# tblBotChL

name:
Diphasium anceps (Wallr.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Diphasium complanatum (L.) Rothm. subsp. issleri (Rouy) Dostál


name:
Lycopodium zeilleri (Rouy) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & C.Mart.


name:
Equisetum variegatum Schleich. ex Weber & Mohr


name:
Hippochaete variegata (Schleich. ex Weber & Mohr) Bruhin


name:
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. subsp. cuneifolium (Viv.) Asch.


name:
Asplenium × adulteriniforme Lovis, Melzen & Reichstein


name:
Asplenium obovatum Viv. subsp. lanceolatum (Fiori) P.Silva


name:
Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. quadrivalens D.E.Mey.


name:
Athyrium alpestre (Hoppe) Rylands ex T.Moore 1857, non Clairv. 1811


name:
Cystopteris montana (Lam.) Bernh. ex Desv.


name:
Cystopteris regia (L.) Desv., nom. ambig.


name:
Rhizomatopteris sudetica (A.Braun & Milde) A.P.Khokhr.


name:
Pteridium tauricum (C.Presl) V.Krecz. ex Grossh.


name:
Gymnocarpium heterosporum auct. non W.H.Wagner


name:
Gymnocarpium × intermedium auct. non Sarvela


name:
Dryopteris austriaca (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell. s.str.


name:
Dryopteris austriaca auct. non (Jacq.) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell.


name:
Dryopteris caucasica (A.Braun) Fraser-Jenkins & Corley


name:
Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray subsp. americana (Fisch.) Hultén


name:
Dryopteris euspinulosa (Diels) Fomin, nom. illeg.


name:
Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenkis & Jermy


name:
Dryopteris pseudomas (Wollaston) Holub & Pouzar


name:
Dryopteris × uliginosa (A.Braun ex Döll) Druce


name:
Polystichum angulare (Kit. ex Willd.) C.Presl


name:
Polystichum setiferum (Forssk.) T.Moore ex Woynar


name:
Botrychium matricariifolium (A.Braun ex Döll) W.D.J.Koch


name:
Cheilanthes fragrans auct. non (L.f.) Sw.


name:
Cheilanthes persica (Bory) Mett. ex Kuhn


name:
Cheilanthes pteridioides auct. non (Reichard) C.Chr.


name:
Lastrea limbosperma (Bellardi ex All.) Holub & Pouzar


name:
Oreopteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex All.) Holub


name:
Thelypteris limbosperma (Bellardi ex All.) H.P.Fuchs


name:
Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.


name:
Juniperus communis L. subsp. alpina Čelak.


name:
Juniperus communis L. subsp. hemisphaerica (C.Presl) Nyman


name:
Juniperus communis L. subsp. nana (Willd.) Syme


name:
Juniperus depressa Steven 1857, non Raf. 1818


name:
Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Hildebr.


name:
Larix decidua Mill. subsp. carpatica (Domin) Domin


name:
Larix decidua Mill. subsp. polonica (Racib.) Domin


name:
Larix leptolepis (Siebold & Zucc.) Gordon


name:
Picea canadensis (Mill.) Britt., Sterns & Poggenb.


name:
Pinus brutia Ten. subsp. stankewiczii (Sukacz.) Nahal


name:
Pinus brutia Ten. var. pityusa (Steven) Silba


name:
Pinus hamata (Steven) Sosn. 1925, non Roezl 1857


name:
Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp. pallasiana (D.Don) Holmboe


name:
Pinus pityusa Steven var. stankewiczii Sukacz.


name:
Pinus sylvestris L. var. cretacea Kalen. ex Kom.


name:
Pseudotsuga taxifolia Lamb. 1803, non Salisb. 1796


name:
Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. ex Endl.


name:
Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W.C.Cheng


name:
Alisma stenophyllum (Asch. & Graebn.) Sam.


name:
Allium decipiens Fisch. ex Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Allium montanum F.W.Schmidt 1794, non Schrank 1785


name:
Allium paniculatum L. subsp. rupestre (Steven) K.Richt.


name:
Allium podolicum (Asch. & Graebn.) Błocki ex Racib.


name:
Allium × proliferum (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd.


name:
Allium rotundum L. subsp. waldsteinii (G.Don f.) K.Richt.


name:
Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. jailae (Vved.) Stearn


name:
Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. rotundum (L.) Stearn


name:
Allium scorodoprasum L. subsp. waldsteinii (G.Don f.) Stearn


name:
Allium senescens L. subsp. montanum (Fr.) Holub


name:
Allium tauricum (Besser ex Rchb.) Grossh.


name:
Allium ucrainicum (Kleopow & Oxner) Bordz.


name:
Allium ursinum L. subsp. ucrainicum Kleopow & Oxner


name:
Nectaroscordum dioscoridis auct. non (Smith) Stank.


name:
Nectaroscordum siculum auct. non (Ucria) Lindl.


name:
Nectaroscordum siculum (Ucria) Lindl. subsp. bulgaricum (Janka) Stearn


name:
Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. var. maximus (Velen.) G.Beck


name:
Galanthus graecus Orph. ex Boiss. var. maximus (Velen.) Hayek


name:
Leucojum vernum L. subsp. carpaticum (Spring) O.Schwarz


name:
Narcissus poëticus L. subsp. angustifolius (Curtis) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Sternbergia colchiciflora Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Arum italicum Mill. subsp. albispathum (Steven ex Ledeb.) Prime


name:
Arum maculatum L. subsp. alpinum (Schott & Kotschy) K.Richt.


name:
Arum maculatum L. subsp. besserianum (Schott) Nyman


name:
Arum orientale M.Bieb. subsp. alpinum (Schott & Kotschy) H.Riedl


name:
Arum orientale M.Bieb. subsp. besserianum (Schott) Holub


name:
Arum orientale M.Bieb. var. elongatum (Steven) Boiss.


name:
Trachycarpus excelsa auct. non (Thunb.) H.Wendl.


name:
Asparagus brachyphyllus auct. non Turcz.


name:
Asphodeline taurica (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Endl.


name:
Polygonatum hirtum (Bocs ex Poir.) Pursh


name:
Bolboschoenus compactus auct. non (Hoffm.) Drob., p.p.


name:
Bolboschoenus koshewnikowii (Litv.) A.E.Kozhevnikov, ortho


name:
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. compactus (Hoffm.) T.V.Egorova


name:
Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla var. macrostachys (Willd.) T.V.Egorova


name:
Bolboschoenus planiculmis auct. non (F.Schmidt) T.V.Egorova


name:
Carex atrata L. subsp. aterrima (Hoppe) C.Hartm.


name:
Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. subsp. hartmanii (Cajander) Domin


name:
Carex depressa Link subsp. transsilvanica (Schur) K.Richt.


name:
Carex elata All. subsp. omskiana (Meinsh.) Jalas


name:
Carex flava L. subsp. lepidocarpa (Tausch) Godr.


name:
Carex graciliformis V.Krecz. 1933, non Ohwi 1931


name:
Carex guestphalica (Boenn. ex Rchb.) Boenn. ex O.Lang


name:
Carex leporina L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Carex liparicarpos Gaudin subsp. bordzilowskii (V.Krecz.) T.V.Egorova


name:
Carex pairaei F.Schultz subsp. lumnitzeri (Rouy) Soó


name:
Carex praecox Jacq. 1778, non Schreb. 1771


name:
Carex tripartita All., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Cladium mariscus (L.) Pohl subsp. martii (Roem. & Schult.) T.V.Egorova


name:
Cladium martii (Roem. & Schult.) K.Richt.


name:
Cyperus longus L. subsp. badius (Desf.) Murb.


name:
Dichostylis hamulosa (M.Bieb.) Nees, nom. illeg.


name:
Dichostylis micheliana (L.) Nees, nom. illeg.


name:
Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Eleocharis crassa Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Zinserl.


name:
Eleocharis mamillata Lindb.f. subsp. austriaca (Hayek) Strandhede


name:
Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Bluff, Nees & Schauer


name:
Eleocharis parvula (Roem. & Schult.) Bluff, Nees & Schauer subsp. oppermannii Zoz


name:
Eriophorum polystachyon L., nom. ambig., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Fimbristylis dichotoma auct. non (L.) Vahl


name:
Pycreus flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. ex Rchb.


name:
Schoenoplectus americanus auct. non (Pers.) Volkart


name:
Schoenoplectus hippolytii (V.Krecz.) V.Krecz., ortho


name:
Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla subsp. tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Scirpoides holoschoenus (L.) Soják subsp. australis (L.) Soják


name:
Scirpus lacustris L. subsp. tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Syme


name:
Torulinium ferax (Rich.) Desv. ex Hamilton


name:
Torulinium ferax (Rich.) Desv. ex Hamilton subsp. caucasicum (Palla) Hadač


name:
Hosta japonica (Thunb.) Asch. 1863, non Tratt. 1812


name:
Hosta lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl., nom. illeg.


name:
Bellevalia sarmatica (Pall. ex Georgi) Woronow


name:
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. subsp. transsilvanicum (Schur) Soó


name:
Muscari racemosum (L.) Lam. ex DC. 1805, nom. ambig.; non Mill. 1768


name:
Ornithogalum gussonei Ten. subsp. kochii (Parl.) Holub


name:
Ornithogalum melancholicum Klokov ex A.Krasnova


name:
Ornithogalum orthophyllum Ten. subsp. kochii (Parl.) Zahar.


name:
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. subsp. divergens (Boreau) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Crocus autumnalis Pall. ex M.Bieb. 1808, non Poir. 1804


name:
Iris aphylla L. subsp. hungarica (Waldst. & Kit.) Hegi


name:
Iris arenaria Waldst. & Kit. subsp. orientalis (Ugr.) Lavrenko


name:
Iris graminea L. subsp. pseudocyperus (Schur) Soó


name:
Iris humilis M.Bieb. 1808, non Georgi 1775


name:
Iris polonica (Asch. & Graebn.) Fomin & Bordz.


name:
Iris sintenisii Janka subsp. brandzae (Prodán) Prodán


name:
Sisyrinchium angustifolium auct. non Mill.


name:
Juncus acutiflorus Griseb., non Ehrh. ex Hoffm.


name:
Juncus bufonius L. subsp. nastanthus (V.Krecz. & Gontsch.) Soó


name:
Juncus gerardii Loisel. subsp. soranthus (Schrenk) K.Richt.


name:
Juncus littoralis C.A.Mey. subsp. tyraicus (Pacz.) V.Novikov


name:
Juncus paniculatus Hoppe ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch


name:
Juncus ranarius Songeon & Perrier ex Billot


name:
Juncus subcompressus Zakirov & Novopokr.


name:
Juncus tyraicus (Pacz.) V.Krecz. & Gontsch.


name:
Luzula campestris (L.) DC. subsp. taurica V.Krecz.


name:
Luzula luzulina (Vill.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.


name:
Luzula luzuloides (Lam.) Dandy & Wilmott


name:
Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. subsp. taurica (V.Krecz.) V.Novikov


name:
Luzula nemorosa (Pollich) E.Mey. 1848, non Hornem. 1815


name:
Luzula spicata (L.) DC. subsp. mutabilis Chrtek & Křisa


name:
Luzula subpilosa (Gilib.) V.Krecz., nom. illeg.


name:
Lemna minima Phil. ex Hegelm. 1895, non Thuill. ex Beauv. 1816


name:
Fritillaria meleagroides Patrin ex Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Fritillaria verticillata auct. non Willd.


name:
Gagea bohemica (Zauschn.) Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Gagea chrysantha (Jan) Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Gagea erubescens (Besser) Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort. var. paczoskii Zapał.


name:
Gagea pusilla (F.W.Schmidt) Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Gagea pusilla (F.W.Schmidt) Schult. & Schult.f. subsp. tesquicola (A.Krasnova) Davlianidze


name:
Gagea reticulata auct. non (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Gagea szovitsii (Lang) Besser ex Schult. & Schult. f.


name:
Gagea taurica Steven var. ucrainica (Klokov) Zahar.


name:
Tulipa biebersteiniana Schult. & Schult. f. s.l.


name:
Tulipa graniticola (Klokov & Zoz) Klokov


name:
Bulbocodium vernum L. subsp. versicolor (Ker Gawl.) K.Richt.


name:
Bulbocodium versicolor (Ker Gawl.) Spreng.


name:
Colchicum arenarium auct. non Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Colchicum biebersteinii Rouy, nom. illeg.


name:
Colchicum bulbocodioides M.Bieb. 1808, non Brot. 1804


name:
Veratrum album L. subsp. lobelianum (Bernh.) Schuebl. & Martens


name:
Veratrum album L. subsp. virescens (Gaudin) Jáv. & Soó


name:
Najas marina L. subsp. intermedia (Wolfg. ex Gorski) Casper


name:
Najas marina L. subsp. major (All.) Viinikka


name:
Comperia comperana (Steven) Asch. & Graebn., ortho


name:
Comperia comperiana (Steven) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Cypripedium macranthon Sw. subsp. ventricosum (Sw.) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza × aschersoniana (Hausskn.) Borsos & Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó subsp. hebridensis (Wilmott) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza iberica (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó subsp. cruenta (O.F.Müll.) P.D.Sell


name:
Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó subsp. ochroleuca (Boll.) P.F.Hunt & Summerhayes


name:
Dactylorhiza longebracteata auct. non (F.W.Schmidt) Holub


name:
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. elodes (Griseb.) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. elodes (Griseb.) Soó var. schurii (Klinge) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. fuchsii (Druce) Hyl.


name:
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. schurii (Klinge) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. transsilvanica (Schur) Soó


name:
Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.F.Hunt & Summerhayes


name:
Dactylorhiza majalis (Rchb.) P.F.Hunt & Summerhayes subsp. cordigera (Fr.) H.Sundermann


name:
Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco subsp. pseudosambucina (Ten.) Franco


name:
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (Saut. ex Rchb.) Soó


name:
Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Besser


name:
Epipactis rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin ex W.D.J.Koch


name:
Gymnadenia alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Czerep.


name:
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp. alpina (Turcz. ex Rchb.f.) Janchen ex Soó


name:
Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R.Br. subsp. densiflora (Wahlenb.) K.Richt.


name:
Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) W.D.J.Koch subsp. caprinum (M.Bieb.) K.Richt.


name:
Himantoglossum caprinum (M.Bieb.) Spreng., comb. illeg.


name:
Leucorchis albida (L.) E.Mey., nom. illeg.


name:
Nigritella carpatica (Zapał.) Teppner, Klein & Zagulski


name:
Ophrys oestrifera M.Bieb. subsp. cornuta (Steven) Soó


name:
Ophrys sphegodes Mill. subsp. taurica (Agg.) Soó


name:
Orchis aphylla F.W.Schmidt 1797, non Forssk. 1775


name:
Orchis coriophora L. subsp. fragrans (Pollini) K.Richt.


name:
Orchis coriophora L. subsp. nervulosa (Sakalo) Soó


name:
Orchis incarnata L. var. ochroleuca Boll


name:
Orchis incarnata L. var. straminea Rchb.f. ex Soó


name:
Orchis laxiflora Lam. subsp. elegans (Heuff.) Beck


name:
Orchis laxiflora Lam. subsp. palustris (Jacq.) Bonnier & Layens


name:
Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. pinetorum (Boiss. & Kotschy) E.G.Camus


name:
Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. signifera (Vest) Soó


name:
Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. wanjkowii (E.Wulff) Soó


name:
Orchis morio L. subsp. picta (Loisel.) K.Richt.


name:
Aegilops ovata sensu auct. Fl. URSS, non L.


name:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) A.Löve


name:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. dunensis (G.Grint) Dihoru & Negrean


name:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. pectinatum (M.Bieb.) Tzvelev


name:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. ponticum (Nevski) Tzvelev


name:
Agropyron cristatum (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. sabulosum Lavrenko


name:
Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. subsp. birjutczense (Lavrenko) Lavrenko


name:
Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Agropyron glaucum (Desf. ex DC.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Agropyron intermedium (Host) P.Beauv. subsp. trichophorum (Link) Volkart


name:
Agropyron ruthenicum auct. non (Griseb.) Prokud.


name:
Agrostis × murbeckii Fouill. ex P.Fourn.


name:
Agrostis stolonifera L. subsp. albida (Trin.) Tzvelev


name:
Agrostis stolonizans Besser ex Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Aira capillaris Host 1809, non Savi 1798


name:
Alopecurus pratensis L. subsp. laguriformis (Schur) Tzvelev


name:
Alopecurus vaginatus (Willd.) Pall. ex Kunth


name:
Anthoxanthum odoratum L. subsp. alpinum (A.Löve & D.Löve) B.Jones & Melderis


name:
Apera spica-venti (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. maritima (Klokov) Tzvelev


name:
Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl


name:
Avenastrum alpinum auct. non (Smith) Fritsch


name:
Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer subsp. montana (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Avenochloa pratensis auct. non (L.) Holub


name:
Avenula compressa (Heuff.) Sauer & Chmelitschek


name:
Avenula planiculmis (Schrad.) Sauer & Chmelitschek


name:
Avenula pratensis auct. non (L.) Dumort.


name:
Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host subsp. syzigachne (Steud.) Breitung


name:
Brachypodium pinnatum (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. rupestre (Host) Schuebl. & Martens


name:
Brachypodium rupestre (Host) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Brevipodium sylvaticum (Huds.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Brizochloa humilis (M.Bieb.) Chrtek & Hadač


name:
Bromopsis cappadocica (Boiss. & Balansa) Holub aggr.


name:
Bromopsis ramosa (Huds.) Holub subsp. benekenii (Lange) Tzvelev


name:
Bromopsis riparia (Rehmann) Holub subsp. heterophylla (Klokov) Tzvelev


name:
Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. mollis (L.) Hyl.


name:
Bromus japonicus Thunb. subsp. anatolicus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Penzes


name:
Bromus japonicus Thunb. subsp. sooi (Penzes) Soó


name:
Bromus japonicus Thunb. subsp. subsquarrosus (Borbás) Penzes


name:
Bromus racemosus L. subsp. commutatus (Schrad.) Maire & Weiller


name:
Bromus ramosus Huds. subsp. benekenii (Lange) Lindb.f.


name:
Calamagrostis × acutiflora (Schrad.) Rchb.


name:
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth subsp. glomerata (Boiss. & Buhse) Tzvelev


name:
Calamagrostis epigeios (L.) Roth subsp. macrolepis (Litv.) Tzvelev


name:
Calamagrostis gigantea auct. non Roshev.


name:
Calamagrostis neglecta auct. non P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler


name:
Calamagrostis × strigosa (Wahlenb.) C.Hartm.


name:
Catapodium rigidum (L.) C.E.Hubb. ex Dony


name:
Ceratochloa carinata (Hook. & Arn.) Tutin


name:
Ceratochloa unioloides auct. non (Willd.) P.Beauv.


name:
Cleistogenes serotina (L.) Keng subsp. bulgarica (Bornm.) Tutin


name:
Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult.f.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Crypsis alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Schrad.


name:
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. aschersoniana (Graebn.) Thell.


name:
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman


name:
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. polygama (Horv.) Domin


name:
Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. slovenica (Domin) Domin


name:
Danthonia decipiens (O.Schwarz & Bässler) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Danthonia decumbens (L.) DC. subsp. decipiens O.Schwarz & Bässler


name:
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. alpicola Chrtek & V.Jirásek


name:
Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. parviflora (Thuill.) K.Richt.


name:
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark


name:
Digitaria ciliaris auct. non (Retz.) Koeler


name:
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. subsp. aegyptiaca (Retz.) Henrard


name:
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. subsp. pectiniformis Henrard


name:
Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. spiralis (Vasing.) Tzvelev


name:
Echinochloa frumentacea Link subsp. utilis (Ohwi & Yabuno) Tzvelev


name:
Echinochloa microstachya (Wiegand) Rydb. subsp. wiegandii (Fassett) Mosyakin


name:
Echinochloa muricata (P.Beauv.) Fernald var. microstachya Wiegand


name:
Echinochloa occidentalis (Wiegand) Rydb. s.str.


name:
Echinochloa occidentalis auct. non (Wiegand) Rydb.


name:
Echinochloa occidentalis sensu Probatova, non (Wiegand.) Rydb.


name:
Echinochloa oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch subsp. phyllopogon (Stapf) Tzvelev


name:
Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Carv.-Vasc., comb. superfl.


name:
Echinochloa phyllopogon (Stapf) Kossenko subsp. oryzicola (Vasing.) Kossenko


name:
Echinochloa pungens (Poir.) Rydb. var. wiegandii Fassett


name:
Echinochloa wiegandii (Fassett) McNeill & Dore


name:
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould & Schinners


name:
Elytrigia × apiculata (Tscherning) V.Jirásek


name:
Elytrigia bessarabica (Săvul. & Rayss) Prokud.


name:
Elytrigia cretacea (Klokov & Prokud.) Klokov & Prokud.


name:
Elytrigia juncea (L.) Nevski subsp. bessarabica (Săvul. & Rayss) Tzvelev


name:
Elytrigia lolioides (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski


name:
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski subsp. pseudocaesia (Pacz.) Tzvelev


name:
Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski subsp. elongatiformis (Drob.) Tzvelev


name:
Elytrigia ruthenica auct. non (Griseb.) Prokud.


name:
Elytrigia stipifolia (Czern. ex Nevski) Nevski


name:
Elytrigia × tesquicola (Prokud.) Prokud. & Klokov


name:
Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vign.-Lut. ex Janch.


name:
Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. multicaulis (Steud.) Tzvelev


name:
Eragrostis suaveolens A.Becker ex Claus subsp. borysthenica (Schmalh.) Tzvelev


name:
Festuca amethystina L. subsp. inarmata (Schur) Krajina


name:
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. subsp. orientalis (A.Kern. ex Hack.) Tzvelev


name:
Festuca beckeri (Hack.) Trautv. subsp. polesica (Zapał.) Tzvelev


name:
Festuca glauca Lam. subsp. pallens (Host) K.Richt.


name:
Festuca orientalis (A.Kern. ex Hack.) V.Krecz. & Bobrov 1934, non B.Fedtsch. 1915


name:
Festuca pratensis Huds. subsp. apennina (De Not.) Hegi


name:
Festuca psammophila (Hack. ex Čelak.) Fritsch


name:
Festuca pseudodalmatica Krajina ex Domin


name:
Festuca rubra L. subsp. fallax (Thuill.) Nyman


name:
Festuca rubra L. subsp. multiflora (Hoffm.) V.Jirásek


name:
Festuca sylvatica (Pollich) Vill. 1786, non Huds. 1762


name:
Festuca taurica (Hack.) A.Kern. ex Trautv.


name:
Festuca vaginata auct. non Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Festuca wolgensis P.Smirn. subsp. arietina (Klokov) Tzvelev


name:
Gaudinopsis macra (Steven ex M.Bieb.) Eig


name:
Glyceria aquatica (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl


name:
Glyceria nemoralis (Uechtr.) Uechtr. & Körn.


name:
Heleochloa alopecuroides (Piller & Mitterp.) Host ex Roem.


name:
Heleochloa schoenoides (L.) Host ex Roem.


name:
Helictotrichon alpinum auct. non (Smith) Fritsch


name:
Helictotrichon pratense auct. non (L.) Besser


name:
Hierochloë australis (Schrad.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Hierochloë odorata (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. pannonica Chrtek & V.Jirásek


name:
Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Jessen ex C.O.Harz


name:
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang.


name:
Hordeum murinum L. subsp. glaucum (Steud.) Tzvelev


name:
Koeleria glauca (Spreng.) DC. subsp. sabuletorum Domin


name:
Koeleria lobata (M.Bieb.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Koeleria macrantha auct. non (Ledeb.) Schult.


name:
Koeleria sclerophylla P.Smirn.. subsp. theodoriana Klokov ex Tzvelev


name:
Koeleria theodoriana Klokov, nom. inval.


name:
Lasiagrostis bromoides (L.) Nevski & Roshev.


name:
Lerchenfeldia flexuosa (L.) Schur subsp. montana (L.) Tzvelev


name:
Lolium loliaceum (Bory & Chaub.) Hand.-Mazz.


name:
Lolium perenne L. subsp. rigidum (Gaudin) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Lolium temulentum L. subsp. arvense (With.) Tzvelev


name:
Lolium temulentum L. subsp. remotum (Schrank) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Melica ciliata L. subsp. monticola (Prokud.) Tzvelev


name:
Melica ciliata L. subsp. taurica (K.Koch) Tzvelev


name:
Melica ciliata L. subsp. transsilvanica (Schur) Čelak.


name:
Melica nutans L. subsp. picta (K.Koch) Schinz & R.Keller


name:
Melica taurica K.Koch subsp. monticola (Prokud.) Prokud.


name:
Melica transsilvanica Schur subsp. klokovii Tzvelev


name:
Monerma cylindrica (Willd.) Coss. & Durieu


name:
Nardurus krausei (Regel) V.Krecz. & Bobrov


name:
Nardurus maritimus (L.) Murb. subsp. aristatus (W.D.J.Koch) Tzvelev


name:
Nardurus maritimus (L.) Murb. subsp. krausei (Regel) Tzvelev


name:
Panicum capillare L. subsp. barbipulvinatum (Nash) Tzvelev


name:
Panicum miliaceum L. subsp. ruderale (Kitag.) Tzvelev


name:
Pennisetum glaucum auct. non (L.) R.Br., excl. typo


name:
Phleum hirsutum Honck. subsp. ambiguum (Ten.) Tzvelev


name:
Phleum phleoides (L.) H.Karst. subsp. montanum (K.Koch) Tzvelev


name:
Phleum pratense L. subsp. bertolonii (DC.) Bornm.


name:
Phleum pratense L. subsp. nodosum (L.) Arcang.


name:
Phleum pratense L. subsp. nodosum auct. non (L.) Arcang.


name:
Pholiurus incurvus (L.) Schintz & Thell.


name:
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.


name:
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. altissimus (Benth.) W.Clayton


name:
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. subsp. pseudodonax (Rabenh.) Rauschert


name:
Phragmites communis Trin. subsp. pseudodonax (Rabenh.) Rothm. ex Tzvelev


name:
Phyllostachys aurea A.Riviere & C.Riviere


name:
Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc.


name:
Phyllostachys flexuosa A.Riviere & C.Riviere


name:
Phyllostachys mitis (Carriere) A.Riviere & C.Riviere


name:
Phyllostachys viridi-glaucescens (Carriere) A.Riviere & C.Riviere


name:
Piptatherum holciforme (M.Bieb.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Poa longifolia Trin. subsp. fagetorum (P.Smirn.) Tzvelev


name:
Poa nemoralis L. subsp. carpatica V.Jirásek


name:
Poa nemoralis L. subsp. hypanica (Prokud.) Tzvelev


name:
Poa palustris L. subsp. volhynensis (Klokov) Tzvelev s.str.


name:
Poa palustris L. subsp. volhynensis (Klokov) Tzvelev sensu Tzvelev


name:
Poa podolica (Asch. & Graebn.) Błocki ex Zapał.


name:
Poa pratensis L. subsp. angustifolia (L.) Gaudin


name:
Poa sterilis M.Bieb. subsp. biebersteinii (H.Pojark.) Tzvelev


name:
Poa trivialis L. subsp. sylvicola (Guss.) Lindb.f.


name:
Poa versicolor Besser subsp. erythropoda (Klokov) Tzvelev


name:
Pseudosasa japonica (Siebold & Zucc. ex Steud.) Makino ex Nakai


name:
Psilurus incurvus (Gouan) Schinz & Thell.


name:
Puccinellia dolicholepis V.Krecz. subsp. fominii (Bilyk) Tzvelev


name:
Puccinellia gigantea auct. non (Grossh.) Grossh.


name:
Puccinellia pseudobulbosa (Nyár.) Nyár. ex Prodán


name:
Puccinellia tenuissima Litv. ex V.Krecz.


name:
Setaria ambigua (Guss.) Guss. 1845, non Mérat 1836


name:
Setaria pycnocoma (Steud.) Henrard ex Nakai


name:
Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. aparine (Steud.) Durand & Schintz


name:
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. pycnocoma (Steud.) Tzvelev


name:
Sieglingia decumbens (L.) Bernh. subsp. decipiens O.Schwarz & Bässler


name:
Sinarundinaria nitida (Mitford ex Stapf) Nakai


name:
Stipa dasyphylla (Czern. ex Lindem.) Trautv.


name:
Stipa lessingiana Trin. & Rupr. subsp. brauneri Pacz.


name:
Stipa majalis Klokov var. setulosissima (Klokov) Tzvelev


name:
Stipa oreades Klokov var. glabrinoda (Klokov) Dubovik


name:
Stipa pennata L. subsp. sabulosa (Pacz.) Tzvelev


name:
Stipa rubens P.Smirn. subsp. sublaevis Martinovsky


name:
Stipa stenophylla (Czern. ex Lindem.) Trautv.


name:
Stipa zalesskii Wilensky subsp. ucrainica (P.Smirn.) Tzvelev


name:
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. asperum (Simonk.) Melderis


name:
Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski subsp. crinitum (Schreb.) Melderis


name:
Trisetum carpaticum auct. non Roem. & Schult.


name:
Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. tatricum Chrtek


name:
Trisetum rigidum (M.Bieb.) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Coleogeton pectinatus (L.) Dostál, comb. inval.


name:
Coleogeton pectinatus (L.) D.H.Les & R.R.Haynes


name:
Potamogeton obtusifolius Mert. & W.D.J.Koch


name:
Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schlecht.


name:
Ruppia maritima L. subsp. spiralis (L. ex Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Sparganium erectum L. subsp. microcarpum (Newman) Domin


name:
Sparganium erectum L. subsp. neglectum (Beeby) K.Richt.


name:
Sparganium polyedrum (Asch. & Graebn.) Juz.


name:
Sparganium ramosum Huds. subsp. polyedrum Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Typha latifolia L. subsp. schuttleworthii (W.D.J.Koch & Sond.) Stoj. & Stef.


name:
Typha schuttleworthii W.D.J.Koch & Sond.


name:
Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. major (C.Hartm.) Ooststr. & Reichg.


name:
Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. pedicellata (Rosen & Wahlenb.) Hegi


name:
Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. polycarpa (Nolte) K.Richt.


name:
Zannichellia palustris L. subsp. repens (Boenn.) Schuebl. & Martens


name:
Zannichellia pedicellata (Rosen & Wahlenb.) Fr.


name:
Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq.


name:
Acnida tamariscina auct. non (Nutt.) Wood, excl. typo


name:
Amaranthus caudatus L. subsp. saueri Jehlik


name:
Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd., nom. ambig.


name:
Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. var. erythrostachys (Moq.) Aellen


name:
Amaranthus chlorostachys Willd. var. pseudoretroflexus Thell.


name:
Amaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thev.) N.Terracc.


name:
Amaranthus graecizans L. subsp. sylvestris (Vill.) Brenan


name:
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. cruentus (L.) Thell.


name:
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. hypochondriacus (L.) Thell.


name:
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. paniculatus (L.) Hejný


name:
Amaranthus hybridus L. subsp. patulus (Bertoloni) Carretero


name:
Amaranthus hybridus L. var. erythrostachys Moq.


name:
Amaranthus leucospermus S.Watson, nom. illeg.


name:
Amaranthus leucospermus auct. non S.Watson


name:
Amaranthus × soproniensis Priszter & Karpati


name:
Celosia argentea L. var. cristata (L.) O.Kuntze


name:
Pistacia atlantica Desf. subsp. mutica (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Rech.f.


name:
Angelica sylvestris L. subsp. montana (Brot.) Arcang.


name:
Anthriscus scandix (Scop.) Asch., nom. illeg.


name:
Anthriscus trichosperma Spreng., non Pers.


name:
Bupleurum longifolium L. subsp. vapincense (Vill.) Todor


name:
Caucalis platycarpos L. subsp. muricata (Bisch. ex Čelak.) V.N.Tichomirov


name:
Cenolopium fischeri (Spreng.) W.D.J.Koch & DC.


name:
Cnidium venosum (Hoffm.) W.D.J.Koch, nom. illeg.


name:
Elaeosticta lutea (Hoffm.) Kljuykov, M.Pimen. & V.N.Tichomirov


name:
Eriosynaphe longifolia (Fisch. ex Spreng.) DC.


name:
Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier


name:
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. carpaticum (Porcius) Soó


name:
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. sibiricum (L.) Simonk.


name:
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. trachycarpum (Soják) Holub


name:
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. transsilvanicum (Schur) Brummit


name:
Kadenia dubia (Schkuhr) Lavrova & V.N.Tichomirov


name:
Meum anethifolium P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Rouy & Camus


name:
Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. umbrosa (Steven ex DC.) Bondar.


name:
Pastinaca sativa L. subsp. urens (Req. ex Godr.) Čelak.


name:
Peucedanum borysthenicum Klokov ex Schischk.


name:
Physospermum danaa (M.Bieb.) Schischk. ex N.I.Rubtzov


name:
Pimpinella saxifraga L. subsp. montana Weide


name:
Pimpinella saxifraga L. subsp. nigra (Mill.) Gaudin


name:
Prangos odontalgica (Pall.) Herrnst. & Heyn


name:
Scandix pecten-veneris L. subsp. macrorhyncha (C.A.Mey.) Rouy & Camus


name:
Seseli elatum L. subsp. osseum (Crantz) P.W.Ball


name:
Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J.Koch subsp. intermedium (Rupr.) P.W.Ball


name:
Taeniopetalum arenarium (Waldst. & Kit.) V.N.Tichomirov


name:
Taeniopetalum borysthenicum (Klokov ex Schischk.) Klokov


name:
Trinia kitaibelii sensu Schischk., non M.Bieb.


name:
Xanthoselinum lubimenkoanum (Kotov) Fedoronczuk, comb. provis.


name:
Vincetoxicum fuscatum auct. non (Hornem.) Endl.


name:
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. subsp. jailicola (Juz.) Markgraf


name:
Vincetoxicum juzepczukii (Pobed.) Privalova ex Wissjul.


name:
Vincetoxicum laxum (Bartl.) Gren. & Godr.


name:
Vincetoxicum laxum Bartl.) Gren. & Godr. var. jailicola (Juz.) Wissjul.


