurion pratensis Passarge 1964) (according to Mucina 2016)


Name:
Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes


Name:
Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland


Name:
Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands


Name:
Lowland habitats colonised by tall nitrophilous herbs

phytosociology:
Senecionion fluviatilis, Aegopodion podagrariae Tx. 1967


phytosociology:
Trifolion medii T.Muller 1962, Trifolio-Geranietea (following Mucina 2016)


Name:
Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows


phytosociology:
Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris)


Name:
Eastern nemoral riverbanks with tall herb communities

phytosociology:
Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris (=Calthion palustris), Senecionion fluviatilis


Name:
Eastern nemoral Tall-herb communities of humid meadows

phytosociology:
Veronico longifoliae-Lysimachion vulgaris, Senecionion fluviatilis


Name:
Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands


Name:
Sarmatic [Juncus gerardii] saline meadows


Name:
Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub


Name:
Submediterranean deciduous thickets and brushes


Name:
Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes


Name:
Spiny Mediterranean heaths (phrygana, hedgehog-heaths and related coastal cliff vegetation)


Name:
Southern riparian galleries and thickets


Name:
Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant Alnus, Betula, Populus or Salix


phytosociology:
Salicion albae, Alnion incanae (Schaminée et al., 2013: Review of EUNIS forest habitat classification)


Name:
Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland


Name:
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat


phytosociology:
Alnion glutinosae, Carici pseudocyperi-Alnetum, var.Menynathes, var.Equisetum fluviatile. Thelipteridi-Alnetum. Salici pentandrae-Betulion pubescentis


Name:
Sarmatic [Acer tataricum]-[Quercus robur] steppe woods

phytosociology:
Aceri tatarici-Quercion Zolyomi 1957 = Convallario majalis-Quercion roboris


Name:
Non-riverine woodland with Betula, Populus tremula or Sorbus aucuparia


phytosociology:
Salici pentandrae-Betulion pubescentis Clausnitzer in Dengler et al. 2004


Name:
Meso- and eutrophic Quercus, Carpinus, Fraxinus, Acer, Tilia, Ulmus and related woodland


Name:
Northern middle Russian oak-lime forests

phytosociology:
Ass.Stellario holosteae-Aceretum platanoidis Bajrak 1996 em. Onyshchenko et Sidenko 2002, all. Scillo sibericae-Quercion roboris Onyshchenko 2009 (or Querco roboris-Tilion cordatae Solomeshch et
Laivin  s ex Bulokhov et Solomeshch in Bulokhov et
Semenishc


Name:
Highly artificial broadleaved deciduous forestry plantations


Name:
Olea europaea - Ceratonia siliqua woodland


Name:
Highly artificial broadleaved evergreen forestry plantations


Name:
Pinus sylvestris woodland south of the taiga


phytosociology:
Koelerio glaucae-Pinion sylvestris Ermakov 1999 (=Pyrolo-Pinetea sylvestris Korneck 1974, = Pulsatillo-Pinetea)


Name:
Lowland to montane mediterranean Pinus woodland (excluding Pinus nigra)


Name:
Coniferous woodland dominated by Cupressaceae or Taxaceae


Name:
Mixed Pinus sylvestris - Betula woodland


Name:
Mixed Pinus sylvestris - acidophilous Quercus woodland


Name:
Mixed non-riverine deciduous and coniferous woodland


Name:
Mixed deciduous woodland with Cupressaceae or Taxaceae


Name:
Mixed woodland with Cupressaceae, Taxaceae and evergreen oak


Name:
Mixed mediterranean Pinus - thermophilous Quercus woodland


Name:
Mixed Pinus sylvestris - thermophilous Quercus woodland


Name:
Mixed Pinus nigra - evergreen Quercus woodland


Name:
Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland


Name:
Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice


Name:
Small broadleaved deciduous anthropogenic woodlands


Name:
Small broadleaved evergreen anthropogenic woodlands


Name:
Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous anthropogenic woodlands


Name:
Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth


Name:
Recently felled areas, formerly coniferous trees


Name:
Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats


Name:
Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies


Name:
Temperate-montane calcareous and ultra-basic screes


Name:
Calcareous and ultra-basic screes of warm exposures


Name:
Inland cliffs, rock pavements and outcrops


Name:
Almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements


Name:
Miscellaneous inland habitats with very sparse or no vegetation


Name:
Glacial moraines with very sparse or no vegetation


Name:
Sparsely- or un-vegetated habitats on mineral substrates not resulting from recent ice activity


Name:
Stable sand with very sparse or no vegetation


Name:
Dry organic substrates with very sparse or no vegetation


Name:
Burnt areas with very sparse or no vegetation


Name:
Regularly or recently cultivated agricultural, horticultural and domestic habitats


Name:
Constructed, industrial and other artificial habitats


Name:
Transport networks and other constructed hard-surfaced areas


Name:
Highly artificial man-made waters and associated structures


# tblSpecs

note:
Occurence of Pulsatilla patens in ecotone of E5.22 - Mesophile fringes and  G1.7A1224 - Sarmatic Acer tataricum-Quercus robur steppe woods


note:
Iris humilis Georgi subsp. arenaria (Waldst. et Kit.) A.et D.Löve = Iris pineticola Klokov in E5.22 - Mesophile fringes


note:
Adenophora lilifolia (L.) Ledeb in E3.464 - Ponto-Sarmatic humid meadows


note:
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller in ecotone of E1.994 - Pannonic dune open grasslands and G-woodlands


note:
Pulsatilla patens (L.) Miller in ecotone of E5.22 - mesophile fringes and G-woodlands