name:
Vincetoxicum officinale auct. non Moench


name:
Vincetoxicum stepposum (Pobed.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Achillea asplenifolia auct. non Vent., ortho


name:
Achillea compacta Willd. 1804, non Lam. 1783


name:
Achillea distans Waldst. & Kit. subsp. tanacetifolia (All.) Janchen


name:
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. collina (J.Becker ex Rchb.) Weiss


name:
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. pannonica (Scheele) Hayek


name:
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. setacea (Waldst. & Kit.) Weiss


name:
Achillea millefolium L. subsp. sudetica auct. non (Opiz) Weiss


name:
Achillea nobilis L. subsp. neilreichii (A.Kern.) Velen.


name:
Achillea oxyloba (DC.) Sch.Bip. subsp. schurii (Sch.Bip.) Heimerl


name:
Achillea pectinata Willd. 1804, non Lam. 1783


name:
Achillea submillefolium Klokov & Krytzka


name:
Achillea submillefolium auct. non Klokov & Krytzka


name:
Achillea tanacetifolia All. 1785, non Mill. 1768


name:
Achyrophorus uniflorus (Vill.) Bluff & Fingerh.


name:
Acroptilon picris (Pall. ex Willd.) C.A.Mey.


name:
Antennaria carpatica (Wahlenb.) Bluff & Fingerh.


name:
Anthemis arvensis L. var. ruthenica (M.Bieb.) Schmalh.


name:
Anthemis carpatica Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Anthemis lithuanica (DC.) Besser ex Trautv.


name:
Anthemis parviceps Dobrocz. & Fed. ex Klokov


name:
Anthemis tinctoria L. subsp. subtinctoria (Dobrocz.) Soó


name:
Artemisia arenaria sensu Klokov, non DC.


name:
Artemisia dniproica auct. non Klokov, p.p.


name:
Artemisia inodora M.Bieb. 1808, non Mill. 1768


name:
Artemisia marschalliana Spreng. var. tschernieviana (Besser) Leonova


name:
Artemisia umbrosa (Turcz. ex Besser) Pamp.


name:
Aster amelloides Besser 1822, non Hoffm. 1801


name:
Aster amellus L. subsp. bessarabicus (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Soó


name:
Aster amellus L. subsp. ibericus (M.Bieb.) Avetis.


name:
Aster squamatus auct. non (Spreng.) Hieron.


name:
Aster tripolium L. subsp. pannonicum (Jacq.) Soó


name:
Barkhausia hispida (Waldst. & Kit.) Link


name:
Bidens tripartita L.var. orientalis (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef.


name:
Carduus glaucus Baumg. 1816, non Cavan. 1795


name:
Carduus nutans L. subsp. leiophyllus (Petrovič) Stoj. & Stef.


name:
Carduus uncinatus M.Bieb. subsp. davisii Kazmi


name:
Carlina biebersteinii Bernh. ex Hornem. subsp. brevibracteata (Andrae) Werner


name:
Carlina onopordifolia Besser ex Szafer, Kulcz. & Pawł.


name:
Carlina vulgaris L. subsp. longifolia Nyman


name:
Carlina vulgaris L. subsp. intermedia (Schur) Hayek


name:
Centaurea alpestris auct. non Hegetschw.


name:
Centaurea apiculata Ledeb. subsp. adpressa (Ledeb.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea arenaria M.Bieb. subsp. borysthenica (Grun.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea arenaria M.Bieb. subsp. majorovii (Dumbadze) Dostál


name:
Centaurea arenaria M.Bieb. subsp. odessana (Prodán) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. appendicata (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. breviceps (Iljin) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. donetzica (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. konkae (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. margarita-alba (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. paczoskii (Kotov ex Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. protogerberi (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. protomargaritacea (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea margaritacea Ten. subsp. pseudoleucolepis (Kleopow) Dostál


name:
Centaurea micranthos S.G.Gmel. ex Hayek 1901, non Centaurea micrantha Duf. 1831


name:
Centaurea ovina Pall. ex Willd. subsp. besseriana (DC.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea ovina Pall. ex Willd. subsp. koktebelica (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea ovina Pall. ex Willd. subsp. lavrenkoana (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea ovina Pall. ex Willd. subsp. steveniana (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea pannonica (Heuff.) Simonk. subsp. substituta (Czerep.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. abbreviata (K.Koch) Dostál


name:
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. carpatica (Porcius) Dostál


name:
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. melanocalathia (Borbás) Dostál


name:
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. nigriceps (Dobrocz.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. pseudophrygia (C.A.Mey.) Gugler


name:
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. stenolepis (A.Kern.) Gugler


name:
Centaurea rhenana Boreau subsp. pseudomaculosa (Dobrocz.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. adamii (Willd.) Nyman


name:
Centaurea sterilis Steven subsp. semijusta (Juz.) Dostál


name:
Centaurea sterilis Steven subsp. vankovii (Klokov) Dostál


name:
Centaurea transcaucasica auct. non Grossh.


name:
Centaurea triumfettii All. subsp. dominii Dostál


name:
Centaurea triumfettii All. subsp. stricta (Waldst. & Kit.) Dostál


name:
Chondrilla juncea L. var. acantholepis (Boiss.) Aliev


name:
Chrysanthemum ircutianum (Turcz. ex DC.) Ledeb.


name:
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. subsp. ircutianum (Turcz. ex DC.) Sukacz.


name:
Chrysanthemum macrophyllum Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Chrysanthemum rotundifolium Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Cichorium intybus L. subsp. glabratum (C.Presl) Arcang.


name:
Cichorium intybus L. subsp. glaucum (Hoffmgg. & Link) Tzvelev


name:
Cirsium acaule (L.) Scop. subsp. esculentum (Siev.) K.Werner


name:
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. subsp. incanum (S.G.Gmel.) Petrak ex Iljin


name:
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. subsp. setosum (Willd.) Iljin


name:
Cirsium lanceolatum (L.) Scop. 1772, non Hill 1769


name:
Cirsium pauciflorum (Waldst. & Kit.) Spreng. 1826, non Lam. 1778


name:
Crepis conyzifolia (Gouan) A.Kern. subsp. confusa (Woł.) Domin


name:
Crepis foetida L. subsp. rhoeadifolia (M.Bieb.) Čelak.


name:
Crepis marschallii auct. non (C.A.Mey.) Sch.Bip.


name:
Crepis parviflora Desf. 1807, non Moench 1794


name:
Cyanus mollis (Waldst. & Kit.) J.Presl & C.Presl


name:
Cyanus triumfettii (All.) Dostál subsp. dominii (Dostál) Dostál


name:
Cyanus triumfettii (All.) Dostál subsp. strictus (Waldst. & Kit.) Dostál


name:
Doronicum carpaticum (Griseb. & Schenk) Nyman


name:
Doronicum clusii auct. non (All.) Tausch


name:
Doronicum clusii (All.) Tausch subsp. stiriacum (Vill.) Vierh.


name:
Doronicum clusii (All.) Tausch subsp. villosum (Tausch) Vierh.


name:
Echinops banaticus auct. non Rochel ex Schrad.


name:
Echinops ritro L. subsp. ruthenicus (M.Bieb.) Nyman


name:
Erechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex DC.


name:
Erigeron acris L. subsp. angulosus (Gaudin) Vacc.


name:
Erigeron acris L. subsp. droebachiensis (O.F.Müll.) Arcang.


name:
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. subsp. septentrionalis (Fernald & Wiegand) Wagenitz


name:
Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. subsp. strigosus (Muehl. ex Willd.) Wagenitz


name:
Erigeron asteroides Andrz. ex Besser 1822, non Roxb. 1814


name:
Erigeron elongatus Ledeb. 1829, non Moench 1802


name:
Filaginella uliginosa (L.) Opiz subsp. rossica (Kirp.) Holub


name:
Filago germanica L. 1763, non Huds. 1762


name:
Galatella punctata (Waldst. & Kit.) Nees


name:
Galatella punctata (Waldst. & Kit.) Nees subsp. rossica (Novopokr.) Novopokr.


name:
Galinsoga quadriradiata auct. non Ruiz & Pav.


name:
Hedypnois rhagadioloiodes (L.) F.W.Schmidt subsp. cretica (L.) Hayek


name:
Helianthus tuberosus L. var. subcanescens A.Gray


name:
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench subsp. ponticum (Velen.) Clapham


name:
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench var. ponticum Velen.


name:
Helichrysum corymbiforme Opperman ex Katina


name:
Helichrysum petiolare O.M.Hilliard & B.L.Burtt


name:
Helichrysum petiolatum auct. non (L.) DC.


name:
Hieracium acutisquamum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium aestivum Fr. subsp. conicum (Arv.-Touv.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium aestivum Fr. subsp. crocatum (Fr.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium alpinum L. subsp. apiculatum (Tausch) Zahn


name:
Hieracium alpinum L. subsp. gymnogenum Zahn


name:
Hieracium alpinum L. subsp. melanocephalum (Tausch) Zahn


name:
Hieracium amaureilema (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium anocladum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium aquilonare (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium armeniacum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium asiaticum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium atratum Fr. subsp. atrellum Zahn


name:
Hieracium atratum Fr. subsp. ihrowyszczense Zahn


name:
Hieracium atratum Fr. subsp. subnigrescens (Fr. ex Norrl.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium aurantiacum L. subsp. carpathicola Naeg. & Peter


name:
Hieracium bauhiniflorum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium bifidellum (Zahn) P.D.Sell & C.West


name:
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. subsp. cardiobasis Zahn


name:
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. subsp. lonchopodum Zahn


name:
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. subsp. psammogenes Zahn


name:
Hieracium borzawae (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium botrychodes (Zahn) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium bupleuroides auct. non C.C.Gmel.


name:
Hieracium bupleuroides C.C.Gmel. subsp. schenkii (Griseb.) Naeg. & Peter


name:
Hieracium caesium (Fr.) Fr. subsp. lugiorum Zahn


name:
Hieracium callicymum (Rehmann) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium ciuriwkae (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium colliniforme (Peter) Roffley 1925, non Dalla Torre & Sarnth. 1912


name:
Hieracium cretaceum Arv.-Touv. & Gautier ex Sudre


name:
Hieracium cymanthum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium cymosiforme (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium czywczynae (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium decipientiforme (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium dentatum Hoppe subsp. sarmaticum Zahn


name:
Hieracium discolor (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium durisetum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium echinocephalum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium echiogenes (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium farinifloccosum (Degen & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium fastigiatum (Tausch ex Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium fennicum (Norrl.) Norrl. ex Wain.


name:
Hieracium floccipedunculum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium gnaphalium (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium heothinum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium hispidissimum Rehmann ex Naeg. & Peter


name:
Hieracium ingricum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium koernickeanum (Naeg. & Peter) Zahn


name:
Hieracium krasanii Woł. subsp. czywczynae Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium krasanii Woł. subsp. kukulense Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium krasanii Woł. subsp. pikujense Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium krasanii Woł. subsp. pseudonigritiforme Zahn


name:
Hieracium krivanense (Woł. & Zahn ) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium kukulense (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium laevigatum Willd. subsp. ciuriwkae Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium laevigatum Willd. subsp. knafii (Čelak.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium laevigatum Willd. subsp. lancidens Zahn


name:
Hieracium laevigatum Willd. subsp. rigidum (C.Hartm.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium laevigatum Willd. subsp. tridentatum (Fr.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium lamprocomum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium lampromegas Zahn subsp. krivanense Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium lampromegas Zahn subsp. orthobrachion Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium lampromegas Zahn subsp. wysokae Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium largum Fr. var. pallonianum (Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium liptoviense Borbás subsp. borzawae Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium lithuanicum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium longipes (K.Koch ex Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium longisetum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium macrocymum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium macrolepium (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium maculatum Schrank subsp. cretaceum (Arv.-Touv. & Gautier ex Sudre) Zahn


name:
Hieracium magnauricula (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium malacotrichum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium marginale (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium microsphaericum (Zahn) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium microspilon (Jord. ex Sudre) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium nigrescens Willd. subsp. decipientiforme Woł. & Zahn


name:
Hieracium nigrisetum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium obscuribracteum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium orthobrachion (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium pachycephalum (Fr. ex Uechtr.) Oborny


name:
Hieracium pareyssianum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium pikujense (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium praecurrens Vuk. var. jaworowae Zahn


name:
Hieracium praecurrens Vuk. subsp. mikulinkae Zahn


name:
Hieracium praecurrens Vuk. subsp. pleiophyllopsis Zahn


name:
Hieracium proceriforme (Naeg. & Peter) Zahn


name:
Hieracium psammophilum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium pseudauricula (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium pseudauriculoides (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium regiomontanum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium rehmannii (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip 1960, non Woł. 1891


name:
Hieracium robustum Fr. subsp. largum (Fr.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium robustum Fr. subsp. pallonianum (Zahn) Zahn


name:
Hieracium rubricymigerum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium sabaudum L. subsp. auratum (Fr.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium sabaudum L. subsp. lugdunense (Rouy) Zahn


name:
Hieracium sabaudum L. subsp. obliquum (Jord.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium sabaudum L. subsp. scabiosum (Sudre) Zahn


name:
Hieracium sabaudum L. subsp. vagum (Jord.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium sterromastix (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium subambiguum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium subnigrescens (Fr. ex Norrl.) Üksip


name:
Hieracium szovitsii (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium tanythrix (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium tricheilema (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium truncipilum (Thaisz & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Hieracium tubuliflorum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium umbellosum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip


name:
Hieracium viscidulum (Tausch) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium volhynicum (Naeg. & Peter) Üksip, nom. inval.


name:
Hieracium vulgatum Fr. subsp. acuminatum (Jord.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium vulgatum Fr. subsp. cacuminatum (Dahlst.) Zahn


name:
Hieracium vulgatum Fr. subsp. festinum (Jord. ex Boreau) Zahn


name:
Hieracium vulgatum Fr. subsp. subviriduliceps Zahn


name:
Hieracium vulgatum Fr. subsp. truncipilum Thaisz & Zahn


name:
Hieracium wysokae (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Inula salicina L. subsp. aspera (Poir.) Hayek


name:
Inula salicina L. subsp. sabuletorum (Czern. ex Lavrenko) Soják


name:
Jacea phrygia (L.) Soják subsp. melanocalathia (Borbás) Soják


name:
Lactuca quercina L. subsp. chaixii (Vill.) Čelak.


name:
Lactuca quercina L. subsp. sagittata (Waldst. & Kit.) Čelak.


name:
Lactuca wilhelmsiana Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex DC.


name:
Lapsana alpina auct. non Boiss. & Balansa


name:
Lapsana communis L. subsp. intermedia (M.Bieb.) Hayek


name:
Lapsana grandiflora M.Bieb. var. intermedia (M.Bieb.) Schmalh.


name:
Leontodon asper (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir. 1814, non Forssk. 1775


name:
Leontodon autumnalis L. subsp. pratensis (Link) Arcang.


name:
Leontodon autumnalis L. var. pratensis (Link) W.D.J.Koch


name:
Leontodon autumnalis L. var. alpinus Gaudin


name:
Leontodon caucasicus (M.Bieb.) Fisch. var. jailae (Klokov) Geltman


name:
Leontodon danubialis Jacq. var. optimus W.D.J.Koch


name:
Leontodon hispidus L. subsp. danubialis (Jacq.) Simonk.


name:
Leontodon hispidus L. subsp. optimus (W.D.J.Koch) Finch & P.D.Sell


name:
Leontodon montanus Lam. subsp. pseudotaraxaci (Schur) Finch & P.D.Sell


name:
Leontodon taraxacoides (Vill.) Mérat 1831, non Hoppe & Hornsch. 1821


name:
Leucanthemum adustum (W.D.J.Koch) Gremli subsp. margaritae (Gáyer ex Jáv.) Holub


name:
Leucanthemum margaritae (Gáyer ex Jáv.) Soó


name:
Leucanthemum raciborskii M.Pop. & Chrshan.


name:
Leucanthemum rotundifolium (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) DC.


name:
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. subsp. ircutianum (Turcz. ex DC.) Tzvelev


name:
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. subsp. margaritae (Gáyer ex Jáv.) Soó


name:
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. subsp. subalpinum (Schur) Soó


name:
Leucanthemum waldsteinii (Sch.Bip.) Pouzar, nom. illeg.


name:
Ligularia carpatica (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Pojark.


name:
Ligularia glauca auct. non (L.) O.Hoffm.


name:
Matricaria chamomilla L. 1753, nom. ambig.


name:
Matricaria chamomilla L. 1755, nom. ambig.


name:
Matricaria chamomilla L. subsp. tzvelevii (Pobed.) Soó


name:
Matricaria inodora L., nom. illeg. superfl.


name:
Matricaria suaveolens (Pursh) Buchenau 1894, non L. 1755


name:
Omalotheca hoppeana (W.D.J.Koch) Sch.Bip. & F.W.Schultz


name:
Omalotheca norvegica (Gunn.) Sch.Bip. & F.W.Schultz


name:
Omalotheca sylvatica (L.) Sch.Bip. & F.W.Schultz


name:
Petasites hybridus (L.) P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Petasites hybridus (L.) P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. subsp. ochroleucus (Boiss. & Huet.) Sourek


name:
Phalacrachena inuloides (Fisch. ex Schmalh.) Iljin


name:
Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort. subsp. septentrionale (Fernald & Wiegand) Adema


name:
Phalacroloma annuum (L.) Dumort. subsp. strigosum (Muehl. ex Willd.) Adema


name:
Phalacroloma septentrionale (Fernald & Wiegand) Tzvelev


name:
Phalacroloma strigosum (Muehl. ex Willd.) Tzvelev


name:
Pilosella acutisquama (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella amaureilema (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × apatelia (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella aquilonaris (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella armeniaca (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × arvicola (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella asiatica (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella aurantiaca (L.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella × auriculoides (A.F.Lang) F.Schultz


name:
Pilosella bauhini (Besser) Arv.-Touv., ortho


name:
Pilosella × bifurca (M.Bieb.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella × blyttiana (Fr.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella × brachiata (Bertol. ex Lam.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D.Sell & C.West


name:
Pilosella × calodon (Tausch ex Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella carpathicola (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella cymantha (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella cymosa (L.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip


name:
Pilosella echioides (Lumn.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella fastigiata (Tausch ex Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × flagellariformis (G.Schneid.) Soják


name:
Pilosella × flagellaris (Willd.) Arv.-Touv.


name:
Pilosella floccipeduncula (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × floribunda (Wimmer & Grab.) Fr.


name:
Pilosella × fuscoatra (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella glaucochroa (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella heothina (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella hispidissima (Rehmann ex Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella hoppeana (Schult.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella ingrica (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × kalksburgensis (Wiesb.) Soják


name:
Pilosella × koernickeana (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella lactucella (Wallr.) P.D.Sell & C.West


name:
Pilosella × lamprocoma (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella lithuanica (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × lobarzewskii (Rehmann) Soják


name:
Pilosella × longa (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella macrocyma (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × macrostolona (G.Schneid.) Soják


name:
Pilosella magnauricula (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella malacotricha (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella marginalis (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella megalomastix (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella neriedowae (Woł. & Zahn) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella nigriseta (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella obscuribracteata (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella officinarum F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella × paragoga (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella × piloselliflora (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella praealta (Vill. ex Gochn.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella procera (Fr.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella proceriformis (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella × prussica (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella pseudauriculoides (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × rothiana (Wallr.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella × schultesii (F.Schultz) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella × sciadophora (Naeg. & Peter) Soják


name:
Pilosella × stoloniflora (Waldst. & Kit.) Fr.


name:
Pilosella subaurantiaca (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × suecica (Fr.) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Pilosella tricheilema (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella volhynica (Naeg. & Peter) Schljak.


name:
Pilosella × ziziana (Tausch) F.Schultz & Sch.Bip.


name:
Podospermum molle (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Psephellus leucophyllus auct. non Boiss.


name:
Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) O.M.Hilliard & B.L.Burtt


name:
Ptarmica cartilaginea (Ledeb. ex Rchb.) Ledeb.


name:
Ptarmica salicifolia (Besser) Serg. subsp. cartilaginea (Ledeb. ex Rchb.) Tzvelev


name:
Pyrethrum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Willd.


name:
Rhagadiolus stellatus auct. non (L.) P.Gaertn.


name:
Rhagadiolus stellatus (L.) P.Gaertn. var. edulis (P.Gaertn.) DC.


name:
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. subsp. viridis (Willd.) Rouy


name:
Saussurea salsa (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Spreng.


name:
Scorzonera austriaca Willd. subsp. crispa (M.Bieb.) Nyman


name:
Scorzonera mollis M.Bieb. var. subacaulis Tzvelev


name:
Scorzonera purpurea L. subsp. rosea (Waldst. & Kit.) Nyman


name:
Senecio abrotanifolius L. subsp. carpathicus (Herbich) Nyman


name:
Senecio aquaticus Hill. subsp. erraticus (Bertol.) Matthews


name:
Senecio aquaticus Hill. subsp. barbareifolius (Wimmer & Grab.) Walters


name:
Senecio aurantiacus (Hoppe ex. Willd.) Griseb. & Schenk


name:
Senecio barbareifolius (Wimmer & Grab.) Rchb.


name:
Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod. subsp. cineraria (DC) Chater


name:
Senecio borysthenicus (DC.) Andrz. ex Czern.


name:
Senecio doria L. subsp. umbrosus (Waldst. & Kit.) Soó


name:
Senecio erucifolius L. subsp. tenuifolius Schuebl. & G.Martens


name:
Senecio incanus L. subsp. carniolicus (Willd.) Braun-Blanq.


name:
Senecio nemorensis L. subsp. fuchsii (C.C.Gmel.) Čelak.


name:
Senecio nemorensis L. subsp. jacquinianus (Rchb.) Čelak.


name:
Senecio nemorensis L. var. germanicus (Wallr.) Beck


name:
Senecio ovatus (P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Willd.


name:
Serratula bracteifolia (Iljin ex Grossh.) Stank.


name:
Serratula heterophylla auct. non (L.) Desf.


name:
Serratula nitida (Waldst. & Kit.) Besser


name:
Serratula radiata (Waldst. & Kit.) M.Bieb.


name:
Serratula radiata (Waldst. & Kit.) M.Bieb. subsp. bracteifolia Iljin ex Grossh.


name:
Solidago alpestris Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Solidago gigantea Aiton subsp. serotina (Kuntze) McNeill


name:
Solidago serotina Aiton 1789, non Retz. 1781


name:
Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. alpestris (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Rchb.


name:
Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. jailarum (Juz.) Tzvelev


name:
Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. minuta auct. non (L.) Arcang.


name:
Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. taurica (Juz.) Tzvelev


name:
Sonchus arvensis L. subsp. uliginosus Nyman


name:
Stenactis septentrionalis (Fernald & Wiegand) Holub


name:
Stenactis strigosa (Muehl. ex Willd.) DC.


name:
Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. subsp. clusii (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Heyw.


name:
Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Sch.Bip.


name:
Taraxacum alpinum auct. non Hegetschw. & Heer


name:
Taraxacum serotinum (Waldst. & Kit.) Poir.


name:
Taraxacum sublaciniosum Dahlst. & Lindb.f.


name:
Tephroseris aurantiaca (Hoppe ex. Willd.) Griseb. & Schenk


name:
Tephroseris capitata (Wahlenb.) Griseb. & Schenk


name:
Tephroseris rivularis (Waldst. & Kit.) Schur


name:
Thrincia saxatilis (Lam.) Holub & Moravec


name:
Tragopogon dubius Scop. subsp. desertorum (Lindem.) Tzvelev


name:
Tragopogon dubius Scop. subsp. major (Jacq.) Vollm.


name:
Tragopogon floccosus auct. non Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Tragopogon pratensis L. subsp. orientalis (L.) Čelak.


name:
Tragopogon ruthenicus Besser ex Krasch. & S.Nikit. subsp. tanaiticus (Artemcz.) C.Regel


name:
Verbesina encelioides (Cav.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex A.Gray


name:
Xanthium albinum (Widder) H.Scholz subsp. riparium (Čelak.) Widder & Wagenitz


name:
Xanthium albinum (Widder) H.Scholz subsp. ripicola (Holub) Dostál


name:
Xanthium italicum Moretti subsp. riparium Čelak.


name:
Xanthium riparium Itzigs. & Hertsch, nom. illeg.


name:
Xeroloma cylindracea (Sibth. & Smith) Holub


name:
Anredera baselloides auct. non (Kunth) Baillon


name:
Boussingaultia baselloides auct. non Kunth


name:
Berberis vulgaris L. subsp. orientalis (C.K.Schneid.) Takht.


name:
Berberis vulgaris L. var. orientalis (C.K.Schneid.) Papava


name:
Gymnospermium altaicum (Pall.) Spach subsp. odessanum (DC.) E.Mayer & Pulevič


name:
Leontice altaica Pall. var. odessana DC.


name:
Betula pendula Roth subsp. obscura (A.Kotula) A.Löve


name:
Betula verrucosa Ehrh. subsp. obscura (A.Kotula) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Catalpa bignonioides Walter var. speciosa Warder ex Barney


name:
Catalpa speciosa (Warder ex Barney) Warder ex Engelm.


name:
Anchusa ochroleuca M.Bieb. subsp. popovii Guşul.


name:
Anchusa orientalis (L.) Rchb.f. 1858, non L. 1753


name:
Echium rubrum Jacq. 1778, non Forssk. 1774


name:
Eritrichium nanum (All.) Schrad. ex Gaudin


name:
Heliotropium subcanescens Andrz. & Besser ex Steven


name:
Lappula consanquinea (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Guerke


name:
Lappula semicincta (Steven) M.Pop. ex Dobrocz.


name:
Myosotis collina Rchb. 1822, non Hoffm. 1791


name:
Myosotis pineticola Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Myosotis scorpioides L. var. arvensis L.


name:
Myosotis scorpioides L. var. palustris L.


name:
Nonea pulla DC. subsp. taurica (Ledeb.) Soó


name:
Onosma arenaria auct. non Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Onosma stellulata auct. non Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Pulmonaria officinalis L. subsp. obscura (Dumort.) Murb.


name:
Rindera umbellata (Waldst. & Kit.) Bunge


name:
Symphytum cordatum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Symphytum officinale L. subsp. bohemicum (F.W.Schmidt) Čelak.


name:
Symphytum officinale L. subsp. uliginosum (A.Kern.) Nyman


name:
Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande


name:
Alyssum arenarium C.C.Gmel., nom. illeg.


name:
Alyssum montanum L. subsp. gmelinii (Jord.) Hegi & E.Schmid


name:
Alyssum montanum L. subsp. rostratum (Steven) Schmalh.


name:
Alyssum montanum L. subsp. trichostachyum (Rupr.) Hayek


name:
Alyssum obtusifolium auct. non Steven ex DC.


name:
Alyssum repens Baumg. subsp. trichostachyum (Rupr.) Hayek


name:
Alyssum tortuosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Alyssum tortuosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. borzaeanum (Nyár.) Stoj. & Stef.


name:
Alyssum tortuosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. caliacrae (Nyár.) Stoj. & Stef.


name:
Alyssum tortuosum Waldst. & Kit. subsp. cretaceum Kotov


name:
Alyssum tortuosum Waldst. & Kit. subsp. savranicum (Andrz.) Nyár.


name:
Alyssum turkestanicum Regel & Schmalh. var. desertorum (Stapf.) Botsch.


name:
Arabidopsis halleri (L.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz


name:
Arabidopsis neglecta (Schultes) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz


name:
Arabis alpina L. subsp. caucasica (Schlecht. ex Willd.) Briq.


name:
Arabis gerardii (Besser) Besser ex W.D.J.Koch


name:
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. subsp. hornungiana (Schur.) Simonk.


name:
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. subsp. sudetica (Tausch) Oborny


name:
Arabis planisiliqua auct. non (Pers.) Rchb.


name:
Arabis planisiliqua (Pers.) Rchb. subsp. nemorensis (Hoffm.) Soják


name:
Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib., nom. inval.


name:
Armoracia macrocarpa (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Kit. ex Baumg.


name:
Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J.Presl & C.Presl) Rchb.


name:
Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. subsp. arcuata (Opiz ex J.Presl & C.Presl) Hayek


name:
Biscutella austriaca Jord. subsp. hungarica (Soó) Peniašteková


name:
Biscutella laevigata L. subsp. austriaca (Jord.) Mach.-Laur.


name:
Biscutella laevigata L. subsp. hungarica Soó


name:
Brassica cretacea (Kotov) Stank., nom. inval.


name:
Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A.R.Clapham


name:
Brassica sylvestris auct. non (L.) Mill.


name:
Brassica sylvestris (L.) Mill. subsp. taurica Tzvelev


name:
Cakile maritima Scop. subsp. euxina (Pobed.) Nyár.


name:
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. subsp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiitonen


name:
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz subsp. zingeri (Mirek) Smejkal


name:
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz var. pilosa DC.


name:
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz var. zingeri Mirek


name:
Cardamine amara L. subsp. opicii (J.Presl et C.Presl) Čelak.


name:
Cardamine glandulosa (Waldst. & Kit.) Čelak., non Blanco


name:
Cardamine opizii J.Presl & C.Presl, ortho


name:
Cardamine palustris (Wimmer & Graebn.) Peterm.


name:
Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. dentata (Schult.) Čelak.


name:
Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. matthioli (Moretti) Nyman


name:
Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. paludosa (Knaf) Čelak.


name:
Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. rivularis (Schur) Nyman


name:
Cardaminopsis arenosa (L.) Hayek subsp. borbasii (Zapał.) Pawl. ex H.Scholz


name:
Cardaminopsis arenosa (L.) Hayek var. multijuga (Borbás) Kotov


name:
Cardaminopsis halleri (L.) Hayek subsp. ovirensis (Wulfen) E.Schmid


name:
Cardaminopsis ovirensis (Wulfen) Thell. ex Jáv.


name:
Cardaminopsis ovirensis (Wulfen) O.Schwarz, comb. superfl.


name:
Clypeola jonthlaspi L. subsp. microcarpa (G.Moris) Arcang.


name:
Conringia perfoliata (C.A.Mey.) N.Busch 1939, non Link 1822


name:
Coronopus procumbens Ces., Passerini & Gibelli


name:
Coronopus procumbens Gilib., nom. inval.


name:
Crambe koktebelica (Junge) N.Busch var. mitridatis (Juz.) Kotov


name:
Erophila verna (L.) Chevall., comb. superfl.


name:
Erophila verna (L.) Besser subsp. praecox (Steven) Walters


name:
Erucastrum armoracioides (Czern. ex Turcz.) Cruchet


name:
Erucastrum elongatum auct. non (Ehrh.) Rchb.


name:
Erysimum erysimoides (L.) Fritsch ex Janchen, non (Kar. & Kir.) O.E.Schulz


name:
Erysimum strictum P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Erysimum witmannii Zawadzki subsp. transsilvanicum (Schur) P.W.Ball


name:
Hesperis candida Kit. ex Mueggenb., Kanitz & Knapp


name:
Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. candida (Kit. ex Muggenb., Kanitz & Knapp) Hegi & E.Schmid


name:
Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. nivea (Baumg.) Kulcz.


name:
Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. sibirica (L.) Hayek


name:
Hesperis matronalis L. subsp. voronovii (N.Busch) P.W.Ball


name:
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagr.-Foss. subsp. leptocarpa Tzvelev


name:
Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. campestris (Steven ex DC.) Kulcz.


name:
Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. praecox (Kit. ex Tratt.) Domin & Podp.


name:
Isatis tinctoria L. subsp. tomentella (Boiss. & Balansa) P.H.Davis


name:
Lepidium cartilagineum (J.Mayer) Thell. subsp. crassifolium (Waldst. & Kit.) Thell.


name:
Lepidium cartilagineum (J.Mayer) Thell. subsp. pumilum (Boiss. & Balansa) Hedge


name:
Lepidium cartilagineum (J.Mayer) Thell. var. borysthenicum (Kleopow) Latowski


name:
Lepidium meyeri Claus subsp. turczaninowii (Lipsky) Schmalh.


name:
Lepidium sibiricum Schweigg. 1812, non Pall. 1776


name:
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) DC. subsp. bicornis (Sibth. & Smith) P.W.Ball


name:
Matthiola odoratissima (M.Bieb.) R.Br. subsp. taurica (Conti) Stank.


name:
Meniocus linifolius (Stephan ex Willd.) DC.


name:
Neotorularia contortuplicata (Stephan ex Willd.) Hedge & J.Léonard


name:
Neotorularia torulosa (Desf.) Hedge & J.Léonard


name:
Pseudoarabidopsis toxophylla (M.Bieb.) Al-Shehbaz, O’Kane & Price


name:
Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser var. natans (DC.) Kotov


name:
Rorippa amphibia (L.) Besser var. riparia (Wallr.) Kotov


name:
Rorippa islandica (Oeder ex Murray) Borbás subsp. dogadovae (Tzvelev) Jonsell


name:
Rorippa × prostrata (Bergeret) Schinz & Thell., nom. ambig.


name:
Schivereckia podolica (Besser) Andrz. ex DC.


name:
Sinapis alba L. subsp. dissecta (Lag.) Simonk.


name:
Sisymbrium wolgense M.Bieb. ex Fourn., ortho


name:
Syrenia sessiliflora Ledeb., nom. illeg.


name:
Torularia contortuplicata (Stephan ex Willd.) O.E.Schulz, nom. illeg.


name:
Torularia torulosa (Desf.) O.E.Schulz, nom. illeg.


name:
Opuntia camanchica auct. non Engelm. & Bigelow


name:
Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. ex Hook.) Benth.


name:
Callitriche hamulata Kutz. ex W.D.J.Koch


name:
Adenophora liliifolia (L.) Ledeb. ex A.DC.


name:
Asyneuma canescens (Waldst. & Kit.) Griseb. & Schenk


name:
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. elliptica (Kit.) Jáv.


name:
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. elliptica (Kit.) Jáv. f. subcapitata (M.Pop.) Soó


name:
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. farinosa (Andrz.) Kirschl.


name:
Campanula glomerata L. subsp. subcapitata (M.Pop.) Fed.


name:
Campanula kladniana (Schur) Witasek subsp. polymorpha Witasek


name:
Campanula macrostachya Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina (Griseb. & Schenk) Simonk.


name:
Campanula rotundifolia L. subsp. polymorpha (Witasek) Tacik


name:
Campanula rotundifolia L. subsp. kladniana (Schur) Tacik


name:
Campanula serrata (Kit. ex Schult.) Hendrych


name:
Campanula sibirica L. subsp. charkeviczii (Fed.) Fed.


name:
Campanula sibirica L. subsp. elatior (Fomin) Fed.


name:
Campanula sibirica L. subsp. talievii (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Campanula sibirica L. subsp. taurica (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Campanula stevenii M.Bieb. subsp. altaica (Ledeb.) Fed.


name:
Cannabis sativa L. subsp. spontanea Serebr.


name:
Humulopsis scandens auct. non (Lour.) Grudz.


name:
Humulus scandens auct. non (Lour.) Merrill


name:
Capparis ovata Desf. var. herbacea (Willd.) Zohary


name:
Cleome ornithopodioides L. subsp. canescens (Steven ex DC.) Tzvelev


name:
Cleome ornithopodioides L. subsp. donetzica (Tzvelev) Tzvelev


name:
Weigela floribunda (Siebold & Zucc.) C.A.Mey.


name:
Alsine pinifolia Fenzl var. eglandulosa Fenzl


name:
Arenaria stenophylla L. subsp. sarmatica Zapał.


name:
Arenaria ucranica Spreng. ex Steud., nom. nud.


name:
Cerastium alpinum L. subsp. lanatum auct. non (Lam.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Cerastium brachypetalum Pers. subsp. tauricum (Spreng.) Murb.


name:
Cerastium caespitosum Gilib., nom. inval.


name:
Cerastium fontanum Baumg. subsp. lucorum (Schur) Soó


name:
Cerastium villosum Steven 1856, non Baumg. 1816


name:
Coronaria coriacea (Moench) Schischk. & Gorschk.


name:
Dianthus campestris M.Bieb. subsp. laevigatus (Gruner) Klokov


name:
Dianthus campestris M.Bieb. subsp. steppaceus Širj. & Lavrenko


name:
Dianthus carthusianorum L. subsp. pontederae (A.Kern.) Hegi


name:
Dianthus chinensis L. subsp. pseudobarbatus Schmalh.


name:
Dianthus giganteiformis Borbás subsp. pontederae (A.Kern.) Soó


name:
Dianthus leptopetalus Willd. subsp. podolicus Kleopow


name:
Dianthus polymorphus M.Bieb. subsp. bessarabicus Kleopow


name:
Dianthus pseudobarbatus Besser, nom. nud.


name:
Dianthus pseudobarbatus Besser ex Ledeb., nom. illeg.


name:
Dianthus superbus L. subsp. alpestris Kablik ex Čelak.


name:
Dianthus superbus L. subsp. speciosus (Rchb.) Hayek


name:
Dianthus superbus L. subsp. stenocalyx (Juz.) Kleopow


name:
Dianthus trifasciculatus Kit. susbp. pseudobarbatus (Schmalh.) Jalas


name:
Dianthus trifasciculatus Kit. susbp. euponticus (Zapał.) Kleopow


name:
Eremogone procera auct. non (Spreng.) Rchb.


name:
Eremogone stenophylla (Ledeb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Gypsophila fastigiata L. subsp. collina (Steven ex Ser.) Schmalh.


name:
Holosteum glutinosum (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Melandrium nemorale (Heuff. ex Rchb.) A.Braun


name:
Minuartia hybrida auct. non (Vill.) Schischk.


name:
Minuartia montana L. subsp. wiesneri ( Stapf) McNeill


name:
Minuartia setacea auct. non (Thuill.) Hayek


name:
Minuartia viscosa (Schreb.) Schinz & Thell.


name:
Minuartia viscosa auct. non (Schreb.) Schinz & Thell.


name:
Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench subsp. sarmaticum Zapał.


name:
Myosoton sarmaticum (Zapał.) Săvul. & Rayss.


name:
Otites exaltatus auct. non (Friv.) Holub


name:
Otites pseudootites auct. non (Besser ex Rchb.) Klokov


name:
Otites pseudotites auct. non (Besser ex Rchb.) Klokov, ortho


name:
Paronychia cephalotes (M.Bieb.) Besser subsp. pontica Borhidi


name:
Paronychia cephalotes (M.Bieb.) Besser subsp. taurica (Borhidi & Sikura) Tzvelev


name:
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood


name:
Silene alba (Mill.) E.Krause, nom. illeg.


name:
Silene chersonensis (Zapał.) Kleopow subsp. littoralis Kleopow


name:
Silene compacta auct. non Fisch. ex Hornem.


name:
Silene conica L. subsp. subconica (Friv.) Gavioli


name:
Silene latifolia Poir. subsp. alba (Mill.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britt. & Rendle, nom. illeg.


name:
Silene multiflora (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers.


name:
Silene nutans L. subsp. dubia (Herbich) Zapał.


name:
Silene pseudootites auct. non Besser ex Rchb.


name:
Silene pseudotites auct. non Besser ex Rchb., ortho


name:
Silene steppicola Kleopow subsp. glabra Kleopow


name:
Silene steppicola Kleopow subsp. pubescens Kleopow


name:
Silene sytnikii Krytzka, Novosad & Protopopova


name:
Silene wolgensis (Hornem.) Besser ex Spreng.


name:
Spergula arvensis L. subsp. linicola (Boreau) Janch.


name:
Spergula arvensis L. subsp. maxima (Weihe) O.Schwarz


name:
Spergula pentandra (Wallr.) Rchb., non L.


name:
Spergularia rubra (L.) J.Presl & C.Presl


name:
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. subsp. neglecta (Weihe) Murb.


name:
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. subsp. pallida (Dumort.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Stellaria mosquensis M.Bieb. ex Schlecht.


name:
Stellaria pallida (Dumort.) Piré, conb. inval.


name:
Vaccaria grandiflora (Fisch. ex Ser.) Jaub. & Spach


name:
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert subsp. grandiflora (Fisch. ex Ser.) Holub


name:
Ceratophyllum demersum L. subsp. pentacanthum (Haynald) Soó


name:
Ceratophyllum demersum L. subsp. platyacanthum auct. non (Cham.) Nyman


name:
Ceratophyllum echinatum auct. non A.Gray


name:
Ceratophyllum platyacanthum auct. non Cham.


name:
Ceratophyllum submersum L. subsp. muricatum auct. non (Cham.) Wilmot-Dear


name:
Atriplex hastata auct. non L., nom utique rej. prop.


name:
Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. subsp. latifolia (Wahlenb.) Rauschert


name:
Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. subsp. polonica (Zapał.) Uotila


name:
Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss subsp. densiflora (Turcz. ex Moq.) Ciruja & Velayos


name:
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang.


name:
Ceratoides latens (J.F.Gmel.) Reveal & N.Holmgren


name:
Chenopodium album L. subsp. iranicum Aellen


name:
Chenopodium album L. subsp. novopokrovskyanum Aellen


name:
Chenopodium album L. subsp. reticulatum (Aellen) Beaugé ex Greuter & Burdet


name:
Chenopodium album L. subsp. striatum (Krašan) J.Murr


name:
Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. subsp. zschackei (J.Murr) Zobel


name:
Chenopodium desiccatum auct. non A.Nelson


name:
Chenopodium × humuliforme (J.Murr) Dvořák


name:
Chenopodium intermedium Mert. & W.D.J.Koch


name:
Chenopodium laciniatum J.Murr, non Thunb. nec Roxb.


name:
Chenopodium lanceolatum Muehl. ex Willd.


name:
Chenopodium × morariui (Prodán) Mosyakin


name:
Chenopodium × pseudostriatum (Zschacke) J.Murr


name:
Chenopodium strictum Roth subsp. glaucophyllum (Aellen) Aellen


name:
Chenopodium strictum Roth subsp. striatum (Krašan) Aellen & Iljin


name:
Chenopodium urbicum L. var. intermedium (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) W.D.J.Koch


name:
Chenopodium virgatum (L.) Ambrosi, nom. illeg.


name:
Corispermum bjelorussicum Klokov & A.Krasnova


name:
Corispermum calvo-borysthenicum Klokov, nom. illeg.


name:
Corispermum hybridum sensu Tzvelev, non Besser ex Andrz.


name:
Corispermum nitidum Kit. subsp. microspermum (Host) Mosyakin


name:
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad subsp. densiflora (Turcz. ex Moq.) Aellen


name:
Kochia sieversiana (Pall.) C.A.Mey. s.str.


name:
Kochia sieversiana auct. non (Pall.) C.A.Mey.


name:
Salsola kali L. subsp. pontica (Pall.) Mosyakin


name:
Salsola kali L. subsp. tragus (L.) Čelak.


name:
Salsola kali L. subsp. tragus auct. non (L.) Čelak.


name:
Fumana thymifolia auct. non (L.) Spach ex Webb


name:
Fumana viscidula (Steven ex Palib.) Juz.


name:
Helianthemum canum (L.) Hornem. subsp. stevenii (Rupr. ex Juz. & Pozdeeva) Proctor


name:
Helianthemum creticola Klokov & Dobrocz.


name:
Helianthemum cretophilum Klokov & Dobrocz.


name:
Helianthemum grandiflorum (Scop.) DC. subsp. glabrum (W.D.J.Koch) Holub


name:
Helianthemum grandiflorum (Scop.) DC. subsp. glaucescens (Murb.) Holub


name:
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. subsp. glabrum (W.D.J.Koch) Wilczek


name:
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. subsp. grandiflorum (Scop.) Schintz & Thell.


name:
Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. subsp. obscurum (Čelak.) Holub


name:
Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) DC. subsp. orientale (Grosser) Proctor


name:
Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) DC. subsp. rupifragum (A.Kern.) Murb.


name:
Helianthemum orientale (Grosser) Juz. & Pozdeeva


name:
Helianthemum stevenii Rupr. ex Juz. & Pozdeeva


name:
Helianthemum viscidulum Steven ex Palib.


name:
Rhodax stevenii (Rupr. ex Juz. & Pozdeeva) Holub


name:
Hypericum alpestre (Steven ex Woronow) Gorschk.


name:
Hypericum quadrangulum L., nom. utique rej.


name:
Hypericum strictum Maleev 1930; non Kunth 1821


name:
Calystegia sepium (L.) R.Br. subsp. americana (Sims) Brummitt


name:
Calystegia sylvestris Roem. & Schult., nom. illeg.


name:
Convolvulus calvertii Boiss. subsp. bracteosus (Juz.) Smoljian.


name:
Convolvulus calvertii Boiss. subsp. tauricus (Bornm.) Smoljian.


name:
Convolvulus tauricus (Bornm.) Juz. var. sericocephalus (Juz.) Wissjul.


name:
Cornus sanguinea L. subsp. czerniaëwii Grosset


name:
Cornus sanguinea L. subsp. hungarica (Karpati) Soó


name:
Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Britton & Shafer


name:
Swida australis (C.A.Mey.) Pojark. ex Grossh.


name:
Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Kubat


name:
Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz subsp. czerniaëwii (Grosset) Gubanov & V.N.Tichomirov


name:
Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz subsp. hungarica (Karpati) Kubat


name:
Hylotelephium argutum (Haw.) Holub subsp. carpaticum (G.Reuss.) Dostál


name:
Hylotelephium decumbens auct. non (Luce) V.Byalt


name:
Hylotelephium telephium (L.) Ohba subsp. ruprechtii (Jalas) Dostál


name:
Hylotelephium telephium auct. non (L.) Ohba


name:
Jovibarba globifera (L.) J.Parn. subsp. hirta (L.) J.Parn.


name:
Jovibarba hirta (L.) Opiz subsp. borealis (H.Huber) Soó


name:
Jovibarba hirta (L.) Opiz subsp. glabrescens (Sabr.) Soó & Jáv.


name:
Jovibarba hirta (L.) Opiz subsp. preissiana (Domin) Soó


name:
Jovibarba hirta (L.) Opiz subsp. tatrensis (Domin) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Jovibarba preissiana (Domin) Omelczuk & Czopik


name:
Sedum sartorianum Boiss. subsp. hillebrandtii (Fenzl) D.A.Webb


name:
Sedum telephium L. subsp. ruprechtii Jalas


name:
Sedum telephium L. subsp. fabaria (W.D.J.Koch) Kirsch.


name:
Sempervivum ruthenicum Schnittsp. & C.B.Lehm.


name:
Spathulata spuria (M.Bieb.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Bryonia cretica L. subsp. dioica (Jacq.) Tutin


name:
Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai


name:
Echinocystis echinata (Muehl. ex Willd.) Britt., Sterns & Poggenb.


name:
Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray


name:
Cuscuta australis R.Br. subsp. cesatiana (Bertol.) Fienbrun


name:
Cuscuta australis R.Br. subsp. tinei (Insenga) Fienbrun


name:
Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. subsp. kotschyi (Des Moul.) Arcang.


name:
Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L. subsp. trifolii (Bab. & Gibson) Berger


name:
Cuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.


name:
Cuscuta scandens Brot. subsp. cesatiana (Bertol.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Grammica campestris (Yunck.) Hadač & Chrtek


name:
Monogynella lupuliformis (Krock.) Hadač & Chrtek


name:
Cephalaria transsylvanica (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.


name:
Cephalaria uralensis (Murray) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.


name:
Dipsacus strigosus Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.


name:
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. subsp. kitaibelii (Schult.) Szabó


name:
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coult. var. carpathica (Fisch. ex Rchb.) G.Reuss


name:
Knautia carpathica (Fisch. ex Rchb.) Heuff.


name:
Knautia dipsacifolia Kreutzer subsp. pocutica (Szabó) Ehrend.


name:
Knautia longifolia auct. non (Waldst. & Kit.) W.D.J.Koch


name:
Lomelosia argentea (L.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Lomelosia rotata (M.Bieb.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Lomelosia micrantha (Desf.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Trichera arvensis (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult.


name:
Trichera dipsacifolia (Kreutzer) Nyman subsp. pocutica (Szabó) Soják


name:
Trochocephalus argenteus (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Trochocephalus ucranicus (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Trochocephalus rotatus (M.Bieb.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Trochocephalus micranthus (Desf.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Virga strigosa (Willd. ex Roem. & Schult) Holub


name:
Hippophaë rhamnoides L. subsp. carpatica Rousi


name:
Empetrum nigrum L. subsp. hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Böcher


name:
Arctostaphylos officinalis Wimmer & Grab.


name:
Oxycoccus oxycoccos (L.) B.H.Macmill., nom. inval.


name:
Rhododendron myrtifolium Schott & Kotschy


name:
Vaccinium microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh.


name:
Vaccinium uliginosum L. subsp. microphyllum (Lange) Tolm.


name:
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. subsp. minor (Lodd.) Hultén


name:
Agaloma marginata (Pursh) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Chamaesyce humifusa (Willd. ex Schlecht.) Prokh.


name:
Chrozophora obliqua (Vahl) A.Juss. ex Spreng.


name:
Euphorbia carpatica sensu Klokov, non Woł.


name:
Euphorbia gracilis M.Bieb. 1819, non Loisel. 1807


name:
Euphorbia helioscopia L. subsp. helioscopioides (Loscos & Pardo) O.Bolos


name:
Euphorbia helioscopia L. subsp. hiemalis A.P.Khokhr.


name:
Euphorbia helioscopioides Loscos & Pardo


name:
Euphorbia jasiewiczii (Chrtek & Křisa) Dubovik


name:
Euphorbia kitaibelii Klokov ex Dubovik, nom. inval.


name:
Euphorbia nicaeensis All. subsp. glareosa (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) A.R.Smith


name:
Euphorbia pseudovillosa Klokov 1955, non Prod. 1953


name:
Euphorbia sojakii (Chrtek & Křisa) Dubovik


name:
Euphorbia valdevillosocarpa Arvat & Nyár.


name:
Poinsettia dentata (Michx.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus agrarius (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus aleppicus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus falcatus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus glareosus (Pall. ex M.Bieb.) Prokh.


name:
Tithymalus lucidus (Waldst. & Kit.) Klotzsch ex Garcke


name:
Tithymalus rigidus (M.Bieb.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus salicifolius (Host) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus sojakii (Chrtek & Křisa) Holub


name:
Tithymalus stepposus (Zoz ex Prokh.) Prokh.


name:
Tithymalus strictus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus taurinensis (All.) Klotzsch & Garcke


name:
Tithymalus uralensis (Fisch. ex Link) Prokh.


name:
Tithymalus valdevillosocarpus (Arvat & Nyár.) Chrtek & Křisa


name:
Tithymalus villosus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pacher


name:
Tithymalus volhynicus (Besser ex Racib.) Holub


name:
Amoria angulata (Waldst. & Kit.) C.Presl


name:
Amoria hybrida (L.) C.Presl subsp. elegans (Savi) Soják


name:
Anthyllis alpestris (Kit. ex Schult.) Rchb.


name:
Anthyllis polyphylla auct. non (DC.) Kit. ex Loudon


name:
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. alpestris (Kit. ex Schult.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. carpatica (Pant.) Nyman


name:
Anthyllis vulneraria L. subsp. boissieri (Sagorski) Bornm.


name:
Argyrolobium calycinum (M.Bieb.) Jaub. & Spach, nom. illeg.


name:
Argyrolobium pauciflorum (M.Bieb. ex Willd.) Hayek 1926, non Eckl. & Zeyh. 1836


name:
Astragalus australis auct. non (L.) Lam.


name:
Astragalus australis (L.) Lam. subsp. krajinae (Domin) Dostál


name:
Astragalus buchtormensis auct. non Pall.


name:
Astragalus glycyphyllos L. subsp. glycyphylloides (DC.) V.A.Matthews


name:
Astragalus guttatus auct. non Banks & Sol.


name:
Astragalus pseudotataricus auct. non Boriss.


name:
Caragana grandiflora auct. non (M.Bieb.) DC.


name:
Caragana grandiflora (M.Bieb.) DC. var. scythica Kom.


name:
Chamaecytisus elongatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Link.


name:
Chamaecytisus hirsutus auct. non (L.) Link


name:
Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link subsp. leucotrichus (Schur) Ponert


name:
Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Woł.) Klásk.


name:
Chamaecytisus zingeri auct. non (Nenuk.) Klásk., p.p.


name:
Colutea arborescens L. subsp. cilicica (Boiss. & Balansa) Ponert


name:
Corothamnus procumbens (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) C.Presl


name:
Eremosparton aphyllum (Pall.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Genista albida Willd. var. pontica Zelen.


name:
Genista depressa M.Bieb. var. cretacea Krjukova


name:
Genista pontica (Zelen.) Juz. 1951, non Spach 1845


name:
Genista tinctoria L. var. campestris (Janka) Morariu


name:
Genista tinctoria L. var. depressa (M.Bieb.) Schmalh.


name:
Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz & Thell.


name:
Hippocrepis emeroides (Boiss. & Spruner) Czerep.


name:
Laburnum alpinum (Mill.) Bercht. & J.Presl


name:
Lathyrus laevigatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Gren.


name:
Lathyrus pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke subsp. hispanicus (Lacaita) Baessler


name:
Lathyrus pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke subsp. collinus (Ortmann) Soó


name:
Lathyrus variegatus (Ten.) Gren. & Godr.


name:
Lathyrus versicolor auct. non (J.F.Gmel.) Beck


name:
Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. orientalis (Boiss.) Ponert


name:
Lens nigricans (M.Bieb.) Webb & Berthel.


name:
Lotus alpicola (G.Beck) Miniaev, Ulle & Krytzka


name:
Lotus angustissimus L. var. praetermissus (Kuprian.) Wissjul.


name:
Lotus caucasicus auct. non Kuprian. ex Juz.


name:
Medicago falcata L. subsp. romanica (Prodán) Schwarz & Klinkovski


name:
Medicago glandulosa (Mert. & W.D.J.Koch) Davidov


name:
Medicago tenderiensis Opperman ex Klokov


name:
Melilotus dentatus (Waldst. & Kit.) Pers.


name:
Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC. subsp. miniata (Steven) P.W.Ball


name:
Onobrychis longiaculeata (Pacz.) Wissjul., non Pau


name:
Onobrychis radiata auct. non (Desf.) M.Bieb.


name:
Ononis repens L. subsp. procurrens (Wallr.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Oxytropis montana (L.) DC. subsp. carpatica (Uechtr.) Soó


name:
Oxytropis sericea (Lam.) Simonk. 1886, non Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray 1838


name:
Pseudoacacia pseudoacacia Borbás, nom. illeg.


name:
Securigera securidaca (L.) Degen & Dörfl.


name:
Sophora alopecuroides L. subsp. jaubertii (Spach) Borza


name:
Tetragonolobus siliquosus (L.) Roth, nom. illeg.


name:
Trifolium agrarium L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Trifolium hybridum L. subsp. elegans (Savi) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Trifolium pratense L. subsp. kotulae (Pawł.) Soják


name:
Trifolium pratense L. subsp. sativum (Schreb.) Schuebl. & G.Martens


name:
Trifolium pratense L. var. sativum Schreb.


name:
Trifolium procumbens L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Trifolium repens L. subsp. orbelicum (Velen.) Pawł.


name:
Trifolium ucrainicum Opperman ex Wissjul.


name:
Vexibia alopecuroides (L.) Jakovl. subsp. jaubertii (Spach) Jakovl.


name:
Vicia grandiflora Scop. subsp. sordida (Waldst. & Kit.) Dostál


name:
Vicia lathyroides L. subsp. olbiensis (Reut. ex Timb.-Lagr.) Borza & Nyár.


name:
Vicia pannonica Crantz subsp. striata (M.Bieb.) Nyman


name:
Vicia tenuisissima (M.Bieb.) Schinz. & Thell.


name:
Vicia villosa Roth subsp. varia (Host) Corb.


name:
Fagus sylvatica L. subsp. moesiaca (Maly) Hjelm.


name:
Fagus sylvatica L. subsp. orientalis (Lipsky) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Quercus iberica Steven var. polycarpa (Schur) Zohary


name:
Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen.


name:
Quercus petraea Liebl. subsp. medwediewii (A.Camus) Menitsky


name:
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. subsp. dalechampii (Ten.) Soó


name:
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. subsp. polycarpa (Schur) Soó


name:
Quercus pubescens Willd., nom. cons. prop.


name:
Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC., nom. utique rej.


name:
Corydalis bulbosa (L.) DC. subsp. marschalliana (Pers.) Chater, comb. inval.


name:
Corydalis cava (L.) Schweigg. & Körte subsp. marschalliana (Pall. ex Willd) Hayek


name:
Corydalis marschalliana (Pall. ex Willd.) Pers.


name:
Pistolochia bulbosa (L.) Soják subsp. marschalliana (Pall.) Soják, comb. inval.


name:
Blackstonia acuminata (W.D.J.Koch & Ziz) Domin


name:
Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. austriacum (Ronn) Holub


name:
Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. ruthenicum (Velen.) Melderis


name:
Centaurium erythraea Rafn subsp. turcicum (Velen.) Melderis


name:
Centaurium littorale (D.Turner) Gilmour subsp. uliginosum (Waldst. & Kit.) Rothm. ex Melderis


name:
Centaurium minus Moench, nom. utique rej.


name:
Centaurium minus Moench subsp. austriacum (Ronniger) O.Schwarz


name:
Centaurium minus Moench subsp. turcicum (Velen.) Soó


name:
Centaurium pulchellum (Sw.) Druce subsp. meyeri (Bunge) Tzvelev


name:
Centaurium tenuiflorum (Hoffmgg. & Link) Fritsch


name:
Centaurium uliginosum (Waldst. & Kit.) G.Beck ex Ronniger


name:
Centaurium vulgare Rafn subsp. uliginosum (Waldst. & Kit.) Soó


name:
Gentiana praecox auct. non A.Kern. & J.Kern.


name:
Gentianella amarella (L.) Börner subsp. lingulata (Agardh) Holub


name:
Gentianella axillaris (F.W.Schmidt) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Gentianella lutescens (Velen.) Holub subsp. carpatica Holub


name:
Swertia perennis L. subsp. alpestris (Baumg.) Domin & Podp.


name:
Geranium robertianum L. var. purpureum (Vill.) DC.


name:
Geranium robertianum L. subsp. purpureum (Vill.) Schmalh.


name:
Geranium sibiricum L. subsp. popovii Tzvelev


name:
Geranium sylvaticum L. subsp. alpestre (Schur) Domin & Podp.


name:
Geranium tuberosum L. subsp. linearilobum (DC.) Schmalh.


name:
Globularia trichosantha Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Grossularia uva-crispa (L.) Mill. subsp. reclinata (L.) Dostál


name:
Ribes alpinum L. subsp. lucidum (Kit.) Pawł., nom. inval.


name:
Ribes alpinum L. subsp. lucidum (Kit.) Soják


name:
Ribes sylvestre (Lam.) Mert. & W.D.J.Koch


name:
Myriophyllum spicatum L. subsp. exalbescens (Fernald) Hultén


name:
Myriophyllum verticillatum L. subsp. sibiricum Kom.


name:
Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch, ortho


name:
Pterocarya pterocarpa (Michx.) Kunth ex I.Iljinsk.


name:
Acinos alpinus (L.) Moench subsp. baumgartenii (Simonk.) Pawł.


name:
Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy subsp. eglandulosus (Klokov) Pawł.


name:
Acinos arvensis (Lam.) Dandy subsp. villosus (Pers.) Soják


name:
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. subsp. chia (Schreb.) Arcang.


name:
Ballota nigra L. subsp. meridionalis (Beg.) Beg.


name:
Ballota nigra L. subsp. foetida (Vis.) Hayek


name:
Ballota nigra L. subsp. ruderalis (Sw.) Briq.


name:
Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi subsp. glandulosa (Req.) P.W.Ball


name:
Galeobdolon luteum Huds. subsp. montanum (Pers.) R.Mill


name:
Galeopsis tetrahit L. subsp. bifida (Boenn.) Fr.


name:
Galeopsis versicolor Curtis, non Spenner


name:
Lallemantia iberica (M.Bieb.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek


name:
Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Ehrend. & Polatschek subsp. montanum (Pers.) Ehrend. & Polatschek


name:
Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. subsp. montanum (Pers.) Hayek


name:
Lamium maculatum (L.) L. subsp. cupreum (Schott) Hadač


name:
Lamium montanum (Pers.) Hoffm. ex Kabath


name:
Lamium paczoskianum Worosch. subsp. orientale (Pacz.) P.W.Ball


name:
Leonurus cardiaca L. subsp. villosus (Desf. ex D'Urv.) Hyl.


name:
Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib. ex Usteri, nom. illeg.


name:
Melissa officinalis L. subsp. altissima (Sibth. & Smith) Arcang.


name:
Melittis carpatica Klokov var. sarmatica (Klokov) Soó


name:
Melittis melissophyllum L. subsp. carpatica (Klokov) P.W.Ball


name:
Mellitis melissophyllum L. var. carpatica (Klokov) Soó & Borsos


name:
Melittis melissophyllum L. subsp. sarmatica (Klokov) Gladkova


name:
Melittis melissophyllum L. var. sarmatica (Klokov) Soó & Borsos


name:
Mentha micrantha (Fisch. & Benth.) Litv.


name:
Mentha × rotundifolia auct. non (L.) Huds.


name:
Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce subsp. serpyllifolia (M.Bieb.) P.H.Davis


name:
Nepeta ucranica L. subsp. parviflora (M.Bieb.) M.Masclans de Boloś


name:
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. var. nankinensis (Lour.) Britt.


name:
Phlomis pungens Willd. subsp. krynkensis Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Phlomoides hybrida (Zelen.) R.Kam. & Machmedov


name:
Phlomoides scythica (Klokov & Des.-Shost.) Czerep.


name:
Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. illuminata (Klokov) Soó


name:
Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. jailicola (Klokov) Soó


name:
Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. moldavica (Klokov) Soó


name:
Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. praemontana (Klokov) Soó


name:
Salvia nemorosa L. subsp. tesquicola (Klokov & Pobed.) Soó


name:
Satureja montana L. subsp. taurica (Velen.) P.W.Ball


name:
Scutellaria alpina L. subsp. supina (L.) I.B.K.Richardson


name:
Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. heterochroa (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. hirtella (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. hypopolia (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. stevenii (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. taurica (Juz.) Fed.


name:
Sideritis comosa (Rochel ex Benth.) Stank.


name:
Sideritis libanotica Labill. subsp. taurica (Stephan) Glagoleva, nom. inval.


name:
Sideritis montana L. subsp. comosa (Rochel ex Benth.) Soó


name:
Sideritis syriaca L. subsp. catillaris (Juz.) Gladkova


name:
Sideritis syriaca L. subsp. taurica (Stephan) Gladkova


name:
Stachys cretica L. subsp. velata (Klokov) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Stachys germanica L. subsp. cordata (Klokov) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Stachys neglecta Klokov ex Kossko, nom. inval.


name:
Stachys recta L. subsp. atherocalyx (K.Koch) Derviz-Sokolova


name:
Teucrium montanum L. subsp. jailae (Juz.) Soó


name:
Teucrium montanum L. subsp. pannonicum (A.Kern.) Domin


name:
Teucrium montanum L. subsp. praemontanum (Klokov) S.Pawłowska


name:
Teucrium scordium L. subsp. scordioides (Schreb.) Maire & Petitm.


name:
Thymus borysthenicus Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus dimorphus Klokov & Des.-Shost. var. jailae Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus dzevanovskyi Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus eupatoriensis Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus glabrescens Willd. subsp. urumovii (Velen.) Jalas


name:
Thymus jailae (Klokov & Des.-Shost.) Stank.


name:
Thymus kaljmijussicus Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus kalmiussicus Klokov & Des.-Shost., ortho


name:
Thymus marschallianus Willd. var. latifolius Besser


name:
Thymus pallasianus Hein. Braun subsp. brachyodon (Borbás) Jalas, p.p., nom. illeg.


name:
Thymus pannonicus All. subsp. marschallianus (Willd.) Soó


name:
Thymus podolicus auct. non Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus pseudograniticus Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus pseudohumillimus Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus pulegioides L. subsp. montanus (Arcang.) Ronniger


name:
Thymus pullegioides L. subsp. ucrainicus Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus × tschernjajevii Klokov & Des.-Shost.


name:
Thymus ucrainicus (Klokov & Des.-Shost.) Klokov


name:
Pinguicula vulgaris L. subsp. bicolor (Woł.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Utricularia minor L. subsp. bremii (Heer ex Koell.) Nyman


name:
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. subsp. elongata (Hoffm.) Bonnier


name:
Limonium czurjukiense (Klokov) Lavrenko ex Klokov, ortho


name:
Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) O.Kuntze subsp. hypanicum (Klokov) Soó


name:
Limonium latifolium (Smith) O.Kuntze 1891; non Moench 1794


name:
Limonium oblongifolium (Kotov) Loskot ex Tzvelev


name:
Limonium scoparium (Pall. ex Willd.) Stank.


name:
Limonium tomentellum auct. non (Boiss.) O.Kuntze


name:
Limonium tschurjukiense (Klokov) Lavrenko ex Klokov


name:
Cathartolinum pratense Rchb., nom. illeg.


name:
Linum austriacum L. subsp. euxinum (Juz.) Ockendon


name:
Linum austriacum L. subsp. marschallianum (Juz.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Linum basarabicum (Săvul. & Rayss) Klokov ex Juz.


name:
Linum bassarabicum (Săvul. & Rayss) Klokov ex Juz., ortho


name:
Linum bessarabicum (Săvul. & Rayss) Klokov ex Juz., ortho


name:
Linum flavum L. var. basarabicum Săvul. & Rayss


name:
Linum flavum L. var. linearifolium Lindem., nom. illeg.; non Linum linearifolium Jáv.


name:
Linum flavum L. var. ucranicum Griseb. ex Planch.


name:
Linum hirsutum L. subsp. lanuginosum (Juz.) Egorova


name:
Linum perenne L. subsp. extraaxillare (Kit.) Nyman


name:
Linum ucranicum (Griseb. ex Planch.) Czern.


name:
Linum ucranicum Czern. var. pubescens Czern. ex Gruner


name:
Linum usitatissimum L. var. humile (Mill.) Pers.


name:
Viscum album L. subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abrom.


name:
Viscum album L. subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm.


name:
Viscum laxum Boiss. & Reut. subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) O.Schwarz


name:
Ammannia borysthenica (M.Bieb. ex Schrank) DC.


name:
Lythrum borysthenicum (M.Bieb. ex Schrank) Litv.


name:
Lythrum salicaria L. subsp. intermedium (Fisch. ex Colla) Hara


name:
Lythrum salicaria L. var. intermedium (Fisch. ex Colla) Koehne


name:
Lythrum salicaria L. var. tomentosum (DC.) DC.


name:
Middendorfia borysthenica (M.Bieb. ex Schrank) Trautv.


name:
Magnolia stellata (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.


name:
Alcea pallida (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Althaea cannabina L. subsp. narbonensis (Pourr. ex Cav.) Baker


name:
Althaea pallida Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Malva alcea L. subsp. excisa (Rchb.) Holub


name:
Malva rotundifolia auct. non L., nom. ambig.


name:
Malva sylvestris L. ssp. mauritiana (L.) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Malva verticillata L. var. neuroloma Schlecht.


name:
Malva verticillata L. var. chinensis (Mill.) Danert


name:
Nuphar lutea (L.) Smith subsp. pumila (Timm) Bonnier & Layens


name:
Nymphaea alba L. subsp. candida (C.Presl) Korsh.


name:
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. subsp. danubialis Pouzar


name:
Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. subsp. pannonica Soó & Simon


name:
Fraxinus excelsior L. subsp. coriariifolia (Scheele) E.Murray


name:
Fraxinus oxycarpa Willd. subsp. syriaca (Boiss.) Yaltirik


name:
Fraxinus rotundifolia Mill. subsp. syriaca (Boiss.) Yaltirik


name:
Epilobium montanum L. var. alpestre Jacq.


name:
Epilobium nervosum auct. non Boiss. & Buhse


name:
Epilobium palustre L. var. nutans (F.W.Schmidt) Grab.


name:
Epilobium roseum Schreb. subsp. consimile (Hausskn.) P.H.Raven


name:
Epilobium roseum Schreb. subsp. subsessile (Boiss.) P.H.Raven


name:
Epilobium tetragonum L. subsp. lamyi (F.Schultz) Nyman


name:
Oenothera × hoelscheri Renner ex Rostański


name:
Oenothera oakesiana (A.Gray) Robbins ex S.Watson & Coult.


name:
Raimannia laciniata (Hill) Rose ex Britt. & Brown


name:
Orobanche cernua Loefl. subsp. cumana (Wallr.) Soó


name:
Orobanche cumana Wall. subsp. parviflora Kotov


name:
Orobanche laevis L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Orobanche major L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Oxalis acetosella L. var. parviflora (Lej.) DC.


name:
Xanthoxalis corniculata (L.) Small subsp. repens (Thunb.) Tzvelev


name:
Xanthoxalis fontana (Bunge) Holub subsp. villicaulis (Wiegand) Tzvelev


name:
Xanthoxalis stricta auct. non (L.) Small


name:
Xanthoxalis stricta (L.) Small subsp. villicaulis (Wiegand) Tzvelev


name:
Paeonia tenuifolia L. subsp. biebersteiniana (Rupr.) Takht.


name:
Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill. subsp. triternata (Pall. ex DC.) Stearn & P.H.Davis


name:
Papaver argemone L. subsp. hybridum (L.) Schmalh.


name:
Papaver commutatum auct. non Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Papaver dubium L. subsp. laevigatum (M.Bieb.) Pawł.


name:
Papaver dubium L. subsp. lecoqii auct. non (Lamotte) Syme


name:
Papaver dubium L. var. albiflorum Besser, nom. inval.


name:
Papaver dubium L. var. albiflorum Boiss.


name:
Papaver pavoninum Schrenk subsp. ocellatum (Woronow) Kadereit


name:
Papaver rhoeas L. subsp. strigosum (Boenn.) Simonk.


name:
Papaver somniferum L. subsp. setigerum (DC.) Arcang.


name:
Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. subsp. orientalis (Soó) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Plantago atrata Hoppe subsp. carpatica (Soó) Soó


name:
Plantago lanceolata L. subsp. lanuginosa (Bast.) Arcang.


name:
Plantago major L. subsp. intermedia (DC.) Arcang.


name:
Plantago major L. subsp. plejosperma Pilg.


name:
Plantago maritima L. subsp. ciliata Printz


name:
Plantago maritima L. subsp. neumannii (Opiz) Tzvelev


name:
Plantago maritima L. subsp. salsa (Pall.) Soják


name:
Plantago media L. subsp. stepposa (Kuprian.) Soó


name:
Plantago media L. subsp. urvilleana (Rapin) Hultén


name:
Plantago montana Lam. 1792, non Huds. 1762


name:
Plantago montana Lam. var. carpatica Pilg., nom. inval.


name:
Plantago psyllium L. 1753, nom. ambig.; non L. 1762


name:
Plantago scabra Moench subsp. orientalis (Soó) Tzvelev


name:
Psyllium arenarium (Waldst. & Kit.) Mirbel


name:
Psyllium indicum Dum.Cours subsp. orientale (Soó) Soják


name:
Psyllium scabrum Holub subsp. orientale (Soó) Holub


name:
Polygala amara L. subsp. amarella (Crantz) Chodat


name:
Polygala amara L. subsp. brachyptera (Chodat) Hayek


name:
Polygala comosa Schkuhr subsp. podolica (DC.) Schmalh.


name:
Polygala major Jacq. var. anatolica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Schmalh.


name:
Acetosa alpestris auct. non (Jacq.) A.Löve


name:
Acetosa pratensis Mill. subsp. alpestris auct. non (Jacq.) A.Löve


name:
Acetosa scutata (L.) Mill. subsp. hastifolia (M.Bieb.) A.Löve & Kapoor


name:
Acetosa thyrsiflora (Fingerh.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Acetosella angiocarpa auct. non (Murb.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Acetosella tenuifolia (Wallr.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Acetosella vulgaris Fourr. subsp. pyrenaica (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) A.Löve


name:
Aconogonon divaricatum (L.) Nakai ex Mori


name:
Bistorta major S.F.Gray subsp. ensigera (Juz.) Soják


name:
Fagopyrum sagittatum Gilib., nom. illeg.


name:
Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtková) J.Bailey


name:
Fallopia × convolvuloides (Brugger) Holub


name:
Fallopia sachalinensis (F.Schmidt ex Maxim.) Ronse Decr.


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. andrzejowskiana (Klokov) Soják


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. brittingeri (Opiz) Soják


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. danubialis (A.Kern.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. hypanica (Klokov) Soják


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. leptoclada (Danser) Wisskirchen


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. pallida (With.) A.Löve


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. saporoviensis (Klokov) Soják


name:
Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre subsp. turgida (Thuill.) Soják


name:
Persicaria maculata (Raf.) Fourr. 1869, non S.F.Gray 1821


name:
Persicaria mitis (Schrank) Opiz ex Assenov 1966, non Delarbre 1800


name:
Pleuropterus multiflorus (Thunb.) Turcz. ex Nakai


name:
Polygonum arenastrum Boreau subsp. caspicum (Kom.) Tzvelev


name:
Polygonum argyrocoleon Steud. ex G.Kuntze


name:
Polygonum divaricatum Less. 1834, non L. 1753


name:
Polygonum junceum Ledeb. 1849, non C.Cunn. ex Lindl. 1948


name:
Polygonum monspeliense Thiébaut ex Pers.


name:
Polygonum psammophilum (Bordz. ex Tzvelev) Tzvelev


name:
Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt ex Maxim.) Nakai


name:
Reynoutria × vivax J.Schmitz & Strank s.str.


name:
Reynoutria × vivax auct. non J.Schmitz & Strank


name:
Rumex acetosa L. subsp. alpestris auct. non (Jacq.) A.Löve


name:
Rumex acetosa L. subsp. thyrsiflorus (Fingerh.) Hayek


name:
Rumex acetosella L. subsp. acetoselloides (Balansa) den Nijs


name:
Rumex acetosella L. subsp. angiocarpus auct. non (Murb.) Murb.


name:
Rumex acetosella L. subsp. pyrenaicus (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) Akeroyd


name:
Rumex alpinus L. 1759, non L. 1753, nom. ambig.


name:
Rumex arifolius All. subsp. amplexicaulis (Lapeyr.) Nyman


name:
Rumex cristatus DC. subsp. kerneri (Borbás) Akeroyd & D.A.Webb


name:
Rumex dentatus L. subsp. halacsyi (Rech. pat.) Rech.f.


name:
Rumex domesticus Hartm. subsp. ruthenicus Lonacz. ex Pawł., nom. nud.


name:
Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. subalpinus (Schur) Čelak.


name:
Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. sylvestris (Lam.) Čelak.


name:
Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. transiens (Simonk.) Rech.f.


name:
Rumex orientalis Bernh. 1830, non Campd. 1819


name:
Rumex patientia L. subsp. orientalis Danser


name:
Rumex pseudonatronatus (Borbás) Borbás ex Murb.


name:
Rumex pulcher L. subsp. divaricatus (L.) Murb.


name:
Rumex pulcher L. subsp. raulinii (Boiss.) Rech.f.


name:
Rumex pulcher L. subsp. woodsii (De Not.) Arcang.


name:
Rumex salicifolius Weinm. subsp. triangulivalvis Danser


name:
Rumex salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) Hickman


name:
Rumex scutatus L. subsp. glaucus sensu Gaudin ex Wulf, non R. glaucus Jacq.


name:
Rumex scutatus L. subsp. hastifolius (M.Bieb.) Borodina


name:
Rumex sylvestris (Lam.) Wallr. var. transiens Simonk.


name:
Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh. subsp. papillaris (Boiss. & Reuter) Sagredo & Malag.


name:
Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. turcomanicus Rech.f.


name:
Rumex tuberosus L. subsp. euxinus (Klokov) Borodina


name:
Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Schuebl. & G.Martens


name:
Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. foemina (Mill.) Schinz & Thell.


name:
Androsace maxima L. subsp. turczaninovii (Freyn) Fed.


name:
Androsace villosa L. subsp. koso-poljanskii (Ovcz.) Fed.


name:
Androsace villosa L. subsp. taurica (Ovcz.) Fed.


name:
Primula carpathica auct. non (Griseb. & Schenk) Fuss


name:
Primula veris L. subsp. macrocalyx (Bunge) Ludi


name:
Primula vulgaris Huds. subsp. sibthorpii (Hoffmgg.) W.W.Smith & Forrest


name:
Primula vulgaris Huds. subsp. komarovii (Losinsk.) Soó


name:
Soldanella montana Willd. subsp. hungarica (Simonk.) Luedi


name:
Aconitum anthora L. subsp. jacquinii (Rchb.) Domin


name:
Aconitum anthora L. subsp. nemorosum (M.Bieb. ex Rchb.) Worosch.


name:
Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. carpathicum (DC.) K.Warncke


name:
Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. lasiostomum (Rchb.) K.Warncke


name:
Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. lasiostomum auct. non (Rchb.) K.Warncke s.str.


name:
Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. moldavicum (Hacq. ex Rchb.) Jalas


name:
Aconitum lycoctonum L. subsp. vulparia (Rchb. ex Spreng.) Nyman


name:
Aconitum lycoctonum L. var. carpathicum (DC.) Ser.


name:
Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. ex Rchb. subsp. carpathicum (DC.) Dostál


name:
Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. ex Rchb. subsp. hosteanum (Schur) Asch. & Graebn.


name:
Aconitum napellus L. subsp. firmum (Rchb.) Gáyer


name:
Aconitum napellus L. subsp. tauricum auct. non (Wulfen) Gáyer


name:
Aconitum paniculatum Lam. var. podolicum Zapał.


name:
Aconitum tauricum Wulfen subsp. nanum (Baumg.) Gáyer


name:
Aconitum variegatum L. subsp. gracile (Rchb.) Gáyer


name:
Aconitum variegatum L. subsp. paniculatum (Arcang.) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Adonanthe wolgensis (Steven) Chrtek & Slaviková


name:
Anemone narcissiflora L. var. laxa Ulbr.


name:
Anemone narcissiflora L. var. podolica Zapał.


name:
Aquilegia vulgaris L. subsp. nigricans (Baumg.) Domin


name:
Atragene alpina L. subsp. sibirica (L.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Caltha palustris L. subsp. cornuta (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Hegi


name:
Caltha palustris L. subsp. laeta (Schott, Nyman & Kotschy) Hegi


name:
Ceratocephala falcata (L.) Pers. subsp. incurva (Steven) Chrtek & Chrtkova


name:
Clematis pseudoflammula Schmalh. ex Lipsky


name:
Consolida ambiqua (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood


name:
Consolida ajacis (L.) Schur subsp. orientalis (J.Gay ex Gren. & Godr.) Schmalh.


name:
Consolida hispanica (Costa) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Consolida orientalis (J.Gay ex Gren. & Godr.) Schroedinger


name:
Consolida regalis S.F.Gray subsp. paniculata (Host) Soó


name:
Consolida regalis S.F.Gray subsp. divaricata (Ledeb.) Muntz


name:
Delphinium elatum L. subsp. nacladense (Zapał.) Holub


name:
Delphinium fissum auct. non Waldst. & Kit.


name:
Delphinium fissum Waldst. & Kit. subsp. pallasii (Nevski) Greuter & Burdet


name:
Delphinium hybridum L., nom. ambig. & nom. conf.


name:
Delphinium hybridum sensu Steven ex Willd. & Steven ex DC., non L.


name:
Delphinium hybridum Steven ex Willd. subsp. puniceum (Pall.) Schmalh.


name:
Delphinium schmalhausenii auct. non Albov


name:
Ficaria verna Huds. subsp. calthifolia (Rchb.) Velen.


name:
Ficaria verna Huds. subsp. bulbifera A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Nigella damascena L. subsp. elata (Boiss.) N.Terracc.


name:
Pulsatilla alba auct. non Rchb. s.str., nom. illeg.


name:
Pulsatilla alpina auct. non (L.) Delarbre


name:
Pulsatilla alpina (L.) Delarbre subsp. alba auct. non Domin


name:
Pulsatilla alpina (L.) Delarbre subsp. alpicola Neumayer


name:
Pulsatilla alpina (L.) Delarbre subsp. austriaca Aichele & Schwegler


name:
Pulsatilla halleri auct. non (All.) Willd.


name:
Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. subsp. grandis (Wender.) Meikle


name:
Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. subsp. taurica (Juz.) K.Krause


name:
Pulsatilla vulgaris Mill. subsp. grandis (Wender.) Zamels


name:
Ranunculus acris L. subsp. friesianus (Jord.) Rouy & Fouc.


name:
Ranunculus aconitifolius L. subsp. platanifolius (L.) Berher


name:
Ranunculus aconitifolius L. var. platanifolius (L.) DC.


name:
Ranunculus auricomus L. var. fallax Wimmer & Grab.


name:
Ranunculus breyninus Crantz, nom. ambig.


name:
Ranunculus bulbosus L. subsp. neapolitanus (Ten.) Lindb.f.


name:
Ranunculus calthifolius (Rchb.) Bluff, Nees & Schauer


name:
Ranunculus carpaticus Griseb., non Herbich


name:
Ranunculus caucasicus M.Bieb. subsp. pavlii A.Jelen. & Derviz-Sokolova


name:
Ranunculus divaricatus auct. non Schrank


name:
Ranunculus fallax (Wimmer & Grab.) Sloboda


name:
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. bulbifer Lambinon


name:
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. bulbifer Lavalree, nom. illeg.


name:
Ranunculus ficaria L. subsp. calthifolius (Rchb.) A.Kern.


name:
Ranunculus flammula L. subsp. reptans (L.) Korsh.


name:
Ranunculus friesianus Jord. subsp. strigulosus (Schur) A.Jelen. & Derviz-Sokolova


name:
Ranunculus malinovskii A.Jelen. & Derviz-Sokolova


name:
Ranunculus pavlii (A.Jelen. & Derviz-Sokolova) Tzvelev


name:
Ranunculus polyanthemos L. subsp. meyerianus (Rupr.) A.Jelen. & Derviz-Sokolova


name:
Ranunculus polyanthemos L. subsp. nemorosus (DC.) Korsh.


name:
Ranunculus polyanthemos L. subsp. polyanthemoides (Boreau) Ahlfv.


name:
Ranunculus polyphyllus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Ranunculus silvaticus Fr. 1843, non Thuill. 1799


name:
Ranunculus trachycarpus Fisch. & C.A.Mey.


name:
Ranunculus villlosus DC. subsp. constantinopolitanus (DC.) A.Jelen.


name:
Thalictrum minus L. subsp. olympicum auct. non (Boiss. & Heldr.) Strid


name:
Thalictrum minus L. subsp. saxatile auct. non Cesati


name:
Thalictrum minus L. subsp. flexuosum (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Beck


name:
Thalictrum simplex L. subsp. bauhinii (Crantz) Tutin


name:
Thalictrum simplex L. subsp. galioides (Pers.) Korsh.


name:
Trollius europaeus L. subsp. tatrae (Borbás) Pocs & Balogh


name:
Trollius europaeus L. subsp. transsilvanicus (Schur) Domin & Podp.


name:
Rhamnus saxatilis Jacq. subsp. tinctoria (Waldst. & Kit.) Nym.


name:
Alchemilla hoverlensis M.Pawlus & Lowelius


name:
Alchemilla howerlensis M.Pawlus & Lowelius, ortho


name:
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. subsp. spicata (Lam.) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Amelanchier rotundifolia (Lam.) Dum.-Cours., nom. illeg.


name:
Cerasus virginiana (L.) Loisel., non Michx.


name:
Chaenomeles japonica auct. non (Thunb.) Lindl.


name:
Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex Blytt


name:
Crataegus oxyacantha L., nom. utique rej.


name:
Filipendula denudata (J.Presl & C.Presl) Fritsch


name:
Filipendula hexapetala Gilib., nom. inval.


name:
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. subsp. denudata (J.Presl & C.Presl) Hayek


name:
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. subsp. picbaueri (Podp.) Smejkal


name:
Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. var. picbaueri Podp.


name:
Potentilla cinerea auct. non Chaix ex Vill.


name:
Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) G.Beck ex Fritsch


name:
Potentilla incana P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Potentilla longifolia Willd. ex Schlecht.


name:
Potentilla paradoxa Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray


name:
Potentilla recta L. subsp. obscura (Willd.) Rchb.f. ex Rothm.


name:
Potentilla supina L. subsp. paradoxa (Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray) Soják


name:
Potentilla thyrsiflora Huels. ex Zimmeter


name:
Poterium sanguisorba L. subsp. polygamum (Waldst. & Kit.) Simonk.


name:
Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. subsp. divaricata (Ledeb.) C.K.Schneid.


name:
Prunus domestica L. subsp. insititia (L.) Bonnier & Layens


name:
Rosa eglanteria L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Rosa glauca Vill. ex Loisel., non Pourr.


name:
Rosa glauca Schott. & Besser, non Pourr.


name:
Rosa heteracantha Chrshan., non Kar. & Kir.


name:
Rosa horrida Fisch. ex Crép., non Spreng.


name:
Rosa × olgae Chrshan. & Barbar., nom. inval. (descr. ross.)


name:
Rosa slobodjianii (Chrshan.) Dubovik, nom. inval.


name:
Rubus anatolicus (Focke) Focke ex Hausskn.


name:
Rubus candicans auct. non Weihe ex Rchb.


name:
Rubus canescens DC. var. glabratus (Godr.) H.E.Weber


name:
Rubus sulcatus Vest ex Tratt. subsp. constrictus (P.J.Müll. & Lefevre) Cohrs


name:
Rubus sulcatus Vest ex Tratt. var. vestii (Focke) Focke


name:
Rubus thyrsoideus Wimmer subsp. constrictus (P.J.Müll. & Lefevre) Sudre


name:
Rubus villicaulis Koehler ex Weine & Nees


name:
Sanguisorba minor Scop. Subsp. Polygama (Waldst. & Kit.) Holub


name:
Sorbus pseudolatifolia K.Pop. 1959, non Boros 1937


name:
Spiraea media F.Schmidt subsp. polonica (Błocki) Pawł.


name:
Asperula aparine M.Bieb, non Galium aparine L.


name:
Asperula cynanchica L. var. affinis (Boiss. & Huet.) E.Wulff


name:
Asperula cynanchica L. var. elongata Steven


name:
Asperula graveolens M.Bieb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Asperula graveolens auct. non M.Bieb. ex Schult. & Schult.f.


name:
Asperula leiograveolens M.Pop. & Chrshan.


name:
Asperula pseudograveolens M.Pop. & Chrshan.


name:
Asperula tephrocarpa Czern. ex M.Pop. & Chrshan.


name:
Cruciata chersonensis auct. non (Willd.) Ehrend., excl. typo


name:
Cruciata coronata (Sibth. & Smith) Ehrend. subsp. taurica (Pall. ex Willd.) Ehrend.


name:
Galium album Mill. subsp. prusense auct. non (K.Koch) Ehrend. & Krendl


name:
Galium album Mill. subsp. suberectum (Klokov) E.Michalkova


name:
Galium aparine L. subsp. spurium (L.) Hartm.


name:
Galium boreale L. subsp. boreale var. boreale f. exoletum (Klokov) Soó


name:
Galium boreale L. subsp. exoletum (Klokov) Soják


name:
Galium campanulatum Vill. subsp. tyraicum (Besser) Soják


name:
Galium chersonense (Willd.) Roem. & Schult


name:
Galium cincinnatum (Klokov) Ostapko, comb. inval.


name:
Galium glaucum L. subsp. tyraicum (Besser) Soják


name:
Galium humifusum M.Bieb. subsp. besserianum (Klokov) Soó


name:
Galium humifusum M.Bieb. subsp. cincinnatum (Klokov) Soó


name:
Galium mollugo L. subsp. pycnotrichum (Heinr.Braun) Krendl


name:
Galium palustre L. subsp. elongatum (C.Presl) Lange


name:
Galium rivale auct. non (Sibth. & Smith) Griseb.


name:
Galium ruprechtii Pobed. p. max. p. incl. typo


name:
Galium septentrionale auct. non Roem. & Schult.


name:
Galium spurium L. subsp. vailantii (DC.) Gaudin


name:
Galium tauricum (Pall. ex Willd) Roem. & Schult.


name:
Galium transcarpaticum Stojko & Tasenkevich


name:
Galium verum L. subsp. ruthenicum (Willd.) Four.


name:
Galium verum L. subsp. wirtgenii (F.W.Schultz) Oborny


name:
Haplophyllum thesioides (Fisch. ex DC.) G.Don f.


name:
Ruta graveolens L. subsp. divaricata (Ten.) Gams


name:
Ruta graveolens L. subsp. hortensis (Mill.) Gams


name:
Salix repens L. subsp. rosmarinifolia (L.) C.Hartm.


name:
Thesium dollineri Murb. subsp. moesiacum (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef.


name:
Thesium ramosum Hayne var. caespitans Ledeb.


name:
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium auct. non L.


name:
Saxifraga cymosa Waldst. & Kit., nom. inval.


name:
Saxifraga engleri Dalla Torre, non Host ex Regel


name:
Saxifraga hieracifolia Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Saxifraga pedemontana All. subsp. cymosa Engl.


name:
Saxifraga stellaris L. subsp. engleri P.Fourn.


name:
Alectorolophus minor (L.) Wimmer & Grab.


name:
Cymbalaria muralis P.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.


name:
Cymbochasma borysthenica (Pall. ex Schlecht.) Klokov & Zoz


name:
Euphrasia coerulea Tausch ex Hoppe & Fuernrohr


name:
Euphrasia minima Jacq. var. carpatica Freyn, non Euphrasia carpatica Zapał.


name:
Euphrasia officinalis L. subsp. kerneri (Wettst.) Eb.Fischer


name:
Euphrasia officinalis L. subsp. picta (Wimmer) Oborny


name:
Euphrasia officinalis L. subsp. rostkoviana (Hayne) Towns.


name:
Euphrasia tatarica auct. non Fisch. ex Spreng.


name:
Euphrasia uechtritziana auct. non Jung. & Engl.


name:
Kickxia caucasica (Muss.-Puschk. ex Spreng.) Kuprian.


name:
Linaria biebersteinii Besser subsp. ruthenica (Bloński) Ivanina


name:
Linaria bipartita auct. non (Vent.) Willd.


name:
Melampyrum argyrocomum Fisch. ex Koso-Pol.


name:
Melampyrum arvense L. subsp. pseudobarbulatum (Schur.) Ronn


name:
Melampyrum cristatum L. subsp. solstitiale (Ronniger) Ronniger


name:
Melampyrum herbichii Woł. subsp. woloszczakii Jasiew.


name:
Melampyrum nemorosum L. subsp. moravicum (Heinr.Braun) Ronniger


name:
Melampyrum polonicum (Beauverd) Soó subsp. hayekii Soó


name:
Melampyrum pratense L. subsp. laciniatum (Koshevn. & Zinger) Tzvelev


name:
Melampyrum sylvaticum L. subsp. carpaticum (Schult.) Soó


name:
Melampyrum sylvaticum L. subsp. laricetorum (A.Kern.) Ronniger


name:
Mimulus alectorolophus Scop., nom. illeg.


name:
Odontites vulgaris Moench subsp. salinus (Kotov) Tzvelev


name:
Orthantha lutea (L.) A.Kern. ex Wettst., nom. illeg.


name:
Pseudolysimachion incanum (L.) Holub subsp. hololeucum (Juz.) Holub


name:
Pseudolysimachion spurium (L.) Rauschert subsp. paniculatum (L.) Dostál


name:
Rhinanthus aestivalis (N.Zinger) Schischk. & Serg.


name:
Rhinanthus alpinus Baumg. 1816, non (L.) Lam. 1778


name:
Rhinanthus angustifolius C.C.Gmel., nom. ambig.


name:
Rhinanthus × fallax (Wimmer & Graeb.) Chabert.


name:
Rhinanthus glacialis Personnat subsp. aristatus (Čelak.) Rauschert


name:
Rhinanthus glacialis Personnat subsp. subalpinus (Sterneck) Rauschert


name:
Rhinanthus mediterraneus auct. non (Sterneck) Adamov


name:
Rhinanthus minor L. subsp. elatior (Schur) O.Schwarz


name:
Rhinanthus minor L. subsp. stenophyllus (Schur) O.Schwarz


name:
Rhinanthus patulus (Sterneck) Schinz & Thell.


name:
Rhinanthus pulcher Gunther & Schummel ex Opiz subsp. alpinus (Walp.) Rauschert


name:
Rhinanthus pulcher Gunther & Schummel ex Opiz subsp. elatus (Sterneck) O.Schwarz


name:
Rhinanthus pulcher Gunther & Schummel ex Opiz subsp. erectus (Sterneck) O.Schwarz


name:
Rhinanthus serotinus (Schoenh.) Oborny subsp. aestivalis (N.Zinger) Dostál


name:
Rhinanthus serotinus (Schoenh.) Oborny subsp. vernalis (N.Zinger) Hyl.


name:
Rhinanthus vassilchenkoi Ivanina & Karasjuk


name:
Rhinanthus vernalis (N.Zinger) Schischk. & Serg.


name:
Rhinanthus vernalis (N.Zinger) subsp. aestivalis (N.Zinger) Ivanina


name:
Scrophularia aquatica L., nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Scrophularia granitica Klokov & A.Krasnova


name:
Scrophularia rupestris M.Bieb. ex Willd.


name:
Tozzia alpina L. subsp. carpathica (Woł.) Hayek


name:
Verbascum austriacum Schott ex Roem. & Schult.


name:
Verbascum chaixii Vill. subsp. austriacum (Schott ex Roem. & Schult.) Hayek


name:
Verbascum chaixii Vill. subsp. laxum (Filar. & Jáv.) Ivanina


name:
Verbascum chaixii Vill. subsp. orientale (M.Bieb.) Hayek


name:
Verbascum marschallianum Ivavina & Tzvelev


name:
Veronica austriaca sensu Boriss., non L.


name:
Veronica austriaca L. subsp. jacquinii (Baumg.) Eb.Fischer


name:
Veronica austriaca L. subsp. teucrium (L.) D.A.Webb


name:
Veronica barrelieri Schott var. donetzica Ostapko, nom. inval.


name:
Veronica cardiocarpa (Kar. & Kir.) Walp.


name:
Veronica chamaedrys L. subsp. vindobonensis M.A.Fisch.


name:
Veronica didyma auct. non Ten., nom. ambig.


name:
Veronica hederifolia L. subsp. triloba (Opiz) Čelak.


name:
Veronica × pseudoorchidea (Pacz.) Klokov


name:
Veronica serpyllifolia L. subsp. humifusa (Dicks.) Syme


name:
Veronica serpyllifolia L. subsp. nummularioides (Lecoq & Lamotte) Dostál


name:
Veronica spicata L. var. pseudoorchidea Pacz.


name:
Hyoscyamus pallidus Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.


name:
Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H.Karst., nom. utique rej.


name:
Nicandra physaloides (L.) P.Gaertn., ortho


name:
Solanum depilatum Kitag. 1939, non Bitt. 1913


name:
Solanum luteum Mill. subsp. alatum (Moench) Dostál


name:
Solanum nigrum L. subsp. humile (Bernh. ex Willd.) Marzell


name:
Solanum nigrum L. subsp. schultesii (Opiz) Wessely


name:
Solanum nigrum L. var. viscosum Lonacz. ex Wissjul.


name:
Solanum villosum Mill. subsp. alatum (Moench) Edmonds


name:
Solanum villosum Mill. subsp. puniceum (Kirschl.) Edmonds


name:
Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. subsp. alopecuroides (Schrenk) Kitam.


name:
Tilia cordata Mill. var. mandshurica Maxim.


name:
Tilia officinarum Crantz, nom. utique rej. prop.


name:
Tilia platyphyllos Scop. subsp. cordifolia (Besser) C.K.Schneid.


name:
Trapa hungarica Flerow 1925, non Opiz 1854


name:
Ulmus campestris L. var. suberosa (Moench) Wahl


name:
Ulmus minor Mill. var. suberosa (Moench) Soó


name:
Parietaria chersonensis (Lang & Szov.) Dörfl.


name:
Parietaria lusitanica L. subsp. serbica (Pančić) P.W.Ball


name:
Parietaria ramiflora Moench, nom. illeg.


name:
Urtica dioica L. subsp. bollae (Kanitz) Domin


name:
Urtica dioica L. subsp. galeopsifolia (Wierzb. ex Opiz) Chrtek


name:
Urtica dioica L. subsp. kioviensis (Rogow.) Domin


name:
Urtica dioica L. subsp. pubescens (Ledeb.) Domin


name:
Urtica dioica L. subsp. sondenii (Simm.) Hyl.


name:
Urtica sondenii (Simm.) Avror. ex Geltman


name:
Valeriana angustifolia Tausch 1823, non Mill. 1768


name:
Valeriana armena P.Smirn. subsp. grossheimii (Worosch.) Worosch.


name:
Valeriana collina Wallr. subsp. nitida (Kreyer) A.Löve & D.Löve


name:
Valeriana dioica L. var. simplicifolia Rchb.


name:
Valeriana dubia Bunge subsp. rossica (P.Smirn.) Worosch.


name:
Valeriana excelsa Poir. subsp. sambucifolia (J.C.Mikan) Holub


name:
Valeriana officinalis L. subsp. nitida (Kreyer) Soó


name:
Valeriana officinalis L. var. nitida (Kreyer) Rostański


name:
Valerianella muricata (Steven ex M.Bieb.) J.W.Loudon


name:
Clerodendrum foetidum Bunge 1833, non D.Don 1825


name:
Viola nemausensis sensu Klokov, non Jord.


name:
Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt subsp. glaberrima (Murb.) V.ikit.


name:
Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt nothosubsp. glabrescens (Neum.) V.Nikit.


name:
Viola rupestris sensu Klokov, non F.W.Schmidt


name:
Viola tricolor L. subsp. matutina (Klokov) Valentine


name:
Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch.


name:
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (C.C.Gmel.) Hegi


name:
carex hirtaaesalpinia gilliesii (Wall. Ex Hook.) Benth.


# tblEUNIS2007

description:
Marine habitats are directly connected to the oceans, i.e. part of the continuous body of water which covers the greater part of the earth’s surface and which surrounds its land masses. Marine waters may be fully saline, brackish or almost fresh. Marine habitats include those below spring high tide limit (or below mean water level in non-tidal waters) and enclosed coastal saline or brackish waters, without a permanent surface connection to the sea but either with intermittent surface or sub-surface connections (as in lagoons). Rockpools in the supralittoral zone are considered as enclaves of the marine zone. Includes marine littoral habitats which are subject to wet and dry periods on a tidal cycle including tidal saltmarshes; marine littoral habitats which are normally water-covered but intermittently exposed due to the action of wind or atmospheric pressure changes; freshly deposited marine strandlines characterised by marine invertebrates. Waterlogged littoral saltmarshes and associated saline or brackish pools above the mean water level in non-tidal waters or above the spring high tide limit in tidal waters are included with marine habitats. Includes constructed marine saline habitats below water level as defined above (such as in marinas, harbours, etc) which support a semi-natural community of both plants and animals. The marine water column includes bodies of ice.


description:
Littoral rock includes habitats of bedrock, boulders and cobbles which occur in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides) and the splash zone. The upper limit is marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. There are many physical variables affecting rocky shore communities - wave exposure, salinity, temperature and the diurnal emersion and immersion of the shore. Wave exposure is most commonly used to characterise littoral rock, from 'extremely exposed' on the open coast to 'extremely sheltered' in enclosed inlets. Exposed shores tend to support faunal-dominated communities of barnacles and mussels and some robust seaweeds. Sheltered shores are most notable for their dense cover of fucoid seaweeds, with distinctive zones occurring down the shore. In between these extremes of wave exposure, on moderately exposed shores, mosaics of seaweeds and barnacles are more typical.

author:
Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Howell, K.L., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O. & Reker, J.B.

title:
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland, Version 04.05


description:
Extremely exposed to moderately exposed or tide-swept bedrock and boulder shores. Extremely exposed shores dominated by mussels and barnacles, occasionally with robust fucoids or turfs of red seaweed. Tide-swept shores support communities of fucoids, sponges and ascidians on the mid to lower shore. Three biological subtypes have been described: Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis], barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.11); red and brown seaweeds able to tolerate the extreme conditions of exposed rocky shores, primarily the physical stresses caused by wave action (A1.12), and tide-swept shores in more sheltered areas (such as narrow channels in sea loch) with canopy forming fucoids and a rich filter-feeding community (A1.15).


description:
Communities on very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders dominated by the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (A1.111), barnacles [Chthamalus] spp. and/or [Semibalanus balanoides] and limpets [Patella] spp. (A1.112, A1.113). Several variants are identified. Some shores are characterised by dense bands of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.113). The barnacles may be covered by [Porphyra umbilicalis] on the upper shore of exposed sites. Cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [M. edulis], winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Red seaweeds also frequently occupy damp crevices, particularly [Ceramium shuttleworthianum], [Corallina officinalis], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and encrusting coralline algae, but the non-vesiculate form of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] might be present (A1.1132). Large numbers of the winkle [Littorina littorea] often dominate fields of large boulders or shores with a more mixed substratum (A1.1133). There is much regional variation affecting the zonation of barnacles in the British Isles. In the north-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can form a distinct band above [S. balanoides]. In the south-west [C. montagui] and/or [C. stellatus] can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone (A1.1121). On the east coasts [S. balanoides] is able to extend to the upper shore due to the absence of [Chthamalus] spp. and thereby any competition. The lichen [Lichina pygmaea] may be prominent, especially in the south, where it can form distinct patches or even a separate zone among the [Chthamalus] spp. (A1.1122). In areas of soft rock (e.g. shales), the barnacles may be scarce or absent and the rock dominated by [P. vulgata].
Situation: This habitat type is found in the mid to upper eulittoral on very to moderately exposed shores below the lichen dominated biotopes (B3.11) and is typically characterised by patches of mussels [M. edulis] interspersed with barnacles. Below A1.11 is a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds such as [C. officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [O. pinnatifida] (A1.12). With decreasing wave exposure [F. vesiculosus] is able to survive, gradually replacing the barnacles and [P. vulgata] biotope (A1.213). On such moderately exposed shores A1.11 may occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132, A1.213).


hname:
[Mytilus edulis] and barnacles on very exposed eulittoral rock

description:
On very exposed to exposed rocky shores the eulittoral zone, particularly the mid and lower shore, is typically characterised by patches of small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] interspersed with patches of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and individuls of the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Amongst the mussels small individuals of red seaweeds including [Ceramium] spp., [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] can be found. The foliose red seaweeds [Porphyra umbilicalis] and [Palmaria palmata] are commonly found as epiphytes on [M. edulis] where they can form luxuriant growths. The abundance of the red seaweeds generally increases down the shore and in the lower eulittoral they may form a distinct zone in which mussels or barnacles are scarce (A1.12, A1.1221 or A1.123). Where [M. edulis] occurs on steep rock, red seaweeds are scarce and restricted to the lower shore. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a few winkles such as [Littorina] spp. can occur where cracks and crevices provide a refuge in the rock. Fucoids are generally absent, although some non-vesiculate [Fucus vesiculosus] may occur where the shore slopes more gently. This biotope also occurs on steep moderately exposed shores which experience increased wave energy.
Situation: This unit is generally found above a zone of either mixed turf-forming red seaweeds (A1.12), [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123) or above the sublittoral fringe kelp [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111) zone. Above A1.111 there may be a [Verrucaria maura] zone (B3.1132), a [V. maura] and sparse barnacle zone (B3.1131), often with [P. umbilicalis] or a denser barnacle and limpet zone (A1.113; A1.213). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (A1.1121) may also occur above this biotope, particularly on southern shores.
Temporal variation: Severe winter storms can cause periodic removal of this mussel and barnacle community.

author:
Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Howell, K.L., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O. & Reker, J.B [edited ETC/BD].


hname:
[Chthamalus] spp. on exposed upper eulittoral rock

description:
Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Black patches of the lichen [Verrucaria maura] may be found in this zone. There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. On some shores, particularly in the south-west, [Chthamalus] spp. is the dominant barnacle throughout the eulittoral zone (A1.1121). On other shores, particularly in the south, [Lichina pygmaea] can form a distinct zone (A1.1122).
Situation: This unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (B3.1131 or B3.1132) on very exposed shores and above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacle biotope (A1.111). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (A1.1132) beneath A1.112. On such moderately exposed shores A1.112 may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132 or A1.1132), though these communities should not be confused with A1.1132. This unit can also occur above A1.113. On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland [Chthamalus] spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone.


hname:
[Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus] on exposed upper eulittoral rock

description:
Very exposed to moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders characterised by a dense community of barnacles, including [Chthamalus montagui], [Chthamalus stellatus] and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Damp cracks and crevices in the rock provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], and the winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina]. Patches of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present, though in low abundance (Occasional). Shaded vertical littoral fringe and upper eulittoral bedrock may be characterised by the shade-tolerant red seaweeds [Catenella caespitosa], [Bostrychia scorpioides] and/or [Lomentaria articulata]. Where the turf of [C. caespitosa] is well established, barnacles are rare. Geographical variation: There is much regional variation in the distribution and zonation of [Chthamalus] spp. On the west coast [Chthamalus] spp. dominate the upper eulittoral, often forming a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. [C. montagui] is better adapted to resist desiccation and, therefore, extends further up the shore. In the south-west [Chthamalus] spp. can be the dominant barnacles throughout the eulittoral zone.
Situation: This unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] (B3.1131 or B3.1132) on very exposed shores. It is found above the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (A1.111). On slightly less exposed shores the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] is able to survive and a mixed barnacle and [F. vesiculosus] biotope may occur (A1.1132) beneath  A1.1121. On such moderately exposed shores A1.1121may still occur on steep and vertical faces, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132 or A1.1132), though these communities should not be confused with A1.1132.  On very sheltered sea lochs in Argyll, West Scotland [Chthamalus] spp. are unusually abundant in the upper eulittoral zone.


hname:
[Chthamalus] spp. and [Lichina pygmaea] on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock

description:
Areas of steep and vertical rock in the upper eulittoral on very exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by tufts of the dark brownish lichen [Lichina pygmaea] and the barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Chthamalus stellatus], although long-established patches of [L. pygmaea] ultimately exclude barnacles. The rigid branching thallus of [L. pygmaea] provides an ideal habitat for the bivalve [Lasaea adasoni], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Melarhaphe neritoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to moist cracks and crevices, while the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found on the open bedrock. In the south-west the top shell [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found on [L. pygmaea]. On the north-east coast this biotope does not have [Chthamalus] spp., [L. pygmaea] being the most important characterising species on these sites.
Situation: The band of [L. pygmaea] lies between the [Verrucaria maura] zone (B3.1131 or B3.1132) above and the barnacle-[P. vulgata] zone  below. Other upper shore biotopes (B3.1131 or B3.1132) may contain occasional patches of [L. pygmaea], particularly on steep sunny faces, though not forming a distinct zone. [L. pygmaea] also occurs on less steeply-sloping shores if they are in a sunny aspect. In some areas, a high abundance of [L. pygmaea] results in a distinct zone, particularly in the south. On [Chthamalus] spp[]. dominated shores (south and west coasts) the band of [L. pygmaea] lies within the barnacle zone, whereas on [Semibalanus balanoides] dominated shores (north and east coasts) A1.1122 lies astride the upper limit of the barnacles.


hname:
[Semibalanus balanoides] on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algal community including the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Three variants have been described: A [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated community on bedrock (A1.1131); [S. balanoides] and sparse [Fucus vesioculosus] and red seaweeds (A1.1132); and barnacles and [L. littorea] eulittoral boulders and cobbles (A1.1133).
Situation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see A1.112 and subunits for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (B3.1131 or B3.1132) may be found above A1.113. In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds such as [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (A1.123; A1 122; A1.126) often occurs. A1.113 may also occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.213; A1.1132).
Temporal variation: Periods with little scour or calmer weather can allow a seaweed community to develop, creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. A1.313 or A1.213). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to determine the exact nature of this process.


hname:
[Semibalanus balanoides], [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock

description:
Very exposed to sheltered mid to upper eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by dense barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The community has a relatively low diversity of species though occasional cracks and crevices in the rock can provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Seaweeds are usually not found in high numbers though fissures and crevices in the bedrock can hold a sparse algae community, though patches of the red seaweed [Osmundea pinnatifida] can be present throughout the zone. On some shores the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] can be present in some abundance (Frequent). Records should not be assigned to this species impoverished biotope if there is a significant number or abundance of seaweeds.
Situation: On very exposed to exposed shores [Chthamalus] spp. (see A1.1121 for geographical variation) often forms a distinct white band above a darker band of [S. balanoides] in the mid eulittoral zone. Alternatively, found above A1.113 are the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] dominated biotopes (B3.1131 or B3.1132). In the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe is a community dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and various red seaweeds including [Corallina officinalis], [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] (A1.123; A1 122; A1.126) or the mussel and barnacle dominated biotope A1.111. This unit may occur on steep and vertical faces on more sheltered shores, while fucoids dominate the flatter areas (A1.1132; A1.213).
Temporal variation: Periods with little scour or less severe storms can allow a seaweed community to develop creating a more diverse biotope (i.e. A1.313). This is a dynamic process, which will change individual sites over time. More information is required to validate this hypothesis.


hname:
[Semibalanus balanoides], [Fucus vesiculosus] and red seaweeds on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed and moderately exposed upper and mid eulittoral bedrock characterised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] with a sparse community of seaweeds. Turfs of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] can be present on the more horizontal parts of the shore though usually in low abundance (Occasional). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] can lack the characteristic twin air bladders due to environmental stress (i.e. wave exposure). A sparse seaweed community consisting of foliose red seaweeds such as [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] are usually present along with the [Corallina officinalis] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The algal community is usually restricted to fissures and cracks in the bedrock surface. Moist cracks and crevices also provide a refuge for small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea]. These crevices can also be occupied by encrusting coralline algae and the anemone [Actinia equina].
Situation: On exposed and moderately exposed shores. This unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (B3.1131) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (A1.112). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123) or the red seaweed biotopes (A1 122).
Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132) and a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313). Individuals of [F. vesiculosus] growing in stressed environmental conditions (i.e. high wave exposure) do not always develop the characteristic twin air bladders.


hname:
[Semibalanus balanoides] and [Littorina] spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles

description:
Large patches of boulders, cobbles and pebbles in the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores colonised by the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and, on larger rocks, the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically found in high numbers on and around cobbles and smaller boulders, while the anemone [Actinia equina] occurs in damp areas between and underneath larger boulders. Between the cobbles and pebbles, the mussel [Mytilus edulis] occasionally occurs, but always at low abundance, as do the crab [Carcinus maenas] and gammarid amphipods. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may cover cobbles and boulders. The foliose red seaweeds [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida] as well as the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may also occur in low abundance on cobbles and boulders. The top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can, on more sheltered shores, be found among the seaweeds or underneath the boulders. The barnacle [Elminius modestus] is present on some shores.
Situation: On exposed shores with large boulders this unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (B3.1131or B3.1132) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotope (A1.112). Below this biotope the [Himanthalia elongata] dominated biotopes may occur (A1 122; A1.123). On less exposed shores it can be found above the [Fucus serratus] biotope on boulders (A1.2142).
Temporal variation: Seasonally mobile boulders, cobbles and pebbles are likely to have a sparser coverage of flora and fauna, because the rocks can be subject to turning. Ephemeral green seaweeds can dominate during the summer.


hname:
Robust fucoid and/or red seaweed communities

description:
This habitat type encompasses those seaweeds that are able to tolerate the extreme conditions of very exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. The physical stresses caused by wave action often results in dwarf forms of the individual seaweeds. The strong holdfasts and short tufts structure of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana] allow these fucoids to survive on extremely exposed shores in the north and north-west (A1.121). Another seaweed able to tolerate the wave-wash is the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], which can form a dense turf on the mid to lower shore (A1.122). The wrack [Himanthalia elongata] occurs on the lower shore and can extend on to moderately exposed shores (A1.123). The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] is common on both exposed and moderately exposed shores, where it may form a dense turf (particularly on vertical or overhanging rock faces, A1.125). Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock can support a pure stand of the red seaweed [Palmaria palmata]. It is found either as a dense band or in large patches above the main sublittoral fringe (A1.124). Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] (A1.126). Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks, such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], to bore into them (A1.127). This biotope is rare. Other species such as the anemone [Halichondria panicea], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be present as well, but they are never dominant as in A1.11. There is also a higher number of seaweeds present including the red [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata], [Ceramium] spp. and the brown seaweeds [Laminaria digitata] and [Fucus serratus. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are occasionally present.
Situation: This habitat type is present on extremely exposed to moderately exposed upper to lower shores.


hname:
[Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis] f. [nana] on extremely exposed upper eulittoral rock

description:
Extremely exposed gently or steeply sloping upper shore bedrock which supports a mixture of the wracks [Fucus distichus] and [Fucus spiralis f. nana], the latter often at the top of the zone. On some sites [F. distichus] dominates and [F. spiralis] is not present. Other seaweeds normally found on exposed coasts are common in this biotope. These include ephemeral species such as the foliose red [Porphyra umbilicalis] and the green [Enteromorpha] spp. The winkles [Melarhaphe neritoides] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the bedrock or on the fucoids, while red crusts of [Hildenbrandia rubra] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are restricted to moist cracks and crevices. A sparse covering of the black lichens [Verrucaria maura] and [Verrucaria mucosa] can be found in the upper part of this biotope competing for space with barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. This biotope is very rare and restricted to the far north and west coasts.
Situation: This mixed band of [F. distichus] and [F. spiralis f. nana] is generally found between the [Verrucaria maura] and [Porphyra] spp. zone (B3.1131 or B3.1132) above, and the [M. edulis] and barnacle zone below (A1.111). It may also occur above a red algal zone consisting of [Mastocarpus stellatus] as recorded on Barra (Scotland).
Temporal variation: Due to the occurrence of this biotope on very exposed coasts a certain amount of fluctuation between this biotope and unit B3.1131  from year to year is to be expected. More information is required to validate this hypothesis. There can be seasonal fluctuations in the density of ephemeral green algae.


hname:
[Corallina officinalis] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds including [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata], [Laminaria digitata] while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are present as well. A number of invertebrates are present on the bedrock underneath the coralline turf, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata]. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west. Two variants have been described: [C. officinalis] and kelp (A1.1221) and [C. officinalis], [H. elongata] and the limpet [P. ulyssiponensis] (A1.1222).
Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (A3.111, A3.1112 or A3.211). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.112; A1.113; A1.1132).


hname:
[Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus] on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed lower eulittoral rock or moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical rock that supports a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis], often on wave surged rocky slopes. There is usually a low abundance of other turf-forming red seaweeds such as [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida]. Other seaweeds that occur in low abundance includes the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata], while the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] can be found growing on and around the other seaweeds. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] are also present. The coralline turf creates a micro-habitat for small animals such as the colonial tube building polychaete [Pomatoceros] sp. and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is often found in small cracks and crevices while the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be found in shaded areas or on overhangs. The limpets [Patella ulyssiponensis] and [Patella vulgata] can be found on the bedrock underneath the turf. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west.
Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (A3.111, A3.1112 or A3.211). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.112; A1.1131; A1.1132).
Temporal variation: If there are many of the characteristic [H. elongata] buttons present in early spring careful comparison with unit A1.123  should be made (See Similar biotopes).


hname:
[Corallina officinalis], [Himanthalia elongata] and [Patella ulyssiponensis] on very exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Very exposed to exposed lower eulittoral bedrock shores in the south-west can support a dense turf of the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] found underneath the long erect fronds of the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. The rock surface is pitted with the limpet [Patella ulyssiponensis]. Also found on the bedrock is the barnacle [Chthamalus stellatus] or the limpet [Patella vulgata], while numerous cracks and crevices provide shelter for anemones such as [Actinia equina] or the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Other turf-forming red seaweeds include [Lomentaria articulata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata, Gastroclonium ovatum, Ceramium] spp. and [Osmundea] [pinnatifida] which can be found along with the kelp [Laminaria digitata]. Foliose green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present along with siphonous [Codium] spp. Sponges such [as Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] may be present in shaded areas. The brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and the barnacle [Balanus perforatus] may occur in the extreme south-west.
Situation: This community usually forms a distinct band just above the kelp zone (A3.111, A3.1112 or A3.211). It can be found below the barnacle and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.112; A1.113 or A1.1132).
Temporal variation: There might be some fluctuations in the abundance of the individual species from year to year, which reverts this biotope into either  A1.1221 or  A1.123 .


hname:
[Himanthalia elongata] and red seaweeds on exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] with a dense turf of red seaweeds beneath. [H. elongata] may occur on tide-swept, sheltered shores in sea lochs (e.g. Loch Maddy). The wrack [Fucus serratus] is normally present as well. The predominant red seaweeds are usually [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Corallina officinalis] and [Palmaria palmata] that tend to grow over a crust of the pink coralline algae [Lithothamnion] spp. Any patches between the algal turf may be colonised by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], or [Balanus perforatus] in the south-west, and by the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Pits and crevices in the rock often provide a refuge for the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkle [Littorina] spp. and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Besides the dominant seaweeds there are a number of other red, brown and green seaweeds present. These include species such as the red seaweeds [Dumontia contorta], [Lomentaria articulata, Porphyra] spp., the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris].
Situation: On some shores this biotope may occur as a distinct zone between a [Fucus serratus] and red algal turf (A1.2141) and the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [L. digitata] community (A3.1112). This biotope generally characterises those shores which are too exposed for [F. serratus] to form a dense canopy, often occurring as large patches within the [F. serratus] / red seaweed turf zone (A1.2141). Consequently, [F. serratus] plants frequently occur amongst the [H. elongata] and red seaweed turf.
Temporal variation: In early spring only characteristic [H. elongata] buttons are present, while the long erect parts of the thalli appears later in the season. This biotope may therefore appear very similar to A1.1221 in the spring and care should be taken when assessing these biotopes in early spring (See Similar biotopes).


hname:
[Palmaria palmata] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock which supports a pure stand of dulse [Palmaria palmata] as a dense band or in large patches above the main kelp zone. [P. palmata] favours shaded or overhanging rock and often forms a band at the top of overhanging rock. Relatively low abundance of other seaweeds, such as the red seaweed [Porphyra umbilicalis] or the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] may also occur in this biotope although [P. palmata] always dominates. On the rock underneath the seaweed turf are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata and the olive-green lichen] Verrucaria mucosa. Sites should only be recorded as A1.124 where [P. palmata] forms a distinct band or occurs in large patches on the shore.
Situation: This biotope is found below the biotopes dominated by the [P. vulgata, S. balanoides], the wrack [Fucus distichus] or [E. intestinalis] (A1.113; A1.121; A1.451). It is found above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Alaria esculenta] and [Laminaria digitata] (A3.1112; A3.2111).
Temporal variation: It is likely that the [P. palmata] biotope represents an opportunistic assemblage of fast-growing species which occupy gaps within or between the canopies of long lived perennials such as the wrack [Fucus serratus].


hname:
[Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] on very exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral vertical to almost horizontal bedrock characterised by a dense turf of [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] (either together or separately). Beneath these foliose seaweeds the rock surface is covered by encrusting coralline algae and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid polychaetes. Other seaweeds including the red [Lomentaria articulata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata], [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts. The wrack [Fucus serratus] and the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may also be present though usually at a low abundance[]. Although both [M. stellatus] and [C. crispus] are widespread in the lower eulittoral and the sublittoral fringe, they occur only infrequently in a distinct band, or in large enough patches, to justify separation from A1.2141. Consequently, where only small patches of these species occur within a larger area of mixed red algal turf, then records should be assigned to more general mixed red algal turf biotope (A1 122; A1.123). [M. stellatus] can be present in high abundance in a number of biotopes (A1 122: A1.123; A1.2141 etc.) found on the shore. At least one other species normally co-dominates and records should be assigned to the appropriate biotope. Caution should be taken regarding the characterising species list due to the low number of records. More information needed to validate this description.
Situation: This biotope can form a band above the main kelp zone, above [Alaria esculenta] (A3.111) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] (A1.111) or within a [F. serratus]-red algal mosaic (A1.2141).
Temporal variation: [M. stellatus] is more resistant to wave action than [C]. [crispus] and may therefore dominate more exposed shores; it can dominate vertical rock at very exposed sites (e.g. Mingulay, Outer Hebrides). On more sheltered shores, especially in the south-west, [M. stellatus] may give way to [C. crispus] which has a faster growth rate.


hname:
[Osmundea pinnatifida] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock characterised by extensive areas or a distinct band of [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium pusillum] (either together or separately). This community usually occurs on shores on which a fucoid canopy is reduced in extent, or even absent. Other turf-forming red seaweeds, such as [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp. and [Callithamnion hookeri] may be present, although [O. pinnatifida] always dominate. On flatter, more sheltered shores, [Osmundea hybrida] may also occur. Small patches of bare rock amongst the algal turf are occupied by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be present on the rock or among the seaweeds. A variation of this biotope has been described for the chalk platforms in Kent where extensive turfs of [G. pusillum] occur in the mid eulittoral above the main [O. pinnatifida] zone.
Situation: This biotope can be found below barnacles [S. balanoides] or red seaweed dominated community, which includes the species [Palmaria palmata], [C. officinalis] or [M. stellatus] (A1.112; A1 122; A1.411). It is found above biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds (A1.12; A1.222; A1.2141) or above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.2111).


hname:
[Ceramium] sp. and piddocks on eulittoral fossilised peat

description:
Outcrops of fossilised peat in the eulittoral are soft enough to allow a variety of piddocks such as [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis] to bore into them. The surface of the peat can be characterised by a dense algal mat, predominantly the red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. and with the green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. Damp areas in the algal mat are covered by aggregations of the polychaetes [Lanice conchilega] and [Polydora] sp. The crabs [Carcinus maenas] and [Cancer pagurus] occur in crevices in the peat. Small pools on the peat may contain hydroids, such as [Obelia longissima] and [Kirchenpaueria pinnata], the brown alga [Dictyota dichotoma] and the crustacean [Crangon crangon]. Description derived largely from sites in north Norfolk and this community could possibly be found on other "soft" substrata. Further records of this community are required in order to validate the description.


hname:
Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of upper mediolittoral rock

description:
The distributions and types of species in this habitat are profoundly affected by the submersion variability determined by wave action, and by irregularities in the sea level caused by atmospheric pressure and wind.


description:
This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Bangia atropurpurea]. This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter.


description:
This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red alga [Porphyra leucosticta].  This facies is also present in the mediolittoral zone of the western Black Sea during winter.


hname:
Association with [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa]

description:
This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the two red algae species [Nemalion helminthoides] and [Rissoella verruculosa].


hname:
Association with [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.

description:
This facies is characterised by a continuous belt of the red algae species [Lithophyllum papillosum] and [Polysiphonia] spp.


hname:
Mediterranean and Black Sea communities of lower mediolittoral rock very exposed to wave action

description:
These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: high waves, variations in atmospheric pressure, and variations in wind and tide. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum.


description:
This association is characterised by the red alga species [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]). This is one of the most important bio-constructors of the Mediterranean "trottoir", particularly important because of its high aesthetic interest and its conservation value.


description:
This facies is very rare in Mediterranean. The characteristic species is the Cirriped (Barnacle) [Pollicipes pollicipes] ([Pollicipes cornucopiae]), living on rocky walls in areas with pure waters exposed to extremely rough waves.


hname:
Association with [Titanoderma trochanter ]

description:
This association is characterised by the red alga [Titanoderma trochanter ] (ex [Lithophyllum trochanter]).


description:
This association is characterised by the red alga [Lithophyllum tortuosum] (ex [Tenarea undulosa]).


hname:
[Mytilus galloprovincialis] facies in presence of moderately polluted waters


description:
Fucoid seaweeds in tide-swept conditions on sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral to lower eulittoral rocky shores, such as narrow channels in sea lochs. The middle shore can be dominated by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.151), while [Fucus serratus] is dominating the lower shore (A1.152, A1.153). The high levels of water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [Fucus vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices.
Situation: Sheltered tide-swept shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the [Fucus spiralis] and [F. vesiculosus] band and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral.


hname:
[Ascophyllum nodosum], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept mid eulittoral rock

description:
Very sheltered to extremely sheltered areas of mid eulittoral rock that are subject to strong to moderate tidal streams, such as the narrows in sea lochs, and characterised by the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The wracks [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus] are occasionally present. The increased water movement encourages a rich associated fauna including several filter-feeding groups. These include the sponges [Leucosolenia] spp., [Grantia compressa, Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] which frequently occur on steep and overhanging faces of boulders and bedrock. It also includes the sea squirts [Dendrodoa grossularia] and [Ascidiella scabra], which occur on steep surfaces and beneath boulders. Hydroids such as the pink [Clava multicornis] can form colonies on [A. nodosum] while [Dynamena pumila] is more often found on [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus]. Underneath the canopy formed by the brown seaweeds is a diverse community of the red seaweeds [Gelidium pusillum], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and coralline crusts, but the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can usually be found growing on [A. nodosum]. On the rock beneath are the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while the crab [Carcinus maenas] and a variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea], [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina obtusata] can be found on or among the boulders. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can either be found in cracks and crevices or preying on the barnacles.
Situation: This biotope occurs lower on the shore than the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (A1.212) although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (unit A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. A1.151 is found above the tide-swept [F. serratus] dominated biotope (unit A1.152).
Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually very stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed.


hname:
[Fucus serratus], sponges and ascidians on tide-swept lower eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral bedrock, boulders and cobbles that are subject to increased tidal water movement and characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and a rich assemblage of filter-feeding fauna. This community is encouraged by the increased water movement. It includes species such as the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], which occur frequently on steep and overhanging faces. Underneath the [F. serratus] canopy is a diverse flora of foliose red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. The green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp., [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] are present though usually in small numbers. On the rock underneath the seaweed canopy, species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus crenatus] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found though in lower abundance than higher up the shore. Also present on the rock are the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and spirorbids and more mobile species such as the winkles [Littorina mariae] and [Littorina littorea], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. Lastly, several species of bryozoans are usually present including [Electra pilosa] and [Alcyonidium gelatinosum], all competing for space with the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], which can form dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds.
Situation: Areas where increased tidal movement influences such a community are in the narrows and/or intertidal sills of Scottish sea lochs and the rias in south-west England. In the few cases where the rock is also subject to variable salinity, an impoverished community results and records should be classified as A1.326 rather than the present biotope.


hname:
[Fucus serratus] with sponges, ascidians and red seaweeds on tide-swept lower eulittoral mixed substrata

description:
Sheltered lower shore boulders, cobbles and pebbles on muddy sediments that are subject to enhanced tidal water movement and characterised by a species rich community. Dominant species include the sponges [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve], the sea squirts [Ascidiella aspera], [Ascidiella scabra], [Styela clava] and [Botryllus schlosseri]. A number of filamentous red seaweeds including [Halurus flosculosus], [Ceramium] spp., [Gracilaria gracilis, Polysiphonia fucoides] and foliose seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Chondrus crispus] are usually present. The brown seaweed [Dictyota dichotoma] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] with colonies of the hydroid [Dynamena pumila], and [Ectocarpus] sp. may be found on more stable substrata. Boulders and large cobbles provide substrata for the top shell [Gibbula cineraria], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus], or in areas with variable salinity [Elminius modestus], and the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter]. Patches of sand or mud are often characterised by the polychaete [Lanice conchilega] and the polychaete [Sabella pavonina]. Aggregations of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and, in southern and eastern England the limpet [Crepidula fornicata], may be found attached to cobbles and pebbles. Sites in Scottish sea lochs may support maerl [Lithothamnion] spp. and bivalves [Venerupis senegalensis] (see also A5.433).
Situation: This biotope is found above a community dominated by kelp such as [Laminaria digitata] (A3.1112) or seagrass beds dominated by [Zostera marina] (A5.5331) depending on the substrata found below. It is found below biotopes dominated by wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [M. edulis] beds (A2.212).


hname:
Pontic communities of exposed mediolittoral rock


hname:
Pontic upper shore with [Chthamalus], [Ligia], [Melaraphe],  [Rivularia] (cyanophites)


hname:
Pontic upper mediolittoral with [Mytilaster] spp, [Mytilus] spp., [Enteromorpha minima], [Enteromorpha compressa]


hname:
Pontic ephemeral patchwork of green and red algae with [Mytilaster] and [Mytilus]


hname:
Pontic association with encrusting algae and [Lepidochitona caprearum]


hname:
Pontic [Corallina] turfs on exposed to moderately exposed mediolittoral rock


hname:
Pontic mediolittoral barren rock scoured by sand


description:
Moderately exposed shores (bedrock, boulders and cobbles) characterised by mosaics of barnacles and fucoids on the mid and upper shore; with fucoids and red seaweed mosaics on the lower shore. Where freshwater or sand-scour affects the shore ephemeral red or green seaweeds can dominate. Other shores support communities of mussels and fucoids in the mid to lower shore. Two biological subtypes have been described: barnacles and fucoids (A1.21) and mussels and fucoids (A1.22).


hname:
Barnacles and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

description:
Moderately exposed rocky shores characterised by a mosaic of fucoids and barnacles on bedrock and boulders, where the extent of the fucoid cover is typically less than the blanket cover associated with sheltered shores. Other species are normally present as well in this habtat including the winkle [Littorina littorea], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Beneath the band of yellow and grey lichens at the top of the shore is a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], scattered barnacles, while the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] covers the rock surface (A1.211). Below, on the mid shore the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] generally forms a mosaic with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] (A1.213). Finally, the wrack [Fucus serratus], dominates the lower shore, while a variety of red seaweeds can be found underneath the[F. serratus] canopy (A1.214). A number of variants have been described: lower shore bedrock and boulders characterised by mosaics of [F. serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds (A1.2141); where the density of [F. serratus] is greater (typically Common - Superabundant) and the abundance of red seaweeds less A1.3151 should be recorded. The presence of boulders and cobbles on the shore can increase the micro-habitat diversity, which often results in a greater species richness. Although the upper surface of the boulders may bear very similar communities to A1.3151 there is often an increase in fauna (crabs, tube-forming polychaetes, sponges and bryozoans) and A1.2142 should be recorded. Sand-influenced exposed to moderately exposed lower shore rock can be characterised by dense mats of [Rhodothamniella floridula] (A1.215).
Situation: Mid and lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock with a lichen zone above and a kelp dominated community below in the sublittoral zone.


hname:
[Pelvetia canaliculata] and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed steep, lower littoral fringe rock and mixed substrata characterised by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] and sparse barnacles [Chthamalus montagui] and [Semibalanus balanoides]. On sheltered shores the biotope is restricted to vertical faces. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the wrack [Fucus spiralis] are usually present as well. [P. canaliculata] typically overgrows a crust of the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] or on occasion [Verrucaria mucosa], in contrast to the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] is frequently present underneath the fronds of [P. canaliculata]. Some geographical variation are present and southern and western shores are typically characterised by the barnacle [C. montagui] or [Chthamalus stellatus] while [S. balanoides] dominates on northern and eastern shores. On mixed substrata the barnacle [Elminius modestus] may be present.
Situation: This unit is generally found below the [V. maura] and barnacle zone (B3.1131; B3.1132). On exposed shores it is found above the biotope dominated by [F. spiralis] (unit A1.312) or the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and barnacles biotope (unit A1.111) or the barnacles and [P. vulgata] biotopes (unit A1.113). In addition, patches of lichen [Lichina pygmaea] with the barnacle [Chthamalus montagui] (unit A1.1122) may also occur at the same level or above this biotope, particularly on southern shores. On sheltered to extremely sheltered shores this biotope is limited to very steep or vertical faces.


hname:
[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea], the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in cracks and crevices preying on the mussels and barnacles. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. The insect [Anurida maritima] can be present in this zone taking shelter in cracks and crevices when the tide comes in.
Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (unit A1.211), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. This unit occurs above the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.213) zones. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (unit A1.113).


hname:
[Fucus vesiculosus] and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed to moderately exposed mid eulittoral bedrock and boulders are frequently characterised by a mosaic of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are typically present, whilst the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are confined to crevices. Underneath the [F. vesiculosus] is a community of red seaweeds, including [Corallina officinalis, Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], usually with the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina] spp. present. Opportunistic seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may occur in patches recently cleared on the rock or growing on the [M. edulis].
Situation: On exposed shores this unit is found below the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and sparse barnacles biotope (unit B3.1131) and/or below the [Chthamalus] spp. and [P. vulgata] biotopes (A1.1121). It is found above the biotope dominated by the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] (A1.123) or the red seaweed biotopes (A1 122; A1.2141). This unit  forms an intermediate along the wave exposure gradient between the exposed shore barnacle-[P]. [vulgata] biotopes (unit A1.1132) and the sheltered shore [F. vesiculosus] biotope (A1.313). Vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by the barnacle-[P. vulgata] biotope (A1.112).
Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those, which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132), through this mosaic (A1.213) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313).


hname:
[Fucus serratus] on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Lower eulittoral bedrock and stable boulders on moderately exposed to sheltered shores with a canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and an associated fauna consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the sponge [Halichondria panicea]. Green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present among/beneath the [F. serratus] canopy. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: [F. serratus] with red seaweeds (A1.2141) and [F. serratus] with under-boulder communities (A1.2142) with sponges. Lastly, a [F. serratus] and piddocks community on soft rock has been identified (A1.2143). Dense [F. serratus] with fewer red seaweeds occurs on more sheltered shores (unit A1 315).
Situation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores is the [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.113; A1.1132; A1.213). On more sheltered shores are biotopes dominated by the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.313; A1.3141). On moderately exposed shores, the sublittoral fringe below Fser is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] may be present (A3.2112; A3.1112). On more sheltered shores the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] is found among the [L. digitata] (A3.3131; A3.3132).


hname:
[Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Moderately exposed lower eulittoral bedrock characterised by mosaics of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and turf-forming red seaweeds including [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Mastocarpus stellatus] or [Corallina officinalis]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can occur in dense populations on the [F. serratus] fronds whilst the sponge [Halichondria panicea] can cover the bedrock beneath. Underneath the canopy a number of other red seaweeds may be present including [Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata],[Membranoptera alata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris], [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are present though usually in small numbers. In addition, such shores provide a greater number of permanently damp refuges between the stones and underneath the seaweed canopy. Within these micro-habitats species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] or the whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found in lower abundance than higher up the shore. If a few boulders are present then the winkle [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found on or underneath the boulders.
Situation: Above the [F. serratus] biotope on moderately exposed bedrock shores are the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and/or [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (A1.113; A1.1132; A1.213). The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and on vertical faces the kelp [Alaria esculenta] (A3.2112; A3.1112). On uneven bedrock [F. serratus] and red seaweeds often dominate the upper-facing surfaces, while steep or vertical rock is characterised by [S. balanoides] and [P. vulgata] dominated biotopes (see above).
Temporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to factors such as severe storms may convert this biotope into either A1.3151 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope. The [C. maenas] population may migrate offshore during the winter.


hname:
[Fucus serratus] and under-boulder fauna on exposed to moderately exposed lower eulittoral boulders

description:
Exposed to moderalety exposed lower eulittoral boulders with the wrack [Fucus serratus] community of a high species richness as the presence of the boulders increases the micro-habitat diversity. The upper surfaces of the boulders are colonised by a very similar fauna to the other [F. serratus] biotopes, including species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The shaded sides of the boulders are, depending on environmental conditions, often colonised by a variety of foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Palmaria palmata] and [Chondrus crispus]. Coralline algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coraline crusts, as well as the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca], can be found underneath the [F. serratus] canopy or in patches on the boulders. The species composition underneath the boulders varies considerably depending on the underlying substratum. On muddy shores the fauna living under the boulders may be limited to a few infaunal species, such as the polychaete [Cirratulus cirratus]. Where more space is available beneath the boulders there may be a rich assemblage of animals. Characteristic mobile species include the crabs [Porcellana platycheles] and [Carcinus maenas]. Also present on and beneath the boulders are the tube-forming polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter], spirorbid polychaetes and a few winkles such as [Littorina obtusata/mariae] and [Littorina littorea] or even the top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Encrusting colonies of the sponge [Halichondria panicea] are also typical of the undersides of boulders, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] colonies can be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. The richest examples of this biotope also contain a variety of brittlestars, ascidians and small hydroids.
Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (unit A1.213) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3141) on sheltered shores. The sublittoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.211; A3.2112), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (A3.3131;A3.3121). Low abundance of these kelp may also occur in this biotope.


hname:
[Fucus serratus] and piddocks on lower eulittoral soft rock

description:
The lower eulittoral zone on soft rock shores (e.g. chalk) characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. Much of the community associated with this biotope is the same as the biotope Fserr.FS, but certain taxa are specific to the soft underlying substrata. Rock-boring fauna including the piddocks [Barnea] spp., [Pholas dactylus] and [Hiatella arctica] can occur in dense aggregations. Burrowing polychaetes such as [Polydora] spp. can also occur in high numbers only visible due to their long, slender palps waving in the water as they occupy holes in the top few centimetres of the rock. A dense red algal turf occurs beneath the [F. serratus] and includes [Gelidium pusillum], [Osmundea pinnatifida, Palmaria palmata], [Lomentaria articulata] and [Rhodothamniella floridula], but also calcareous algae such as [Corallina officinalis] and coralline crusts including the red-violet encrusting algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] are present. Infaunal taxa such as various amphipods may be common amongst the seaweeds. The empty piddock holes may provide a refuge for species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be present on the surface of the soft rock. The whelk [Nucella lapillus], the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina mariae] and the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] are all present on the soft rock among the seaweeds. The high number of characterising species is partly caused by the low number of records used to define this biotope. The high % frequency of occurrence is partly a result of the low number of records. More data is needed to validate this biotope description.
Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below either a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (unit A1.213) or a [Mytilus edulis] and piddocks-dominated biotope (A1.223) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3141) on sheltered shores. The littoral fringe below are on moderately exposed shores dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.2113), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (A3.3131; A3.3132).


hname:
[Rhodothamniella floridula] on sand-scoured lower eulittoral rock

description:
Lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe bedrock and boulders subject to mild sand-scouring characterised by a canopy of the wracks [Fucus serratus] or [Fucus vesiculosus], beneath which a mat of the sand-binding red seaweed [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs. These mats can form distinct areas without [F. serratus]. The small hummocks of [R. floridula] also contain a diversity of other red seaweeds tolerant of sand scour, e.g. [Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus], coralline crusts and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. The brown seaweed [Cladostephus spongiosus] or the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris] may occur. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] fronds. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], the anemone [Actinia equina] and the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be present where bedrock are available along with a few winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. In addition, polychaetes and amphipods may burrow into the [R. floridula] mat, while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] is restricted to small crevices in the bedrock. The species diversity of this biotope is normally low and there can be much variation in the species composition from site to site.
Situation: Above this biotope in sand influenced areas are a community dominated by [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] or where the sand scour is more severe, is a biotope dominated by ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. and the red seaweed [Porphyra] spp. (unit A1.452). Below this biotope are biotopes dominated by [F. serratus] and/or red seaweeds (see subunits of A1.214) or biotopes dominated by kelp such as [Alaria esculenta] and/or [Laminaria digitata] (A3.1112).
Temporal variation: Where sand scour is more severe, fucoids and [R. floridula] may be rare or absent and green ephemeral seaweeds dominate the substratum (unit A1.452).


hname:
Mussels and fucoids on moderately exposed shores

description:
Mid and lower eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, may be densely covered by large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Three biotopes have been described: In the mid eulittoral, the mussels may form a band or large patches with scattered bladder wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.221). In the lower eulittoral a range of red seaweeds including [Mastocarpus stellatus] and [Palmaria palmata] occur amongst the mussels (in higher abundance than the mid eulittoral) (A1.222). Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral may be bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis], while the surface is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [M. edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] (A1.223). Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. Barnacles are common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is found as well, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and a range of littorinids also occur within the mussel bed. A dense [M. edulis] community may be found on more sheltered coasts on mixed substrata (A2.721).
Situation: Above this habitat type is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated zone or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (A1.213). In the lower eulittoral zone below is a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a variety of red seaweeds (A1.21) while kelp dominate the sublittoral fringe.


hname:
[Mytilus edulis] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock

description:
Mid eulittoral exposed to moderately exposed bedrock, often with nearby sediment, covered by a dense band or large patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The community often supports scattered [Fucus vesiculosus] and occasional foliose red seaweeds such as [Porphyra umbilicalis, Osmundea pinnatifida, Mastocarpus stellatus], [Palmaria palmata] or the calcareous algae [Corallina officinalis] . The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be found. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] can be found within the mussel bed.
Situation: Above this biotope is a [M. edulis] and [S. balanoides] dominated biotope (unit A1.113) or a [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (unit A1.213). In the lower eulittoral zone below A1.221 is a biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus, M. edulis] and a higher diversity of red seaweeds (units A1.222; A1.2141).


hname:
[Mytilus edulis], [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock

description:
Lower eulittoral moderately exposed bedrock covered by a dense community of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], often with a scarce covering of the wrack [Fucus serratus] and red seaweeds. The red seaweeds may include [Palmaria palmata], [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Ceramium] spp., [Audouinella] spp. and [Chondrus crispus]. Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] commonly occur on the shells of the mussels. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is common on both the mussel valves and on patches of bare rock, where the limpet [Patella vulgata] is also found, often at high abundance. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] occur within the mussel bed, as well as the polychaete [Pomatoceros triqueter] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The anemone [Actinia equina] is present in cracks and crevices. These moist areas can be overgrown by coralline crusts.
Situation: Above this biotope on sand influenced shores is a [M. edulis] and [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope (unit A1.221). In the sublittoral fringe below A1.222 is a biotope dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.2111).


hname:
[Mytilus edulis] and piddocks on eulittoral firm clay

description:
Clay outcrops in the mid to lower eulittoral which are bored by a variety of piddocks including [Pholas dactylus], [Barnea candida] and [Petricola pholadiformis]. The surface of the clay is characterised by small clumps of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], the barnacle [Elminius modestus] and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Seaweeds are generally sparse on the clay, although small patches of the red seaweeds [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Halurus flosculosus] and [Ceramium] spp. can occur, usually attached to loose-lying cobble or mussel shells. Also the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may be present. The sand mason [Lanice conchilega] can sometimes be present in the clay, while the shore crab [Carcinus maenas] is present as well. More data are required to validate this description.
Situation: This unit can usually be found beneath a [M. edulis] or barnacle and [Littorina] spp.-dominated biotope (A2.721; A2.431). It is found above a [Laminaria digitata] and piddocks-dominated biotope (unit A3.2113).
Temporal variation: The [C. maenas] population may migrate offshore during the winter season.


hname:
Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action

description:
These communities are located in the lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: moderate waves, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide, if present. The dominant aspect, however, is the constant humidity of the substratum.


hname:
Association with [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata]

description:
This association is characterised by the red algae [Ceramium ciliatum] and [Corallina elongata].


description:
The characteristic species of this biocoenosis is the red alga [Neogoniolithon brassica-florida]. When present, this biocoenosis occupies the borders of the lower mediolittoral where the action of waves is very strong.


description:
This association is characterised by the dominance of red algae belonging to the genus [Gelidium].


hname:
Pools and lagoons sometimes associated with [Vermetus] spp. (infralittoral enclave)

description:
This habitat is characterised by a high variability in ecological conditions. It is sometimes characterised by facies with sessile gastropod vermetids located in the middle level of the sea water. It forms well-developed vermetid platforms in Sicily, Corsica and in the eastern Mediterranean basin.


hname:
Pontic communities of lower mediolittoral rock moderately exposed to wave action


hname:
Pontic association with [Enteromorpha intestinalis]


hname:
Pontic association with [Cladophora vagabunda]


hname:
Pontic association with [Ceramium rubrum]


description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with very weak to weak tidal streams are typically characterised by a dense cover of fucoid seaweeds which form distinct zones (the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] on the upper shore through to the wrack [Fucus serratus] on the lower shore). Where salinity is reduced (such as at the head of a sea loch or where streams run across the shore) [Fucus ceranoides] may occur. Fucoids also occur on less stable, mixed substrata (cobbles and pebbles on sediment) although in lower abundance and with fewer associated epifaunal species; beds of mussels [Mytilus edulis] are also common. In summer months, dense blankets of ephemeral green and red seaweeds can dominate these mixed shores. Two biological subtypes have been described: Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered, fully marine littoral rocky shores (A1.31) and fucoids dominating variable salinity rocky shores (A1.32).


description:
Dense blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores and/or in locally sheltered patches on exposed to moderately exposed rocky shores. Typically, the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.311) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313, A1.314) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.315). Sheltered to very sheltered mixed substrata (pebbles and cobbles overlying muddy sand and gravel) shores can support fucoid communities (A1.3122; A1.3132; A1.3142; A1.3152).
Situation: Sheltered shores (i.e. estuaries and sea lochs) below the lichen dominated zone and above the kelp dominated zone in the sublittoral or sheltered patches on more wave exposed shores.


hname:
[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered littoral fringe rock

description:
Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata in sheltered to extremely sheltered conditions characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata]. The biotope may be present in localised sheltered patches on moderately exposed shores. [P. canaliculata] overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura] or the non-calcified red algae [Hildenbrandia rubra] on very sheltered shores. Individuals of the wrack [Fucus spiralis] can usually be found among the [P. canaliculata] and/or in lower part of the biotope. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found amongst the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present especially in more shaded areas while the green seaweed [Enteromorpha] spp. can be present in moist areas.
Situation: This biotope is found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (unit B3.1132) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (unit A1.212). Though not typical, this biotope may occur on moderately exposed shores where local topography provides shelter.


hname:
[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered upper eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock is typically characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and the occasional [Pelvetia canaliculata] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. The rock surface can often be covered by the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra]. During the summer months the ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common. Two variants have been described: Upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by [F. spiralis], the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] (unit A1.3121). Upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by [F. spiralis] with occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (unit A1.3122). Note that a [F. spiralis] biotope in variable salinity conditions (A1.322) has also been descibed.
Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (units A1.211: A1.311), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. A1.312 occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.314) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (A1.113).


hname:
[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity sheltered upper eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis] overlying the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. Underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] is a community consisting of the limpet [Patella vulgata], the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and sparse individuals of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found attached in cracks and crevices. A variety of red algae including [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present underneath the fronds. During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can be common.
Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (units A1.211; A1.311), but occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. A1.3121 occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.314) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (Sem).


hname:
[Fucus spiralis] on full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata

description:
Moderately exposed to sheltered full salinity upper eulittoral mixed substrata characterised by a band of the wrack [Fucus spiralis]. Occasional clumps of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] can be overgrowing the black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa]. On the more stable boulders underneath the fronds the red crust [Hildenbrandia rubra] can be found along with the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found on and among the boulders and cobbles, while amphipods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] can be present either underneath the boulders or among the brown seaweeds. The green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occur in some abundance especially during the summer.
Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [P. canaliculata] (units A1.211; A1.311). Vertical surfaces in this zone, especially on moderately exposed shores, often lack the fucoids and are characterised by a barnacle-limpet dominated community (A1.113).In areas of extreme shelter, such as in Scottish sea lochs, the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. A1.3122 occur above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3142) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.3132) zones. These two fucoids may also occur among the [F. spiralis], although [F. spiralis] always dominates. Fspi.X can also be found above a barnacle [S. balanoides] and winkle [L. littorea] dominated biotope (A2.431).
Temporal variation: Ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can occur in some abundance during the summer when the growth conditions are optimal.


hname:
[Fucus vesiculosus] on moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

description:
Moderately exposed to very sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] can be found grazing on the fucoid fronds. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] is found beneath the seaweed canopy. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders. Two variants have been described: Bedrock and large boulders (unit A1.3131) and mixed substrata (unit A1.3132). Please notice that a [F. vesioculosus] biotope subject to variable salinity (unit A1.323) has been identified.
Situation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) and the [Fucus serratus] (A1 315) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (A1.314). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (A1.327).
Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132), through this mosaic (A1.213) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313).


hname:
[Fucus vesiculosus] on full salinity moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral rock

description:
Moderately exposed to sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock and large boulders characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (Abundant to Superabundant). Beneath the seaweed canopy the rock surface has a sparse covering of the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] is confined to pits and crevices. A variety of winkles including [Littorina littorea, Littorina saxatilis] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] are found beneath the seaweeds, whilst [Littorina obtusata/mariae] graze on the fucoid fronds. The calcareous tube-forming polychaete [Spirorbis spirorbis] may also occur epiphytically on the fronds. In areas of localised shelter the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] may occur, though never at high abundance. Damp cracks and crevices often contain patches of the red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and even the wrack [Fucus serratus] may be present. The crab [Carcinus maenas] may be present in pools or among the boulders.
Situation: This biotope usually occurs between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) and the [F. serratus] (A1 315) zones; both of these fucoids may be present in this biotope, though never at high abundance (typically less than Frequent). In some sheltered areas [F. vesiculosus] forms a narrow zone above the [A. nodosum] zone (A1.314). Where freshwater runoff occurs on more gradually sloping shores [F. vesiculosus] may be replaced by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (A1.327).
Temporal variation: On some shores, particularly those which are moderately exposed to wave action, temporal fluctuations in the abundance of limpets, barnacles and fucoid seaweeds may occur. As a result, over a number of years, a single shore may cycle between the barnacle-[P. vulgata] dominated biotope (A1.1132), through this mosaic (A1.213) to a [F. vesiculosus]-dominated biotope (A1.313).


hname:
[Fucus vesiculosus] on mid eulittoral mixed substrata

description:
Sheltered and very sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment in fully marine conditions typically characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] also can be present on the cobbles with the whelk [Nucella lapillus] preying on the barnacles and on the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], commonly graze the biofilm on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] may be present in this biotope. The sediment between patches of hard substrata often contains the polychaete [Arenicola marina] or the polychaete [Lanice conchilega], while a variety of gastropods and the crab [Carcinus maenas] occur on and under cobbles.
Situation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (unit A1.3122) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (unit A2.431). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] beds (A1.111) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (A1.3152).
Temporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on season is likely.


hname:
[Ascophyllum nodosum] on very sheltered mid eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral rock with the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is often found growing as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum] fronds while disturbed areas among the [A. nodosum] is colonised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis].e barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and [Littorina littorea] can all be found on the bedrock underneath the [A. nodosum] canopy along with coralline crusts. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the barnacles and limpets. Three variants of this biotope are described. These are: full salinity (unit A1.3141), mixed substrata (unit A1.3142) and the loose lying growth form [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] found on very sheltered shores (A1.325). Two other biotopes has been identified as well tide-swept (A1.151) and variable salinity (A1.324).
Situation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.312) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (A1 315), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (A1.213; A1.313). Unit A1.314 can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.
Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities are generally very stable communities with individual plants reaching ages of more than 25 years on shores with little wave-action.


hname:
[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral rock

description:
Bedrock, stable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral zone of moderately exposed to extremely sheltered shores, in fully marine conditions, characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum]. Another wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] may in some places co-dominate the canopy. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the wracks [F. vesiculosus] and [Fucus serratus]. Variations in the ratio of [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus] in the overlying canopy have little effect on the under-storey species. Beneath the canopy are a diverse array of filamentous and foliose red seaweeds, including [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus, Gelidium pusillum] and coralline crusts. The filamentous red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] is usually present on [A. nodosum] as an epiphyte. A few green seaweeds including [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha] spp. are also present in moderate to low densities. On the bedrock and boulders beneath the seaweed canopy is a fauna including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata], tube-forming spirorbid polychaetes and the anemone [Actinia equina]. The latter can be present in damp cracks and crevices. On and among the seaweeds are mobile species including the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata], the whelk [Nucella lapillus] or even the crab [Carcinus maenas]. At the top of the [A. nodosum] zone there might be the occasional presence of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa].
Situation: This biotope is usually found between the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (unit A1.312) and [F. serratus] dominated biotopes (A1 315), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy is replaced by [F. vesiculosus] (A1.213; A1.313). This unit  can occur on more exposed shores, where there is localised shelter.
Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years on sheltered shores and the communities are, once established, usually very stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed.


hname:
[Ascophyllum nodosum] on full salinity mid eulittoral mixed substrata

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity mixed substrata (cobbles, boulders and pebbles on sediment) characterised by a canopy formed by a mosaic of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. The red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can often be found as an epiphyte on the [A. nodosum]. The mussel [Mytilus edulis] often occurs in clumps, and provides further suitable substrata for the attachment of fucoids and red and green seaweeds such as [Polysiphonia] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] or the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides]. Winkles are common and [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] may occur in high densities, while species such as the limpet [Patella vulgata], the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the whelk [Nucella lapillus] may occur on and around the boulders. Gammarids can be found underneath the boulders or among the seaweeds, while tube-forming spirorbids are found on the boulders, shells or on the [F. vesiculosus]. Infaunal species including the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] may occur in the sediment between the cobbles.
Situation: A sparse [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] community (unit A2.431) can occur above this biotope. On shores with a proportion of smaller cobbles and boulders, large [A. nodosum] plants become uncommon and [F. vesiculosus] dominates the canopy (A1.3132). [F. vesiculosus] also tends to replace [A. nodosum] in areas with freshwater influence. Below this biotope are either a [Fucus serratus] dominated biotope (A1.3152) or a [M. edulis] dominated biotope (A1.111).
Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] communities tend to be stable due to longevity of the individual [A. nodosum], but because of the mixed substrata some variation in the densities of [F. vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] can be expected.


hname:
[Fucus serratus] on sheltered lower eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered lower eulittoral rock with [Fucus serratus] (for detailed description of the rich associated community please see unit A1.3151). Two variants of this biotope have been described; - Fully marine conditions (A1.3151) and mixed substrata (A1.3152). Please notice that three other biotopes with a [F. serratus] dominance have been described: Variable salinity (A1.326), tide-swept (A1.152) and tide-swept on mixed substrata (A1.153).
Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a dense canopy of [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.313) on sheltered shores or an [Ascophyllum nodosum] zone (A1.3141) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species may occur in this biotope. The sublittoral fringe below is dominated by the kelps [Laminaria saccharina] and [Laminaria digitata] on sheltered shores (A3.3131; A3.3121).


hname:
[Fucus serratus] on full salinity sheltered lower eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered lower eulittoral rock subject to fully marine conditions characterised by a dense canopy of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. There is a wide range of associated species found on the surface of the rock underneath the canopy, including the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea], and even mussels [Mytilus edulis] can be present in cracks and crevices. These species are usually found in higher abundance further up on the shore. There may also be a number of other seaweeds present, including the red [Corallina officinalis] and [Mastocarpus stellatus], the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and the green [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] or [Cladophora rupestris], though these usually are present in low numbers if present at all. The sponge [Halichondria panicea] can be present underneath the [F. serratus] canopy in moist cracks or minor overhangs. Polychaetes such as [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. are present in their white calcareous tubes on the rock.
Situation: This biotope usually occurs immediately below a [Fucus vesiculosus]-barnacle mosaic (unit A1.213) on moderately exposed shores or a dense canopy of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) or [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.3141) on sheltered shores; consequently low densities of these species (typically less than Frequent) may also occur in this biotope. The sub littoral fringe below on moderately exposed shores is dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] (A3.211; A3.2112), while the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] may co-dominate on sheltered shores (A3.3131; A3.3121).
Temporal variation: Fluctuations from year to year in the abundance of the [F. serratus] and the red seaweeds due to e.g. severe storms may convert this biotope into either A1.2141 or into a red seaweed dominated biotope on moderately exposed shores.


hname:
[Fucus serratus] on full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered full salinity lower eulittoral mixed substrata with dense stands of the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The crab [Carcinus maenas] and a large number of winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina obtusata/mariae] can be found amongst the pebbles and cobbles as well as large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], commonly occurring in clumps. On these mussels and on larger cobbles are the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Red algae such as coralline crusts including [Lithothamnion] spp. and the tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] and [Spirorbis] spp. can be found on cobbles and boulders. [Spirorbis] spp. can also be found on the [F. serratus] fronds. Sediment in the spaces between the loose substrata may support infauna including the polychaete [Arenicola marina]. The red seaweed [Mastocarpus stellatus] and the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occur in patches, while the green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp. can be found among the mussels and underneath the [F. serratus] canopy.
Situation: This unit occurs in the lower eulittoral below the biotopes dominated by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] and [A. nodosum] (A1.3132 or A1.3142) on mixed substrata shores, or on sediment shores where mixed substrata occurs in discrete patches on the lower shore. A1.3132 occurs above biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria digitata] or [Laminaria saccharina] (A3.2111; A3.3131; A3.3121) depending on the substrata.


description:
The characteristic species of this association is the brown alga [Fucus virsoides]. When present, this assemblage occupies the entire mediolittoral zone. Its presence is related to significant tides and relatively cool, unsalted, eutrophic waters and it is peculiar to areas with these characteristics.


description:
Blankets of fucoid seaweeds dominating sheltered to extremely sheltered rocky shores with variable salinity. The wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.321) occurs on the upper shore, with the wrack [Fucus spiralis] (A1.322) below. The middle shore is dominated by vast areas of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] or the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.323, A1.324) or a mixture of both. The wrack [Fucus serratus] covers lower shore bedrock and boulders (A1.326). Fucus ceranoides can be found on extremly sheltered shores with variable or low salinity (A1.327). The variable salinity communities are species impoverished compared to fucoids in full salinity or in tide-swept conditions as red seaweeds and sponges are usually absent. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis.
Situation: On sheltered eulittoral rocky shores with variable salinity conditions, such as sea loch or estuaries.


hname:
[Pelvetia canaliculata] on sheltered variable salinity littoral fringe rock

description:
Lower littoral fringe bedrock or stable boulders and mixed substrata on very sheltered to extremely sheltered variable salinity shores characterised by a dense cover of the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata], which often overgrows a crust of black lichens [Verrucaria maura]. The wrack [Fucus spiralis] can be present among the [P. canaliculata]. This biotope lacks the density of barnacles found among the [P. canaliculata] on more exposed shores though the occasional [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] can be found. The winkle [Littorina saxatilis] occurs, as do a variety of amphipods. The red alga [Catenella caespitosa] can be present in more shaded areas as well as the green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis].
Situation: This biotope are found in the lower littoral fringe on sheltered shores below biotopes dominated by [V. maura] (unit B3.1132) and above biotopes dominated by [F. spiralis] (A1.312).


hname:
[Fucus spiralis] on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered upper eulittoral bedrock or mixed substrata (boulders, large cobbles or shells on mud) in variable salinity conditions characterised by a band of the spiral wrack [Fucus spiralis]. The ephemeral green seaweed [Enteromorpha intestinalis] is usually found in this species poor biotope. The barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] can be found where suitable substrata are available, while gammarids can be found underneath the fronds of [F. spiralis] and/or underneath the boulders and cobbles. Also found underneath the fronds and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina saxatilis] and [Littorina littorea] and the crab [Carcinus maenas].
Situation: This zone usually lies below a zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (unit A1.311) and occasional clumps of [P. canaliculata] may be present (usually less than common) amongst the [F. spiralis]. In areas of extreme shelter and variable salinity conditions (e.g. in Scottish sea lochs), the [P. canaliculata] and [F. spiralis] zones often merge together forming a very narrow band. This unit occurs above the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] (A1.324) and/or [Fucus vesiculosus] (A1.323) zones and these two fucoids may also occur, although [F. spiralis] always dominates. It can also be found above a zone dominated by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides] (A1.327).
Temporal variation: During the summer months ephemeral green seaweeds such as [E. intestinalis] can be common.


hname:
[Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral boulders and stable mixed substrata

description:
Sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral pebbles and cobbles lying on sediment subject to variable salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus vesiculosus]. The wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] can occasionally be found on larger boulders, while the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be present on cobbles. Winkles, particularly [Littorina littorea], commonly graze on the seaweeds, while [Littorina saxatilis] can be found in crevices. Ephemeral seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can occupy available space. Patches of sediment found between the hard substrata often contains the lugworm [Arenicola marina] or the sand mason [Lanice conchilega], while the crab [Carcinus maenas], gammarids and amphipods occur on and under cobbles.
Situation: This unit can be found below the biotope dominated by the wracks [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] (units A1.3122; A1.327) or a community dominated by [S. balanoides], [P. vulgata] and [L. littorea] (A2.431). It is found above a community dominated by [M. edulis] (A1.111) or the wrack [Fucus serratus] (A1.326).
Temporal variation: Some variation in the ephemeral seaweeds and their abundance depending on the season is likely.


hname:
[Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus] on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock

description:
Very sheltered to extremely sheltered mid eulittoral bedrock, boulders or cobbles subject to variable salinity characterised by an impoverished community dominated by a mixture of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus]. Underneath the canopy are a few green seaweeds including [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Cladophora] spp., while the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] can be found as an epiphyte on [A. nodosum]. On the rock and among the boulders are the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the crab [Carcinus maenas], the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus] and even the occasional mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Among the seaweeds and underneath the boulders a variety of gammarids can be found.
Situation: This biotope usually lies below the [Fucus spiralis] biotope (unit A1.322) or the [Fucus ceranoides] dominated biotopes (A1.327) and above the variable salinity [F. serratus] dominated biotope (A1.326), although on some shores a narrow zone of [F. vesiculosus] (A1.313) may occur immediately above the [A. nodosum]. With increasing wave exposure the [A. nodosum] canopy can be more dense (A1.3141).
Temporal variation: [A. nodosum] can reach an age of 25 years and the communities are usually stable. [F. vesiculosus] or [F. serratus] can occur in patches where the [A. nodosum] has been removed.


hname:
[Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad. [mackaii] beds on extremely sheltered mid eulittoral mixed substrata

description:
Extremely sheltered mid shore mixed substrata, usually subject to variable salinity due to freshwater runoff, which support beds of the non-attached growth form of the wrack [Ascophyllum nodosum] ecad [mackaii]. Cobbles and other hard substrata are often characterised by the normal form of [A. nodosum] with the red seaweed [Polysiphonia lanosa] growing as an epiphyte and other fucoids such as [Fucus vesiculosus]. The loose mats of [A. nodosum] ecad [mackaii] provide a cryptic and humid habitat for mobile species including gammarids, the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the winkles [Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina saxatilis]. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] and the mussel [Mytilus edulis] are commonly attached to pebbles and cobbles on the sediment, while the infauna may contain the polychaetes [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega]. NB: This biotope is a BAP-habitat.
Situation: Occurs in extremely sheltered conditions at the heads of Scottish sea lochs (but is also known from other sheltered areas).
Temporal variation: [A. nodosum ecad mackaii] develops initially from broken fragments of [A. nodosum] and can in sheltered conditions grow in unattached, often bladderless, wig-shaped masses in the mid to upper tide zone. Note: "Ecad" has no official status in International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but the terminology has been applied to the free-living form of [A. nodosum] since the beginning of the 19th century. The term was first employed by Clements (1905) to denote a form which results from adaptation or a change in morphology due to a new habitat - phenotypic variation.


hname:
[Fucus serratus] and large [Mytilus edulis] on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock

description:
Areas of very sheltered lower eulittoral rock or mixed substrata subject to variable salinity, which support an impoverished community dominated by the wrack [Fucus serratus]. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] can form colonies on the [F. serratus] and clumps of large individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis] 
may be present on the bedrock beneath. The canopy of [F. serratus] is not usually as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [Ascophyllum nodosum] and [Fucus vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. A few red seaweeds are present which includes the species [Mastocarpus stellatus], [Chondrus crispus] and coralline crusts. Underneath the canopy is a sparse fauna consisting of barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides, Balanus crenatus]
 and [Elminius modestus], the limpet [Patella vulgata] or the occasional presence of the winkles [Littorina obtusata] and [Littorina mariae] and the crab [Carcinus maenas]. The tube-forming polychaetes [Pomatoceros triqueter] or spirorbid polychaetes can be found. In areas (such as the Scottish sea lochs) where variable salinity water passes through tide-swept narrows and the associated biota is impoverished such records should be classified as A1.326 rather than A1.152.

Situation: This biotope may be found below the variable salinity [F. vesiculosus] dominated biotope or [A. nodosum] dominated biotope (A1.324; A1.323), particularly in Scottish sea lochs. It can be found above the biotopes dominated by the kelp [Laminaria saccharina](units  A3.322; A3.323).

Temporal variation: The canopy of [F. serratus] is not as dense as in the other [F. serratus] dominated biotopes due the presence of the wracks [A. nodosum] and [F. vesiculosus], which are better adapted to the variable salinity. 
They will therefore out-compete [F. serratus] on the lower shore and an ecological shift can occur (In the Baltic Sea [F. vesiculosus] is the dominant sublittoral brown seaweed). Due to the variable or low salinity conditions the individual red seaweeds may not be as large as specimens found in fully marine conditions and they can lack sexually reproductive structures.


hname:
[Fucus ceranoides] on reduced salinity eulittoral rock

description:
Very sheltered to extremely sheltered bedrock and stable boulders in the eulittoral zone that are subject to reduced salinity and characterised by the wrack [Fucus ceranoides]. Species richness is typically low in this biotope. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] may be present together with the crab [Carcinus maenas] and the occasional barnacle [Elminius modestus] and [Semibalanus balanoides].
Situation: As [F. ceranoides] is more tolerant of reduced salinity than the other fucoids, [F. ceranoides] tends to replace the wracks [Fucus spiralis], [Fucus vesiculosus] and [Ascophyllum nodosum] towards the upper reaches of estuaries and sea lochs or in areas with freshwater influence. This biotope may, however, still contain other fucoids, although [F. ceranoides] always dominates. This biotope is often found on artificial substrata such as sea defences or bridge supports.


hname:
Red algal turf in lower eulittoral, sheltered from wave action

description:
Proposed new level 4 unit. More information required.

title:
Second OSPAR/ICES/EEA Workshop on Marine Habitat Classification, Southampton, 18-22 September 2000


hname:
Mediterranean communities of lower mediolittoral rock sheltered from wave action

description:
These communities are located in the sheltered lower horizon of the mediolittoral rock and result from the concomitance of three components: little wave action, variations in atmospheric pressure and wind and tide. The dominant aspect is the constant humidity of the substratum.


description:
'This is an association of polluted waters characterised by the green alga species [Ulva compressa] (ex [Enteromorpha compressa]).


description:
Littoral rock features include rockpools (A1.41, A1.42), ephemeral algae (A1.45) and caves (A1.44) in the intertidal zone (the area of the shore between high and low tides). These features are present throughout the littoral rock zone from the upper limit at the top of of the lichen zone and the lower limit by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. These features can be found on most rocky shores regardless of wave exposure. Lichens can be found in the supralittoral zone on shores with suitable substratum. The lichen band is wider and more distinct on more exposed shores. Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply allowing species from the sublittoral to survive. Ephemeral seaweeds occur on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. The shaded nature of caves and overhangs diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves, and on overhangs on the lower shore. Non-tidal areas irregularly exposed by wind action (hydrolittoral) with hard substrata are also included here. Note that lichens and algae crusts in the supralittoral zone are coastal habitats (B3.11).


description:
Rockpools occur where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide. As these rockpool communities are permanently submerged they are not directly affected by height on the shore and normal rocky shore zonation patterns do not apply. For this reason rockpools have been dealt with as a separate habitat type, apart from the scheme of wave exposure and shore height. Four main rockpool biotopes have been described, and although it is accepted that an enormous variety of rockpool communities exist, it is hoped that these biotope descriptions are broad enough to adequately encompass most types. It would be meaningless to include the characterising species in a description at the habitat type level. Rockpools on the upper shore which are subject to rainwater influence and wide fluctuations in temperature are included in A1.42. Shallow rockpools in the mid to upper shore characterised by encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis] (A1.411); several variants of these coralline pools occur in south-west Britain and Ireland (A1.4112, A1.4113 and A1.4114). Deeper rockpools on the mid to lower shore can support fucoids and some sublittoral species such as kelp (A1.412). Those rockpools influenced by the presence of sand are characterised by sand-tolerant seaweed such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis] and [Polyides rotundus] (A1.413). Where more stable sand occurs in the base of the rockpool sea-grass beds can occur. Shallow rockpools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand may be characterised by hydroids (A1.414). A very rough guideline to the terms "shallow" and "deep" rockpools: "shallow" rockpools do not support kelp, whereas "deep" rockpools do. A1.41 does not include shallow standing water on compacted sediment or mixed substrata.
Situation: Rockpools occur in the littoral zone where the topography of the shore allows seawater to be retained within depressions in the bedrock producing 'pools' on the retreat of the tide.


hname:
Coralline crust-dominated shallow eulittoral rockpools

description:
Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occur in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools) and the limpet [Patella vulgata]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels. A number of variants have been identified. Pools dominated by coralline algae and foliose red seaweeds with a distribution throughout the UK (see unit  A1.4111). In Ireland, the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] can dominate these shallow coralline pools (see A1.4112). In south-west Britain, the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] (A1.4113) or [Cystoseira] spp. (A1.4114) can be regionally dominant.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe on rocky shores.


hname:
Coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis] in shallow eulittoral rockpools

description:
Shallow and smaller rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in a wide range of wave exposures characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] often forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. These 'coralline' pools have a striking appearance as they are dominated by red seaweeds. Foliose red seaweeds found in these pools include [Mastocarpus stellatus, Chondrus crispus] and the filamentous [Ceramium nodulosum]. The ephemeral green seaweeds [Cladophora rupestris, Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha] spp. can also occur in high abundance. The pools may hold large numbers of grazing molluscs, particularly the winkle [Littorina littorea] (which often occurs in exceptionally high densities in upper shore pools), the limpet [Patella vulgata] and top shell [Gibbula cineraria]. Gastropods may graze these pools to such an extent that they is devoid of any foliose red seaweeds, and the flora are reduced to encrusting coralline algae and large numbers of gastropods. Large brown seaweeds are generally absent. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone [Actinia equina] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis], while the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] can be found on the rock surface. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found on the rock surface preying on the barnacles and mussels.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe rocky shores.
Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.


hname:
Coralline crusts and [Paracentrotus lividus] in shallow eulittoral rockpools

description:
Shallow and relatively small rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on very exposed to exposed shores, characterised by a covering of encrusting coralline algae on which [Corallina officinalis] forms a dense turf. The bottom of these pools can be covered in coarse gravel and cobbles. In south and west Ireland these coralline pools may be dominated by the sea urchin [Paracentrotus lividus] and the seaweed diversity is generally low due to the grazing pressure of [P. lividus], the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis], and winkles such as [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, pits and crevices are often occupied by the anemone such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis] and small individuals of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. The siphonous green seaweed [Codium] spp. can also be present along with the wrack [Himanthalia elongata] and the brown seaweed [Leathesia difformis] and the filamentous red seaweed [Ceramium] spp. The barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides] is either absent or occurs at low abundance in these rockpools, presumably due to the grazing pressure on the larval stage and the predation pressure from the whelk [Nucella lapillus]. Soft bedrock, such as limestone, allows [P. lividus] to bore into the rock.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to exposed shores.
Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.


hname:
[Bifurcaria bifurcata] in shallow eulittoral rockpools

description:
Eulittoral rockpools in south-west Britain on very exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Bifurcaria bifurcata] and encrusting coralline algae and [Corallina officinalis]. Kelps are present and include the species [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and the wrack [Himanthalia elongata]. Underneath the canopy formed by these species is a high diversity of red seaweeds including the foliose species [Chondrus crispus], [Palmaria palmata], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Mastocarpus stellatus]. Other red seaweeds include [Gastroclonium ovatum], [Ceramium nodulosum], [Calliblepharis jubata] and [Mesophyllum lichenoides]. The green seaweeds [Ulva lactuca] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis] occur where space allows. Often found in small cracks and crevices are the anemones [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], while the limpet [Patella vulgata] can be found on the rock surface. Coarse gravel, cobbles and mobile boulders often cover the bottom of these rockpools, where [Gibbula umbilicalis] can be found.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral to the upper littoral fringe in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed shores. [B. bifurcata] is at the edge of its range in Britain; in France it occurs in deeper lower shore pools where the alga forms a noticeable band in the mid pool level, below a band of [C. officinalis] and coralline crusts.
Temporal variation: The ephemeral green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] can occur during the summer.


hname:
[Cystoseira] spp. in eulittoral rockpools

description:
Eulittoral rockpools on exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores dominated by the brown alga [Cystoseira] spp. (including [Cystoseira tamariscifolia]), coralline crusts and [Corallina officinalis]. These pools generally support dense red algal growth comprising: [Ceramium] spp., [Calliblepharis jubata], [Chondrus crispus], [Osmundea pinnatifida] and [Gelidium latifolium]. Wracks such as [Himanthalia elongata] and the epiphytic brown seaweed [Colpomenia peregrina] are present while the kelp [Laminaria digitata] can occupy the deeper parts of the pool. The green seaweeds [Enteromorpha intestinalis] and [Ulva lactuca] are usually present as well. The pools usually contain some sand and pebbles at the base of the pool while spirorbid polychaetes and [Pomatoceros] spp. build their tubes on any small boulders present. In addition, these pools can support high numbers of grazing gastropods including the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] but also the limpet [Patella vulgata], while sponges such [Hymeniacidon perleve] and [Halichondria panicea] can be found overgrowing the small boulders or on and around the seaweeds. The shanny [Lipophrus pholis] is present hiding underneath boulder and cobbles, while the anemone [Actinia equina] is found in cracks and crevices. number of available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on very exposed to moderately exposed south-western shores.


hname:
Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools

description:
Deep or larger rockpools in the mid to lower eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores characterised by the wrack [Fucus serratus] and the kelp [Laminaria digitata] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis] while encrusting coralline algae cover the rock surface. Other large brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina] and [Halidrys siliquosa] may also occur. A wide variety of filamentous and foliose seaweeds occur beneath the brown algal canopy. The species includes the red seaweeds [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Ceramium nodulosum] and [Dumontia contorta], but green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and [Cladophora rupestris] can be present as well. Algal-free vertical and overhanging faces often support the sponge [Halichondria panicea] and anemones including [Actinia equina] and [Urticina felina]. Grazing molluscs including the limpet [Patella vulgata], the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] and the winkle [Littorina littorea] are present on the rock surface while the mussel [Mytilus edulis] can be found in cracks and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found preying on the mussels. Where boulders occur in these pools they provide a greater variety of micro-habitats which support a variety of fauna. Mobile crustaceans including the crabs [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Carcinus maenas], brittlestars such as [Ophiothrix fragilis] and [Amphipholis squamata], encrusting bryozoans and ascidians are typically found beneath and between boulders.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores.
Temporal variation: The abundance of grazing molluscs can vary considerably both spatially and temporally, resulting in fluctuations in algal diversity and abundance.


hname:
[Sargassum muticum] in eulittoral rockpools

description:
Shallow rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone on exposed to moderately exposed shores dominated by the brown seaweed [Sargassum muticum] and the red seaweed [Corallina officinalis]. Other brown seaweeds, including the kelp [Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria digitata] and the wrack [Fucus serratus] may occur along with [Dictyota dichotoma], but [S. muticum] always dominates. Underneath the canopy is a rich red seaweed community which includes both foliose and filamentous species such as [Palmaria palmata], [Chondrus crispus], [Lomentaria articulata], [Osmundea pinnatifida], [Ceramium] spp. and [Dumontia contorta]. Encrusting coralline algae and [Hildenbrandia rubra] often cover the rock surface. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] is usually present in high abundance growing on the mobile gravel and boulders on the bottom of the rockpools, often along with other ephemeral green seaweeds such as [Cladophora rupestris] and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The winkle [Littorina littorea], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the top shells [Gibbula cineraria] and [Gibbula umbilicalis] can often be found grazing on the biofilm of the rock surface or the seaweeds. Crevices and fissures in the rock provide cover for anemones such as [Actinia equina] and [Anemonia viridis], cover while the prawn [Palaemon serratus] often can be found in large numbers hiding underneath the seaweed canopy or along the boulders on the bottom. Some sand scour can affect these rockpools.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed and moderately exposed shores. The non-native [S. muticum] is an opportunistic alga which has spread extensively around the south-west coast of Britain since its introduction to UK waters in the early 1970s from the northern Pacific ocean. It is spreading to other parts of the UK. It can dominate rockpools (and other habitats), often to the exclusion of other native species such as [Laminaria] spp. and fucoids.
Temporal variation: As all the available records are from the south-west of Britain some changes in the species composition can be expected from more northern sites.


hname:
Seaweeds in sediment-floored eulittoral rockpools

description:
Rockpools with sediment (mud, sand, gravel) floors support distinct communities of scour-tolerant seaweeds. Deep pools with sediment are similar to unit A1.412, and are typically dominated by fucoids and kelp ([Fucus serratus], [Laminaria digitata], [Laminaria saccharina] and [Saccorhiza polyschides]). Areas of hard substrata near to the interface with the sediment are, however, characterised by a range of sand-tolerant seaweeds such as [Furcellaria lumbricalis], [Polyides rotundus], [Ahnfeltia plicata] and [Rhodochorton purpureum] (compare with unit A1.412). [Chorda filum] may occur attached to pebbles and shells embedded within the sediment while the top shell [Gibbula cineraria] can be found underneath or among the pebbles. In pools with large areas of sand, infaunal species such as [Arenicola marina] and [Lanice conchilega] often occur. The seagrass [Zostera] spp. may occur in some pools where stable sand is present. Shallow rockpools with cobble and pebble floors, often with an underlying layer of sediment, support red algal tufts consisting of coralline crust, [Corallina officinalis], [Chondrus crispus], [Mastocarpus stellatus] mixed with [Ceramium] spp. and the green seaweeds [Cladophora] spp. and [Enteromorpha intestinalis]. The long list of characterising species is partly due to low similarity between the available records and care should be taken not to interpret this solely as a very high species richness.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the eulittoral zone in bedrock on exposed to sheltered shores.
Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of ephemeral seaweeds will occur.


hname:
Hydroids, ephemeral seaweeds and [Littorina littorea] in shallow eulittoral mixed substrata pools

description:
Shallow pools on mixed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand characterised by abundant hydroids. Species present may include [Obelia geniculata], [O. dichotoma], [O. longissima], [Sertularia cupressina], [Tublaria indivisa] and [Thuiaria thuja]. The difficulty in identifying hydroids suggests many more species may be also be present. Other species typically found in this biotope include ephemeral green algae ([Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva] sp.), red algae ([Chondrus crispus] and Coralline algae) and the winkle [Littorina littorea]. Within the pools, patches of sand may be occupied by the lugworm [Arenicola marina] and sand mason worms [Lanice conchilega]. These pools are often associated with mussel beds (unit A2.7211), with [Mytilus edulis] frequently recorded within the pools. Barnacles ([Semibalanus balanoides] and [Elminius modestus]) and the keel worm [Pomatoceros triqueter] may be attached to shells and small stones. Mobile species typical of rock pool habitats, such as [Crangon crangon] and [Pomatoschistus minutus] will also be found within the pool.


hname:
Pontic eulittoral rockpools with green seaweeds ([Cladophora], [Ulva], [Enteromorpha]), [Mytilus], [Mytilaster], [Polybius], [Pachygrapsus] and small fish


hname:
Communities of rockpools in the supralittoral zone

description:
Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity due to rainwater influence are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca].


hname:
Green seaweeds (Enteromorpha spp. and Cladophora spp.) in shallow upper shore rockpools

description:
Rockpools in the littoral fringe or upper eulittoral zone subject to widely fluctuating temperatures and salinity are characterised by ephemeral green alga of the genus [Enteromorpha], along with [Cladophora] spp. and [Ulva lactuca]. Due to the physical stress imposed on these upper shore pools, grazing molluscs such as the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis] are generally in lower abundance than eulittoral pools, allowing the green seaweeds to proliferate under reduced grazing pressures. The bright orange copepod [Tigriopus fulvus] is tolerant of large salinity fluctuations and may occur in large numbers in these upper shore pools, along with gammarid amphipods.
Situation: Rockpools throughout the upper eulittoral and lower littoral fringe in bedrock.
Temporal variation: Fluctuations especially in the abundance of the green seaweeds will occur due to marked changes in salinity and temperature during the year. [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can often be bleached during the summer.


hname:
Pontic deep upper shore rockpools with [Mytilus] and [Pachygrapsus] juveniles


hname:
Brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone

title:
Red List of Marine and Coastal Biotopes and Biotopes Complexes of the Baltic Sea, Belt Sea and Kattegat


hname:
Eutrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone


hname:
Mesotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone


hname:
Oligotrophic brackish permanent pools in the geolittoral zone


hname:
Communities of littoral caves and overhangs

description:
Where caves and overhangs occur on rocky shores, the shaded nature of the habitat diminishes the amount of desiccation suffered by biota during periods of low tides which allows certain species to proliferate. In addition, the amount of scour, wave surge, sea spray and penetrating light determines the unique community assemblages found in upper, mid and lower shore caves and overhangs on the lower shore. Biotopes from the surrounding shore such as A1.111, A1.113 or any of the fucoid communities occasionally extend into cave entrances. A1.113 often extends some way into the cave. Other open shore biotopes may also be found within caves, such as the green seaweed [Prasiola stipitata] on cave roofs where birds roost (B3.112), and localised patches of green algae where freshwater seepage influences the rock (A1.451). Rockpools containing encrusting coralline algae (A1.411), fucoids and kelp (A1.412) and hydroids and littorinid molluscs may occur also on the floor of cave entrances. The cave biotope descriptions are largely based on data obtained from surveys of Berwickshire caves (ERT,2000), chalk caves from the Thanet coast (Tittley et al., 1998; Tittley & Spurrier 2001) and data from Wales (CCW Phase 1 data). In general, the biomass and diversity of algal species found in upper and mid-shore littoral caves decreases with increasing depth into the cave as the light levels diminish. Fucoids are usually only found at the entrances to caves, but red algae, and filamentous and encrusting green algae are able to penetrate to lower light intensities towards the back of the cave, and mats of the turf forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] and/or patches of the green seaweed [Cladophora rupestris] may occur on the upper walls (A1.444). Brownish velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [A. purpurea] on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs (A1.443) should not be confused with the green (A1.442) or golden brown algal stains often found above this zone on the ceilings of the caves (A1.443; A1.441). Below is a zone of [Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on the inner and outer reaches (A1.445). Fauna usually only occur on the lower and mid walls of the caves and generally comprise barnacles, anemones and tube-forming polychaetes (A1.448; A1.449) depending on the level of boulder scour or wave surge. Where the floors of caves consist of mobile cobbles and small boulders, little algae and fauna occur due to the effects of scouring (A1.44A). Vertical or steeply sloping cave walls and overhangs on the mid and lower shore, subject to wave-surge but without scour, support a rich biota of sponges, hydroids, ascidians and shade-tolerant red algae (A1.447, A1.446 or A1.4461).
Situation: Caves and overhangs in the littoral zone in hard rock and limestone (including chalk).


hname:
Chrysophyceae and Haptophyceae on vertical upper littoral fringe soft rock

description:
Orange, brownish or blackish gelatinous bands of algae at high tide and supralittoral levels on open cliff faces and on upper walls and ceilings at entrances and to the rear of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) caves. This dark brown band consists of an assemblage of Haptophyceae such as [Apistonema] spp., [Pleurochrysis carterae] and the orange [Chrysotila lamellosa], but other genera and species of Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae and Prasinophyceae are likely to be present as well. Species such as [Entodesmis maritima] and [Thallochrysis littoralis] and the filamentous green alga [Epicladia perforans] are often associated with [Apistonema] spp. and the latter can form a green layer beneath the [Apistonema] spp. Associated with this splash zone algal community is an assemblage of animals of terrestrial origin, with red mites, insects and centipedes commonly found. These species descend into the community as the tide falls and retreat as the tide rises. The most common truly 'marine' species is the small winkle [Melarhaphe neritoides].
Situation: This description is partly based on a Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001). More information is needed to identify the species composition and dominant species of this biotope.
Temporal variation: During summer the gelatinous growth dries and often peels off.


hname:
Green algal films on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings

description:
The upper walls and ceilings of upper and mid-shore hard and soft rock (chalk) dominated by a band of green algal films (or 'stains'). Other encrusting algae including the non-calcified [Hildenbrandia rubra] may be present. In chalk caves, on the east and south-east coasts of England, a distinctive assemblage of species occurs, including the brown alga [Pilinia maritima] and the bright green algae [Pseudendoclonium submarinum] and [Entocladia perforans] that often covers the cave ceilings. Fauna is generally sparse and limited to limpets such as [Patella vulgata] and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis]. The species forming a green algal film that covers upper shore caves in Berwickshire were not identified. More information required to validate this biotope description.
Situation: This biotope is situated above the zones of units A1.444 or A1.445, extending to cover the upper walls and ceilings of caves. This unit can be found at the entrances to caves and through to the darkest areas at the back and is often found above a zone of A1.443. In hard rock caves however, the green and brown algae (A1.443) or Haptophyceae (A1.441) occur as separate zones or A1.442 may occur on its own.


hname:
[Audouinella purpurea] and [Pilinia maritima] crusts on upper and mid-shore cave walls and ceilings

description:
Golden brown velvety growths of the brown algae [Pilinia maritima] occurring in mats with the red alga [Audouinella purpurea] forming on cave walls and upper littoral levels of cliffs. Fauna is sparse and limited to occasional individuals of the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and spirorbid polychaetes. This assemblage is thought to be is widespread throughout Britain, although there are currently few records available. More information are needed to validate this description, which is based on information from the Thanet intertidal survey (Tittley & Spurrier 2001).
Situation: This biotope is found at the entrances and the inner reaches of caves between a band of unit A1.444 and the A1.442 zone above.
Temporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions.


hname:
[Audouinella purpurea] and [Cladophora rupestris] on upper to mid-shore cave walls

description:
Vertical and steeply-sloping upper walls at the entrances and inner reaches of upper to mid-shore caves that are partially sheltered from direct wave action characterised by a turf of the 'velvety' red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea]. Patches of green filamentous seaweed [Cladophora] [rupestris] can be present. The fauna is generally limited to limpets [Patella] spp., the winkle [Littorina saxatilis] and the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], while they usually occur in low abundance. Filamentous or crust forming brown seaweeds may occur mixed with [A. purpurea], often becoming a zone in its own right (unit A1.443) above this unit. Other shade-tolerant red seaweed such as [Catenella caespitosa] and [Lomentaria articulata] may occur (but at lower abundance), and where freshwater seepage occurs, [Enteromorpha intestinalis] can form patches. Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions. [A. purpurea] can be the only seaweed present in caves on the Thanet coast in south-east England. This biotope is known to occur in hard rock caves in north-east England and chalk caves in south-east England. Received after deadline: [A. purpurea] has changed name to [Rhodochorton purpurea].
Situation: In hard rock caves, this biotope is generally found on the upper walls above units A1.449 and A1.448  and beneath the biotopes dominated by green and/or brown crusts (A1.442; A1.443). In chalk caves, this unit may cover the lower and upper walls, while it is usually found below units A1.442 and/or A1.443.


hname:
[Verrucaria mucosa] and/or [Hildenbrandia rubra] on upper to mid shore cave walls

description:
The upper walls and ceilings of the entrances and inner reaches of upper shore caves affected by direct wave action (and therefore moistened by sea spray), characterised by a mosaic of the olive green lichen [Verrucaria mucosa] and the non-calcified encrusting red alga [Hildenbrandia rubra]. The black lichen [Verrucaria maura] and red coralline algae can be present, though not dominating. The fauna in these upper shore caves is generally limited, due to problems of desiccation. However, where conditions remain sufficiently moist, and particularly in crevices and fissures, the barnacle [Semibalanus balanoides], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and winkles [Littorina saxatilis] may occur, particularly towards the rear of the cave. Although the characterising species of this biotope also occur on the shore, they do not generally occur in a distinct band other than in moist dark caves. The turf-forming red seaweed [Audouinella purpurea] (syn  [Rhodochorton purpurea]) may occasionally occur in low abundance (where [A. purpurea] covers an extensive area, generally on softer rock such as chalk, the biotope should be recorded as unit A1.444).
Situation: This unit generally occurs on upper walls and ceilings towards the rear of dark, moist caves, but can also occur at cave entrances that are directly affected by sea-spray. Where this unit occurs at cave entrances and to approximately 5 m into the cave, it is usually found above a zone of unit A1.113 and below A1.442 or A1.444. Further into the cave A1.113 is replaced completely by A1.445. There are no records for VmucHil in soft rock caves.


hname:
Sponges and shade-tolerant red seaweeds on overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and in cave entrances

description:
Overhanging shaded bedrock on the open lower shore and at the entrance to inner reaches of caves (where light availability permits), which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by a shade-tolerant red seaweed community. It includes foliose species such as [Plumaria plumosa, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Membranoptera alata] and [Osmundea pinnatifida], but [Lomentaria articulata] and coralline crusts are usually present as well. The foliose green seaweed [Ulva lactuca] can be present. The rock surface often supports dense populations of calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp., while sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] can be common. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Colonies of the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri] can be found on the rock, along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] and [Balanus perforatus] (the latter may occur at high densities in the south and west), while the anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. The whelk [Nucella lapillus] can be found among the barnacles and mussels, preying on them. The long list of characterising species is partly due to the difference in the species composition and does not solely reflect a high species richness.
Situation: On overhangs, this biotope is generally found above the A1.447 biotope, where there is more light available. In cave environments, this unit may be found at the entrance to and inner reaches of the cave, extending from the lower walls (above the A1.447 biotope) to the upper walls (depending on the height of the cave). Further into the cave where less light is available the ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia] can be abundant (unit A1.4461).


hname:
Sponges, shade-tolerant red seaweeds and [Dendrodoa grossularia] on wave-surged overhanging lower eulittoral bedrock and caves

description:
Overhanging bedrock on the lower shore, at cave entrances, to and on inner walls of caves, subject to wave surge and low light levels, and characterised by a high density of small groups of the solitary ascidian [Dendrodoa grossularia]. The sponges [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] are common on the rock surface, while the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] (normally found on fucoids) hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. Found on the rock surface are the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros] spp. along with the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides]. The anemone [Actinia equina] thrives in the permanently damp pits and crevices. Where sufficient light is available a sparse community of shade-tolerant red seaweeds. These include [Membranoptera alata], [Lomentaria articulata, Audouinella] spp. and coralline crusts.
Situation: This biotope is found on lower shore overhangs and on the entrances and inner walls of lower shore caves, and usually dominates the available habitat. It is generally found above the A1.44A biotope and may extend to the upper walls of caves.
Temporal variation: Some variation in the species composition of the individual caves must be expected depending on local conditions.


hname:
Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves

description:
Overhanging, and shaded vertical, bedrock on the lower shore and in lower shore caves, which is not subject to appreciable wave-surge, characterised by crusts of bryozoans including [Umbonula littoralis], sponges such as [Grantia compressa], [Halichondria panicea, Scypha ciliata] and [Hymeniacidon perleve] and the ascidian [Botryllus schlosseri]. On overhangs, the hydroid [Dynamena pumila] hangs in distinct form from overhanging rock. The barnacles [Balanus crenatus], [Balanus perforatus] (sometimes at high densities) and [Semibalanus balanoides], and the calcareous tube-forming polychaetes [Spirorbis] spp. and [Pomatoceros triqueter] can be present as well. Certain species which are generally confined to the sublittoral, including the anemones [Metridium senile] and [Corynactis viridis], may be found in the lower shore caves and overhangs. Littoral species such as [Actinia equina] are also present. The only algae present are coralline crusts. The list of characterising species partly reflects the variation in the species composition between individual overhangs and caves although this biotope can have a high species richness.
Situation: This biotope is found in the lower eulittoral and sublittoral fringe in less wave-surged conditions than that of unit A1.4461.


hname:
Faunal crusts on wave-surged littoral cave walls

description:
The inner walls of caves, predominantly in the mid shore in wave-surged conditions dominated by barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides], and [Verruca stroemia], with patches of encrusting sponges such as [Halichondria panicea] and [Grantia compressa] and occasional patches of the mussel [Mytilus edulis]. Increased moisture allows a denser faunal population than unit A1.449 to develop within the cave. The limpet [Patella vulgata] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes can be present. The hydroid [Dynamena pumila] and anemones such as [Metridium senile] and [Actinia equina] may occur towards the lower reaches of the cave. Where a dense faunal turf of barnacles or bryozoan crusts covers the cave walls, the biotope can also extend to cover the ceiling and may be accompanied by the bryozoan [Alcyonidium diaphanum]. Variations of this biotope may occur in mid and lower shore scoured caves in south Wales the rock is dominated by dense [Sabellaria alveolata]. In south-west England the rock can be completely covered by the barnacle [Balanus perforatus]. There may be a variation in the species composition from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.
Situation: This biotope usually occurs above the sand/pebble scoured A1.449 zone and may extend to the ceilings of the caves.


hname:
Sparse fauna (barnacles and spirorbids) on sand/pebble-scoured rock in littoral caves

description:
Upper to lower shore sand- or pebble-scoured cave walls characterised by an impoverished faunal assemblage which may include bryozoan crusts, scattered sponges [Halichondria panicea], barnacles such as [Semibalanus balanoides] or often large [Balanus crenatus and] the limpet [Patella vulgata]. The isopod [Ligia oceanica] may seek refuge in crevices in the rock, and due to the decreased effect of desiccation in these damp caves, other species such as the anemone [Actinia equina] and spirorbid polychaetes are able to extend further up the shore than normally found on open rock. The lower section of the wall which is subject to greatest scour may be characterised by a band of [Pomatoceros] [triqueter] and spirorbid tube-forming polychaetes. In wave sheltered conditions, this biotope may extend to the cave ceiling. The rear of caves on the lower shore may support only sparse fauna consisting of spirorbid polychaetes and barnacles such as [Chthamalus montagui] with scattered [Pomatoceros] sp., scattered bryozoan and coralline crusts and in the south-west, occasional [Sabellaria alveolata]. Shade-tolerant red algae such as [Lomentaria articulata] may occasionally occur. Due to the low species abundance in this biotope, there may be a variation from cave to cave, depending on local conditions.
Situation: This biotope is found in caves between the barren (of macro-fauna or flora) or very species poor  zone (unit A1.44A) and the wave-surged, more densely populated zone (A1.448). On the walls above the scour and near the cave entrance the community may grade into a red algal dominated community (unit A1.444).


hname:
Barren and/or boulder-scoured littoral cave walls and floors

description:
Mid and upper shore mobile boulders/cobbles on cave floors and the lower reaches of cave walls which are subject to scour are generally devoid of macro-fauna and flora. However, where light is available around the cave entrances, encrusting coralline algae may cover the rock and boulder surfaces. In some instances they may support sparse fauna such as the limpet [Patella] spp. and the winkle [Littorina saxatilis].
Situation: This biotope is situated on the floor, or at the base of cave walls, often with a zone of unit A1.449 above (where the scouring effect of boulders is less). In areas of extreme wave exposure this zone will extend high up the sides of the cave and in less wave-exposed conditions where the effects of scouring are reduced, some fauna may be present. At the entrances and 2-3 metres into upper shore caves, a zone of unit A1.113 may occur above the A1.44A, becoming a zone of A1.445 further into the cave. In mid shore caves, this unit is above by a zone of unit A1.449 (sparse fauna), and in caves on the lower shore, the surge-tolerant unit A1.4461 may occur above this zone.
Temporal variation: In calmer summer months cave mouths may have some ephemeral algae (e.g. [Enteromorpha intestinalis]) and a spat-fall of barnacles or limpets.


hname:
Association with [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]

description:
The characteristic species of this association are the red algae [Phymatolithon lenormandii] and [Hildenbrandia rubra]. This assemblage lives under the red alga [Lithophyllum byssoides] (ex [Lithophyllum lichenoides]) edge and at the entrance to mediolittoral caves.


hname:
Pontic mediolittoral caves with [Hildebrandia], [Phymatolithon], [Lithophyllum], bryozoans, [Pachygrapsus], [Eriphia]


hname:
Ephemeral green or red seaweeds (freshwater or sand-influenced) on non-mobile substrata

description:
Ephemeral seaweeds on disturbed littoral rock in the lower to upper shore. Dominant green seaweeds include [Enteromorpha intestinalis], [Ulva lactuca] and the red seaweeds [Rhodothamniella floridula] and [Porphyra purpurea]. Winkles such as [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis], the limpet [Patella vulgata] and the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] can occur, though usually in low abundance. The crab [Carcinus maenas] can be found where boulders are present, while the barnacle [Elminius modestus] is usually present on sites subject to variable salinity. On moderately exposed shores, the biotope is [Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced or unstable upper shore rock (A1.451) or [P. purpurea] and/or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid to lower eulittoral rock (A1.452). These are biotopes with a low species diversity and the relatively high number of species in the characterising species list are due to a variation in the species composition from site to site, not to high species richness on individual sites.
Situation: This habitat type occurs the splash zone, sometimes on cliff faces, and throughout the main intertidal zone.
Note: Connor et al (2004) classify this habitat type together with A2.43 and A2.82 as LR.ELR.Eph.


hname:
[Enteromorpha] spp. on freshwater-influenced and/or unstable upper eulittoral rock

description:
Upper shore hard substratum that is relatively unstable (e.g. soft rock) or subject to considerable freshwater runoff is typically very species poor and characterised by a dense mat of [Enteromorpha] spp., though [Ulva lactuca] can occur as well. It occurs in a wider zone spanning from the supralittoral down to the upper eulittoral, across a wide range of wave exposures range. This biotope is generally devoid of fauna, except for occasional limpets [Patella vulgata], winkles [Littorina littorea] or [Littorina saxatilis] and barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides].
Situation: This band of green seaweeds is usually found above a zone dominated by a mixture [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Porphyra] spp. (unit A1.452) or a [Fucus spiralis] or [Fucus ceranoides] zone (units A1.312; A1.327), and may replace the [Pelvetia canaliculata] zone (A1.211). It can be found below a zone dominated by yellow and grey lichens. In very sheltered areas the seagrass [Ruppia maritima] can be found above this biotope while different wracks such as [Fucus] spp. can dominate the zone below (A5.5343; A1.314; A1.312).
Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the occurrence of the other green seaweeds species will occur.


hname:
[Porphyra purpurea] or [Enteromorpha] spp. on sand-scoured mid or lower eulittoral rock

description:
Exposed and moderately exposed mid-shore bedrock and boulders occurring adjacent to areas of sand which significantly affects the rock. As a consequence of sand-abrasion, wracks such as [Fucus vesiculosus] or [Fucus spiralis] are scarce and the community is typically dominated by ephemeral red or green seaweeds, particularly the foliose red seaweed [Porphyra purpurea] and green seaweeds such as [Enteromorpha] spp. Under the blanket of ephemeral seaweeds, the barnacles [Semibalanus balanoides] or [Elminius modestus] and the limpet [Patella vulgata] may occur in the less scoured areas, along with the occasional winkles [Littorina littorea] and [Littorina saxatilis]. Few other species are present.
Situation: Usually found below the species impoverished biotope dominated by [Enteromorpha] spp. (unit A1.451) and above the [F. spiralis] zone (A1.312). It may replace the zone dominated by the wrack [Pelvetia canaliculata] (A1.211). In areas where sand abrasion is less severe, the sand-binding red alga [Rhodothamniella floridula] occurs with other sand-tolerant seaweeds and the wrack [Fucus serratus] (Rho), along with the mussel [Mytilus edulis].
Temporal variation: Seasonal fluctuations in the abundance of the [Enteromorpha] spp. and the [P. purpurea] will occur, especially as a result of storm action.


hname:
Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation


hname:
Hydrolittoral soft rock: level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation


hname:
Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation


hname:
Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): level bottoms dominated by macrophyte vegetation


hname:
Hydrolittoral solid rock (bedrock): reefs


hname:
Hydrolittoral hard clay: level bottoms with little or no macrophyte vegetation


description:
The boundary layer between sea ice and the water column with special abiotic (e.g. temperature, salinity) and biotic (e.g. food resources) factors, which also vary with season and region. This habitat is colonized by autochthonous under-ice amphipods ([Apherusa glacialis], [Onisimus] spp., [Gammarus wilkitzkii]), which live directly at the ice underside and complete their entire life-cycle here, and allochthonous sub-ice fauna, organisms originating either from the ice interior or the pelagic realm, which are found in this boundary layer temporarily, e.g. for feeding or during certain life stages. There is some evidence that the first metres below the ice are strongly stratified, particularly during the melt period in summer. Source: http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Climate/WorkingGroups/ofis/ARK-19-1/sea-ice-biology.htm.


description:
Coastal habitats are those above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters) occupying coastal features and characterised by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunes and wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs. Includes free-draining supralittoral habitats adjacent to marine habitats which are normally only affected by spray or splash, strandlines characterised by terrestrial invertebrates and moist and wet coastal dune slacks and dune-slack pools. Excludes supralittoral rock pools and habitats adjacent to the sea which are not characterised by salt spray, wave or sea-ice erosion.


description:
Sand-covered shorelines of the oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, fashioned by the action of wind or waves. They include gently sloping beaches and beach-ridges, formed by sands brought by waves, longshore drift and storm waves, as well as dunes, formed by aeolian deposits, though sometimes re-fashioned by waves.

title:
Revision of habitat descriptions originating from Devillers et al (2001)


description:
The lowest level of the supralittoral, just above the normal tide limit, where drift material accumulates and the sand may be rich in nitrogenous organic matter. Vegetation, if present at all, is very open and composed of annuals, e.g. [Atriplex] spp., [Cakile] spp., [Salsola kali], [Polygonum] spp.


hname:
Boreo-Arctic sand beach annual communities

description:
Annual communities of sand beaches of the low Arctic and high Arctic oceanic zones of the Palaearctic Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans, with [Cakile edentula ssp. islandica] ([Cakile arctica]), [Atriplex lapponica].

author:
Devillers, P., Devillers-Terschuren, J. and  Vander Linden, C.

title:
Palaearctic Habitats. PHYSIS Data Base. 1996, last updated 1999.


hname:
Middle European sand beach annual communities

description:
Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of the sand beaches of the temperate North Atlantic, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Baltic, with [Suaeda maritima], [Bassia hirsuta], [Cakile maritima], [Salsola kali], [Beta maritima], [Atriplex] spp., [Glaucium flavum], [Polygonum] spp., [Mertensia maritima].


description:
Annual driftline communities of central and southern Baltic sand beaches, with [Cakile maritima ssp. baltica], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex calotheca], [Atriplex hastata], [Salsola kali], [Polygonum aviculare], [Polygonum oxyspermum], [Senecio vulgaris], [Matricaria perforata], [Matricaria maritima].


hname:
Tethyan sand beach driftline communities

description:
Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean, Black Sea and Mediterraneo-Atlantic coasts. [Zosterion marinae] and [Cymodoceion nodosae] communities with e.g. [Caulerpa prolifera], [Zostera noltii], [Cymodocea nodosa].

title:
Revision of descriptions of terrestrial habitats


hname:
Western Tethyan sand beach annual communities

description:
Annual communities of sand beaches of the Mediterranean and the subtropical Atlantic, between Portugal and the southern limit of the Mediterraneo-Saharan transition zone at 27 degrees N.

author:
Devillers, P., Devillers-Terschuren, J. and  Vander Linden, C. [edited ETC/BD]


description:
Annual halo-nitrophilous communities of sand beaches of the Black Sea, with [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Salsola kali ssp. tragus], [Atriplex hastata], [Polygonum maritimum], [Euphorbia peplis], [Euphorbia paralias], [Glaucium flavum], [Xanthium strumarium ssp. italicum], [Convolvulus lineatus], [Convolvulus persicus].


description:
Halo-nitrophilous communities of Black Sea sand beaches dominated by perennial herbs, including [Crambe maritima ssp. pontica], [Argusia sibirica], [Lactuca tatarica], [Petasites spurius] or [Trachomitum venetum].


description:
Gently sloping sand-covered shorelines fashioned by wind action along coasts and beside associated coastal lagoons.


hname:
Unvegetated sand beaches above the driftline

description:
Sandy beaches of oceans, their connected seas and associated coastal lagoons, devoid of phanerogamic vegetation.


hname:
Baltic unvegetated spits and bars above the driftline


hname:
Baltic unvegetated sandy beaches above the driftline


description:
Area corresponding to the upper beach which is only humected by the sea during storms; however, certain areas do escape being totally submerged and receive a large amount of spray coming from the surge of the waves further down. 2 sets of phenomena are responsible for the dampness: at surface level, the dampness is caused by the salty spray from the breaking of the waves on the coast which is the main cause of the saltiness of the sand and the dampness of the night air. This humification only affects the top 2 or 3 centimetres and disappears quickly under the action of the sun; at depth, the sand is damp because of the proximity of the fairly unsalty ground water.

title:
Handbook for interpreting types of marine habitat for the selection of sites to be included in the national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest


hname:
Pontic muddy sands with [Spisula subtruncata], [Abra alba], [Parvicardium exiguum] and [Cerastoderma glaucum]


hname:
Pontic muddy sands with [Paphia aurea] and [Spisula subtruncata]


hname:
Pontic upper circalittoral mud with [Spisula subtruncata] and [Aricidea claudiae]

description:
This type of habitat occurs in the Black Sea around mussel bed patches.  The distinguishing species are [Aricidea claudiae] and [Spisula subtruncata].  In general the community is characterised by the extremely high abundance of polychaetes such as [Aricidea claudiae], [Melinna palmata] and [Heteromastus filiformis]. Todorova & Konsulova (2003) state that this community has equivalents to Marinov's (1990) traditional classification of the [Melinna palmata] coastal mud community.

title:
Black Sea Marine Habitat Classification Workshop, May 2007


description:
Offshore (deep) circalittoral habitats with fine sands or non-cohesive muddy sands. Very little data is available on these habitats however they are likely to be more stable than their shallower counterparts and characterised by a diverse range of polychaetes, amphipods, bivalves and echinoderms.


hname:
Maldanid polychaetes and [Eudorellopsis deformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand

description:
In deep offshore sand or non-cohesive muddy sand dense populations of maldanid polychaetes such as [Maldane sarsi] and the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] may be found. Accompanying these species are abundant ophiuroids including [Amphiura filiformis], polychaetes such as Terebellidae sp., [Chaetozone setosa], [Levinsenia gracilis], [Scoloplos armiger], the amphipod [Harpinia antennaria] and the bivalves [Nuculoma tenuis] and [Parvicardium minimum]. This biotope is similar to the [Maldane sarsi]-[Ophiura sarsi] community defined by Glemarec (1973).


hname:
[Owenia fusiformis] and [Amphiura filiformis] in deep circalittoral sand or muddy sand

description:
Areas of slightly muddy sand (generally <20% mud) in offshore waters may be characterised by high numbers of the tube building polychaete [Owenia fusiformis] often with the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis]. Whilst [O. fusiformis] is also found in other circalittoral or offshore biotopes it usually occurs in lower abundances than in A5.272. Other species found in this community are the polychaetes [Goniada maculata], [Pholoe inornata], [Diplocirrus glaucus], [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes kroyeri] with occasional bivalves such as [Timoclea ovata] and [Thyasira equalis]. The sea cucumber [Labidoplax buski] and the cumacean [Eudorella truncatula] are also commonly often found in this biotope.


hname:
Baltic sandy bottoms of the aphotic zone


hname:
Mediterranean communities of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

description:
These habitats are located in protected coves, in sheltered environments, where a substrate consisting of a muddy-sandy sediment, sometimes mixed with a small amount of gravel, occurs. Depth is mostly around 1 metre, rarely more than 3 metres. These shallow areas are characterised by very variable environmental conditions and may present facies with epiflora or major developments of filtering or burrowing species.


hname:
Facies with [Callianassa tyrrhena] and [Kellia corbuloides]

description:
This facies of superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters is characterised by the dominance of the ghost shrimp [Callianassa tyrrhena] and the bivalve mollusc [Kellia corbuloides].


hname:
Facies with fresh water resurgences with [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata]

description:
This facies, typical of fresh water springs, is characterised by the bivalve mulluscs [Cerastoderma glaucum] and [Cyathura carinata].


hname:
Facies with [Loripes lacteus], [Tapes] spp.

description:
This facies is characterised by the bivalve molluscs [Loripes lacteus] and [Tapes] spp.


hname:
Association with [Caulerpa prolifera] on superficial muddy sands in sheltered waters

description:
This facies is characterised by the green alga [Caulerpa prolifera] and is present in the warmest areas.


hname:
Facies of hydrothermal oozes with [Cyclope neritea] and nematodes

description:
These facies are characterised by the gastropod [Cyclope neritea] and some species of nematodes. The facies are present between 3 - 15 metres depth with high hydrothermal activity.


description:
Sublittoral mud and cohesive sandy mud extending from the extreme lower shore to offshore, circalittoral habitats. This biotope is predominantly found in sheltered harbours, sealochs, bays, marine inlets and estuaries and stable deeper/offshore areas where the reduced influence of wave action and/or tidal streams allow fine sediments to settle. Such habitats are often by dominated by polychaetes and echinoderms, in particular brittlestars such as [Amphiura] spp. Seapens such as [Virgularia mirabilis] and burrowing megafauna including [Nephrops norvegicus] are common in deeper muds. Estuarine muds tend to be characterised by infaunal polychaetes and oligochaetes.


hname:
Sublittoral mud in low or reduced salinity

description:
Shallow, typically anoxic, muddy and sandy mud sediments in areas of low or reduced, although stable, salinity (may vary annually) with largely ephemeral faunal communities. Characterised by [Arenicola marina] and blue-green algae with other species, including mysids, [Carcinus maenas] and [Corophium volutator] which commonly occur in lagoons. Important infaunal species may include [Hediste diversicolor], [Heterochaeta costata] and chironomids; however infaunal records for this biotope are limited.


hname:
Baltic brackish water sublittoral muddy biocenoses influenced by varying salinity


hname:
Baltic muds of the infralittoral photic zone with little or no macrophyte vegetation


hname:
Western Pontic calciphile fir-beech forests

description:
Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] with [Abies bornmuelleriana] limited to calcareous outcrops within the fir-beech belt formed by the forests of unit G1.6E15, and at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit G1.6E14, with a species-rich cortège characterized by the presence of [Telekia speciosa], [Aristolochia bodamae], [Arum ponticum], [Hieracleum platytaenium], [Campanula lactiflora].


description:
Forests of the western Pontic Range composed of [Fagus orientalis], often with [Quercus dshorochensis], [Quercus syspirensis], [Quercus anatolica] or [Quercus iberica], [Carpinus betulus] and a presence of [Abies bornmuelleriana].


description:
Relict beech forests of the Macin Mountains, of extremely insular distribution, isolated within the steppe climate of the Romanian Dobrogea, far from the main beech regions of the Carpathians, with [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus taurica] ([Fagus taurica var. dobrogica]), [Tilia tomentosa], [Tilia cordata], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Carpinus betulus], [Populus tremula], [Ulmus glabra], [Fagetalia] species and southern European species, including [Potentilla micrantha], [Scutellaria altissima], in the herb layer.


description:
Beech forests of the northern slopes of the southernmost mountain range of the Crimean Peninsula at altitudes between 600 m and 1100 m, on Jurassic substrates, under a climate regime of cool temperatures and moderate precipitation; the beeches are in almost pure stands or occasionally mixed with [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], with a poorly developed understorey that may include [Euonymus latifolius], [Taxus baccata].


description:
Beech, beech-hornbeam and beech-fir forests of the Caucasus.


description:
Forests of [Fagus orientalis] on north slopes of the Elburz Mountains, at the 1400-1800 metre level, under the climatic influence of the Caspian Sea, with cool temperatures and moderate annual precipitation, typically with abundant snowfall; the beech is either accompanied by [Acer insigne], [Alnus subcordata], [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus castaneifolia], [Sorbus torminalis], [Taxus baccata], [Ulmus glabra], or growing in pure formations, the presence of other tree species diminishing towards the upper altitudinal levels; a luxurient understorey includes [Ilex hyrcanica], [Daphne pontica], [Vaccinium arctostaphylos].


description:
Isolated beech forests of the Taurus system in western and southern Anatolia (Muraldag, Garur Daglari).


description:
Forests or woods of submediterranean climate regions and supramediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones, dominated by deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species or by other southern trees such as [Carpinus orientalis], [Castanea sativa] or [Ostrya carpinifolia]. Thermophilous deciduous trees may, under local microclimatic or edaphic conditions, replace the evergreen oak forests in mesomediterranean or thermomediterranean areas, and occur locally to the north in central and western Europe.


hname:
Western white oak woods and related communities

description:
[Quercus pubescens] forests and woods of the supra-Mediterranean zone of France, west of the Alpine arc, and of northeastern Spain, with irradiations to southern Germany and Belgium. Low medio-European forests of [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] occupying warm exposures beyond the range of [Quercus pubescens] and linked to the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] by the presence of [Buxus sempervirens] or other thermophile calcicolous plants, including [Limodorum abortivum], [Melittis melissophyllum]. In the Carpathians they are represented by the alliance [Genisto germanicae-Quercion] with species [Avenella flexuosa], [Calluna vulgaris], [Festuca ovina], [Genista] spp., [Luzula luzuloides].


description:
[Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France, and of thermal stations in more northerly locations of Western Europe.


description:
[Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of France.


description:
[Quercus pubescens ssp. pubescens] forests and woods of thermal stations in the nemoral zone of France, Belgium, Luxembourg and western Germany.


hname:
Sub-Mediterranean [Quercus petraea-Q. robur] woods

description:
Continental thermophilous [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] woods of Lorraine, the Ardenne periphery, southern Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic outside of the area of dominance of pure [Quercus pubescens] but accompanied by the thermophile, calcicolous, sub-Mediterranean cortège of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], and sometimes including [Quercus pubescens] or hybrids of [Quercus pubescens] with either [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur].


description:
[Quercus pubescens ssp. palensis] forests and woods of the Pyrenees and northeastern Spain.


description:
[Quercus pubescens] forests occupying fresh stations within the mesomediterranean zone, usually on north facing  slopes (ubac) and relatively deep soils, accompanied by [Quercus ilex] and an associated vegetation characteristic of the [Quercion ilicis].


description:
Woods of Sardinia and Corsica dominated by [Quercus pubescens], sometimes accompanied by [Quercus virgiliana], [Quercus congesta].


description:
Often varied forests of the supra-Mediterranean (mostly lower supra-Mediterranean), and occasionally meso- or thermo-Mediterranean, levels of Greece, Italy, Dalmatia, the Black Sea coasts and western Asia, in which [Quercus pubescens] or its allies are the dominant deciduous oaks, usually associated with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Fraxinus ornus] and other species; white oak ([Quercus pubescens], [Quercus virgiliana])-dominated woods, with an [Ostryo-Carpinion] or [Orno-Cotinion] cortège, of thermic sub-Mediterranean enclaves within the sub-continental [Quercion frainetto] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones of the Balkan peninsula, Pannonia and the southern Carpathians.


description:
Xero-thermophile oak woods of the Mediterraneo-steppic transition zone of central and eastern Anatolia and Iran.


hname:
[Hediste diversicolor] and [Macoma balthica] in littoral sandy mud

description:
Mainly mid and lower shore sandy mud or mud in lower estuaries, sheltered bays and marine inlets, often subject to variable salinity. The main characterising species are the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica], and the oligochaetes [Tubificoides benedii] and [T. pseudogaster]. Further polychaetes that are often common or abundant include [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis], [Aphelochaeta marioni], [Capitella capitata] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. The oligochaete [Heterochaeta costata] and the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator] may be abundant. The spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] is often common. Other species which occur in a significant proportion of samples include the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii], and bivalves such as the cockle [Cerastoderma edule] and [Abra tenuis]. The sand gaper [Mya arenaria] is superabundant in about a quarter of the samples for this biotope. [M. arenaria] is probably present in a higher proportion of areas of this biotope, but may be missed in core samples due to its size.
Situation: This unit may occur on the mid/lower shore of lower estuarine shores, with units A2.243 or A2.241 on the upper shore. A2.313, A2.3221, NhomAph, and A2.3222 may be present on the same shore.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichmnent.


hname:
[Hediste diversicolor], [Macoma balthica] and [Scrobicularia plana] in littoral sandy mud

description:
Mainly mid shore mud or sandy mud subject to variable salinity on sheltered estuarine shores. Typically, the sediment is wet in appearance and has an anoxic layer below 1 cm depth. The surface of the mud has the distinctive 'crow's foot' pattern formed by the peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana]. The infauna is additionally characterised by a range of polychaete and bivalve species, including the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor], [Pygospio elegans], [Streblospio shrubsolii], [Tharyx killariensis] and the baltic tellin [Macoma balthica]. Oligochaetes, most notably [Tubificoides benedii], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be abundant. Other species that sometimes occur in this biotope are the cockle [Cerastoderma edule], the sand gaper [Mya arenaria] and the polychaetes [Eteone longa] and [Nephtys hombergii].
Situation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units A2.311, A2.312, NhomAph, A2.3221 and A2.3222. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to A2.323 at the upper extreme of the estuary.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.


hname:
Polychaete/oligochaete-dominated upper estuarine mud shores

description:
Upper estuarine sandy mud and mud shores, in areas with significant freshwater influence. Littoral mud typically forms mudflats, though dry compacted mud can form steep and even vertical structures, particularly at the top of the shore adjacent to saltmarshes. Little oxygen penetrates these cohesive sediments, and an anoxic layer is often present within millimetres of the sediment surface. The upper estuarine mud communities support few infaunal species and are principally characterised by a restricted range of polychaetes and oligochaetes.
Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. Of these three, A2.321 occurs the furthest towards the mid estuary, and possibly lower on the shore than the other two. A2.323 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 and A2.321 further down the shore.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.


hname:
[Nephtys hombergii] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral mud

description:
Soft wet mud with a fine sand fraction, on the mid and lower shore of sheltered estuaries, usually with an anoxic layer present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is relatively poor, dominated by the polychaetes [Nephtys hombergii], [Streblospio shrubsolii], and [Aphelochaeta marioni]. The oligochaete [Tubificoides benedii] is also characterising for this biotope, and [Hediste diversicolor] may be common.
Situation: This unit  may occur on the same shores as the A2.31 biotopes, A2.3222 or A2.3221. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to A2.323 at the upper extreme of the estuary.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months, particularly in areas of nutrient enrichment.


description:
Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores in the upper and mid estuary. If present on the upper shore, the sediment may become firm and compacted as water drains out, though usually the biotope occurs lower on the shore and the sediment remains water saturated during low tide. An anoxic layer occurs within the upper 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is dominated by abundant or superabundant ragworms [Hediste diversicolor]. Other species that occur in a significant number of samples include oligochaetes such as [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides] spp., polychaetes such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina], the mud shrimp [Corophium volutator], and the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae].
Situation: This unit  may occur on the same shores as units A2.312, A2.313r, or NhomAph. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the upper extreme of the estuary, A2.323 may occur.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. and [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.


hname:
[Hediste diversicolor] and [Streblospio shrubsolii] in littoral sandy mud

description:
Mud and sandy mud shores in sheltered marine inlets and estuaries subject to variable or reduced salinity. The biotope is typically found on the mid and lower shores and is often associated with shallow layers of cobbles and pebbles in the sediment in the upper and mid estuary. The sediment is anoxic close to the surface and remains water saturated during low tide. The infaunal polychaete community is dominated by dense [Hediste diversicolor], as well as species with a limited salinity range tolerance such as [Streblospio shrubsolii] and [Manayunkia aestuarina]. Oligochaetes, including [Heterochaeta costata] and [Tubificoides benedii] are often abundant, and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] is often common.
Situation: This unit may occur on the same shores as A2.313, A2.312, NhomAph or A2.3222. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to Tben at the upper extreme of the estuary.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.


hname:
[Hediste diversicolor] and [Corophium volutator] in littoral mud

description:
Sheltered estuarine shores of sandy mud, which may become firm and compacted if present in the upper shore where there is more time for drainage between high tides. An anoxic layer is usually present within the first 5 cm of the sediment. The infauna is very sparse, usually only the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] and the amphipod [Corophium volutator] are present in any abundance. Occasionally, oligochaetes or the spire shell [Hydrobia ulvae] may be present. [Corophium multisetosum] may also be found. There may be organic pollution of the sediment.
Situation: This unit may occur on the same shores as units A2.313, A2.312, NhomAph, and A2.3221. Higher up on the shore, and/or further towards the head of the estuary, A2.3223 may occur, changing to A2.323 at the upper extreme of the estuary.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.


hname:
[Hediste diversicolor] and oligochaetes in littoral mud

description:
A species-poor community found in mud or slightly sandy mud in low salinity conditions, typically at the head of estuaries. The infauna is dominated by the ragworm [Hediste diversicolor] which is typically superabundant. Oligochaetes, including tubificids and [Heterochaeta costata], can be abundant, as well as spionids. The peppery furrow shell [Scrobicularia plana] may be present in low abundances. The mud is often very soft and fluid, with a 'wet' surface appearance, or it may be compacted and form steep banks in the upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries and along saltmarsh creeks.
Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. A2.323 is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 further down. Unit A2.321 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with A2.3223 and A2.323 higher up.
Temporal variation: [Enteromorpha] spp. or [Ulva lactuca] may form mats on the surface of the sediment during the summer months, particularly in areas of freshwater influence and/or where there is nutrient enrichment.


hname:
[Tubificoides benedii] and other oligochaetes in littoral mud

description:
Extreme upper estuarine fine sandy mud, sometimes with a fine sand fraction, in very sheltered conditions and subject to reduced salinity. An anoxic layer is usually present within the upper 3 cm of the sediment. The infaunal community is extremely poor, consisting almost exclusively of oligochaetes, including [Tubificoides benedii] and, more rarely, [Heterochaeta costata]. The only polychaete species that may occur is [Capitella capitata], which may be common. The sediment may form steep banks in upper parts of macro-tidal estuaries or along saltmarsh creeks. [Vaucheria] species may form a film on the sediment surface along such creeks, and juvenile shore crabs [Carcinus maenas] may be common. At the very upper end of estuaries, the oligochaetes [Limnodrilus] spp. and [Tubifex tubifex] may be found.
Situation: There are three oligochaete dominated upper estuarine mud biotopes. This unit is the most extreme upper estuarine biotope, occurring at the head of estuaries where there is no strong river flow and hence conditions are very sheltered, and there is a very strong freshwater influence. Further towards the mid estuary, this biotope may occur at the top of the shore, with A2.3223 further down. Unit A2.321 occurs furthest towards the mid estuary, or on the lower shore with A2.3223 and A2.323 higher up.
Temporal variation: Green algae such as [Enteromorpha] spp. may form mats on the surface of the mud during the summer months.


description:
Proposed new unit. No description available.


hname:
Pontic polychaete dominated littoral muds


hname:
Pontic oligochaete and chironomid dominated littoral muds


hname:
Pontic "camca" habitat of River Danube mouths


hname:
[Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] with venerid bivalves and amphipods in infralittoral compacted fine muddy sand

description:
In stable, fine, compacted sands and slightly muddy sands in the infralittoral and littoral fringe, communities occur that are dominated by venerid bivalves such as [Chamelea gallina]. This biotope may be characterised by a prevalence of [Fabulina fabula] and [Magelona mirabilis] or other species of [Magelona (e.g. [M. filiformis)]. Other taxa, including the amphipod [Bathyporeia] spp. and polychaetes such as [Chaetozone setosa], [Spiophanes bombyx] and [Nephtys] spp. are also commonly recorded. In some areas the bivalve [Spisula elliptica] may also occur in this biotope in low numbers. The community is relatively stable in its species composition, however, numbers of [Magelona] and [F. Fabulina] tend to fluctuate. Around the Scilly Isles numbers of [F. fabulina] in this biotope are uncommonly low whilst these taxa are often found in higher abundances in muddier communities (presumably due to the higher organic content). Consequently it may be better to revise this biotope on the basis of less ubiquitous taxa such as key amphipod species (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002) although more data is required to test this. A5.242 and A5.133 are collectively considered to be the 'shallow [Venus] community' or 'boreal off-shore sand association' of previous workers (see Petersen 1918; Jones 1950; Thorson 1957). These communities have been shown to correlate well with particular levels of current induced 'bed-stress' (Warwick & Uncles 1980). The 'Arctic [Venus] Community' and 'Mediterranean [Venus] Community' described to the north and south of the UK (Thorson 1957) probably occur in the same habitat and appears to be the same biotope described as the [Ophelia borealis] community in northern France and the central North Sea (Künitzer [et al]. 1992). Sites with this biotope may undergo transitions in community composition. The epibiotic biotopes A5.241 and A5.243 may also overlay this biotope in some areas.


hname:
[Arenicola marina] in infralittoral fine sand or muddy sand

description:
In shallow fine sand or non-cohesive muddy sand in fully marine conditions (or occasionally in variable salinity) a community characterised by the polychaete [Arenicola marina] may occur. This biotope appears quite faunally sparse. Those other taxa present however, include scavenging crustacea such as [Pagurus bernhardus] and [Liocarcinus depurator], terebellid polychaetes such as [Lanice conchilega] and the burrowing anemone [Cerianthus lloydii]. Occasional [Sabella pavonina] and frequent [Ensis] spp. may also be observed in some areas. The majority of records for this biotope are derived from epifaunal surveys and consequently there is little information available for the associated infaunal species. It is possible that this biotope, like unit A5.241 (to which it is broadly similar) is an epibiotic overlay on other biotopes from the A5.2 complex.
Temporal variation: At certain times of the year a diatom film may be present on the sediment surface.


hname:
[Spisula subtruncata] and [Nephtys hombergii] in shallow muddy sand

description:
In shallow non-cohesive muddy sands, in fully marine conditions, a community characterised by the bivalve [Spisula subtruncata] and the polychaete [Nephtys hombergii] may occur. The sediments in which this community is found may vary with regard silt content but they generally have less than 20% silt/clay and in some areas may contain a degree of shell debris. This biotope falls somewhere between A5.242 and A5.261 with regard sediment type (i.e. somewhat muddier than A5.242 and less muddy than A5.261) and may have species in common with both. As a result, other important species in this community include [Abra alba], [Fabulina fabula] spp. and [Mysella bidentata] spp. In addition, [Diastylis rathkei/typical], [Philine aperta] (in muddier sediments), [Ampelisca] spp., [Ophiura albida], [Phaxas pellucidus] and occasionally [Bathyporeia] spp, may also be important, although this is not clear from the data available. In areas of slightly coarser, less muddy sediment [S. solida] or [S. elliptica] may appear occasionally in this biotope. Abundances of [Spisula subtruncata] in this biotope are often very high and distinguish it from other closely related biotopes. Extensive areas of this community to the north east of the Dogger Bank were recorded in the 1950s, but these seem to have declined since then (Kroncke 1990). More information is required with regard the status of this biotope.
Temporal variation: In some areas this biotope may be a temporal variant or sub-biotope of A5.242 and A5.261 rather than an established biotope in itself. For example A5.244 has been recorded in Red Wharf Bay and Conwy Bay where it appears to be short term variant of other more established biotopes (e.g. A5.261) and appears to have only intermittent occurrence in single age cohort patches possibly due to predation in some areas (e.g. Red Wharf Bay) by the common Scoter [Melanitta nigra] (E.I.S. Rees pers. comm. 2002).


hname:
[Ervillia castanea] beds in infralittoral sand


hname:
Pontic thalassinid-dominated muddy sands with [Upogebia pusilla]


hname:
Pontic muddy sands with [Mya arenaria] and [Anadara inaequivalvis]


description:
Clean fine sands with less than 5% silt/clay in deeper water, either on the open coast or in tide-swept channels of marine inlets in depths of over 15-20 m. The habitat may also extend offshore and is characterised by a wide range of echinoderms (in some areas including the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus]), polychaetes and bivalves. This habitat is generally more stable than shallower, infralittoral sands and consequently supports a more diverse community.


hname:
[Echinocyamus pusillus], [Ophelia borealis] and [Abra prismatica] in circalittoral fine sand

description:
Circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sand (from 40m to 140m) characterised by the pea urchin [Echinocyamus pusillus], the polychaete [Ophelia borealis] and the bivalve [Abra prismatica]. Other species may include the polychaetes [Spiophanes bombyx], [Pholoe] sp., [Exogone] spp., [Sphaerosyllis bulbosa], [Goniada maculata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Owenia fusiformis], [Glycera lapidum], [Lumbrineris latreilli] and [Aricidea cerrutii] and the bivalves [Thracia phaseolina] and [Moerella pygmaea] and to a lesser extent [Spisula elliptica] and [Timoclea ovata]. This biotope has been found in the central and northern North Sea.


hname:
[Abra prismatica], [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes in circalittoral fine sand

description:
In circalittoral and offshore medium to fine sands between 25m and 100m a community characterised by the bivalve [Abra prismatica], the amphipod [Bathyporeia elegans] and polychaetes such as [Scoloplos armiger], [Spiophanes bombyx], [Aonides paucibranchiata], [Chaetozone setosa], [Ophelia borealis] and [Nephtys longosetosa] may be found. Crustacea such as the cumacean [Eudorellopsis deformis] and the opheliid polychaetes such as [Ophelia borealis], [Travisia forbesii] or [Ophelina neglecta] are often present in this biotope and the brittlestar [Amphiura filiformis] may also be common at some sites. This biotope has been reported in the central and northern North Sea ( Basford and Eleftheriou, 1989; Künitzer et al., 1992).


hname:
Medium to very fine sand, 100-120 m, with polychaetes [Spiophanes kroyeri], [Amphipectene auricoma], [Myriochele] sp., [Aricidea wassi] and amphipods [Harpinia antennaria]


description:
Circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sands with the silt content of the substratum typically ranging from 5% to 20%. This habitat is generally found in water depths of over 15-20 m and supports animal-dominated communities characterised by a wide variety of polychaetes, bivalves such as [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa], and echinoderms such as [Amphiura] spp and [Ophiura] spp., and [Astropecten irregularis]. These circalittoral habitats tend to be more stable than their infralittoral counterparts and as such support a richer infaunal community.


hname:
[Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa] in circalittoral muddy sand or slightly mixed sediment

description:
Non-cohesive muddy sands or slightly shelly/gravelly muddy sand characterised by the bivalves [Abra alba] and [Nucula nitidosa]. Other important taxa include [Nephtys] spp., [Chaetozone setosa] and [Spiophanes bombyx] with [Fabulina fabula] also common in many areas. The echinoderms [Ophiura albida] and [Asterias rubens] may also be present. The epibiotic biotope A5.241 may overlap this biotope. This biotope is part of the [Abra] community defined by Thorson (1957) and the infralittoral etage described by Glemarec (1973).


hname:
[Amphiura brachiata] with [Astropecten irregularis] and other echinoderms in circalittoral muddy sand

description:
In shallow, circalittoral non-cohesive muddy sand (typically less than 20% silt/clay) abundant populations of the brittlestar [Amphiura brachiata] may occur with other echinoderms such as [Astropecten irregularis], [Asterias rubens], [Ophiura ophiura] and [Echinocardium cordatum]. Other infaunal species typically include [Mysella bidentata, Lanice conchilega] and [Magelona filiformis]. This biotope is likely to form part of the non-cohesive/cohesive muddy sand communities, which make up the 'off-shore muddy sand association' described by other workers (Jones 1951; Mackie 1990). It is possible that in some areas this biotope forms an epifaunal overlay which may cover a range of biotopes in years of good recruitment but does not develop into a settled or established community.


description:
Alpine and subalpine grasslands developed over crystalline rocks and other lime-deficient substrates or on decalcified soils of mountains. On boreal mountains, [Carex bigelowii] and [Juncus trifidus] often dominate. The acid alpine grasslands of central Europe are more mixed, with [Armeria alpina], [Armeria alliacea] ([Armeria montana]), [Euphrasia minima], [Gentiana alpina], [Geum montanum], [Juncus trifidus], [Lychnis alpina], [Pedicularis pyrenaica], [Phyteuma hemisphaericum], [Pulsatilla alpina ssp. sulphurea], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus], [Sempervivum montanum], [Botrychium lunaria].


hname:
Alpic mat-grass swards and related communities

description:
Closed grasslands of deep, acid soils of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the northern Apennines, the Jura and the higher Hercynian ranges, the northern and central Dinarides, developed mostly and abundantly in the subalpine level and included in the alliance [Nardion], dominated or co-dominated by [Nardus stricta], [Festuca eskia], [Festuca nigrescens], [Festuca rubra], [Alopecurus gerardii], [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea]), [Carex sempervirens], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Hieracium alpinum], [Trommsdorfia uniflora], [Potentilla aurea]. Similar [Nardus stricta] grasslands of the Moesian region of the Balkan peninsula, distributed at high elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, as southern extensions of the Alpigenous communities or as grazing-induced facies of the more varied communities of unit E4.39.


description:
Subalpine and lower alpine mesophile grasslands dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta], of the Alps, the Pyrenees and, very locally, the Central Massif, the Jura and the northern Apennines; for the most part, they are heavily grazed grasslands with much reduced species diversity and overwhelming dominance of mat-grass.


description:
Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous [Nardus stricta] swards of depressions and humid flats around lakes and marshes, where snow melts slowly.


description:
Subalpine and alpine hygro-mesophile, chionophilous grasslands of depressions with prolonged snow cover dominated by [Alopecurus gerardii] and [Trifolium alpinum]; they constitute a transition between siliceous grasslands and snow-patch communities, which they often ring.


hname:
Pyrenean closed [Festuca eskia] grassland

description:
Subalpine and lower alpine closed mesophile [Festuca eskia] grasslands of north-facing slopes (ubacs) and depressions in the Pyrenees with [Arnica montana], [Ranunculus pyrenaeus], [Selinum pyrenaeum], [Trifolium alpinum], [Campanula barbata], [Gentiana punctata], [Leucorchis albida], [Phyteuma betonicifolium].


description:
Subalpine [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea])-dominated grasslands of the Pyrenees.


description:
Summital swards of the greater Hercynian ranges dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta].


hname:
Hautes Chaumes summital mat-grass swards

description:
Formations of the Hautes Chaumes (high Vosges), with [Nardus stricta], [Gentiana lutea], [Arnica montana], [Pulsatilla alba], [Viola lutea ssp. elegans], [Selinum pyrenaeum], [Leontodon pyrenaicus], [Hieracium vogesiacum], [Hieracium olivaceum], [Hieracium alpinum] and abundant ericoid shrubs, [Erica tetralix], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea].


description:
[Nardus stricta] grasslands of the Black Forest.


description:
Formations of the Harz dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta].


hname:
Bohemian Forest summital mat-grass swards

description:
[Nardus stricta] grasslands of the high altitudes of the Bayerischer Wald and of the central Bohemian Forest (Sumava).


description:
[Nardus stricta] grasslands of the high altitudes of the Sudeten mountains (Krkonose, Hruby Jesenik), with [Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida] ([Carex rigida], [Carex fyllae]), [Hieracium alpinum], [Primula minima], [Potentilla aurea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Lycopodium alpinum], and, in some formations, [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Polytrichum strictum].


description:
Grasslands dominated by, or rich in, [Nardus stricta] of the Carpathian system.


description:
[Nardus] grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians, with [Carex pilulifera], [Hieracium vulgatum], [Hypochoeris uniflora], [Crepis conyzifolia], [Gentiana punctata], [Homogyne alpina], [Potentilla aurea], [Pulsatilla alpina], of western Carpathian mountains.


description:
Grasslands rich in, or dominated by, [Nardus stricta], with [Festuca nigricans], [Festuca airoides], [Poa media] and regional species [Viola declinata], [Scorzonera rosea], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda] ([Potentilla ternata]), [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], of flats and gentle slopes of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians.


description:
Acidophilous grasslands dominated by [Nardus stricta] of higher, mostly subalpine, sometimes alpine, elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides.


description:
Springs from which heated water and steam is ejected, sometimes violently, at periodic intervals, in active or recently active volcanic regions. Major geysers are rare, known from only four areas in the world, and within the Palaearctic region, as here defined, only from Iceland and the northwestern Pacific rim. The proximal zone of geysers may host distinctive communities of lower plants and invertebrates.


hname:
Balkan oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

description:
Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system.


hname:
Balkan closed calcicolous fescue grasslands

description:
Closed calciphile fescue-dominated grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by the regional endemic [Festuca xanthina], associated with [Festuca varia s.s].


description:
Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina, formed by [Bromus erectus], with [Lamium garganicum].


hname:
Balkan closed evergreen sedge grasslands

description:
Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the western Balkan Range system, in particular of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, formed by [Sesleria nitida], [Carex sempervirens], [Sempervivum marmoreum], [Lychnis viscaria].


hname:
Dinaro-Moesian mesophile closed calcicolous grasslands

description:
Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula.


description:
[Carex ferruginea]-rich closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia.


description:
Closed weakly acidophile grasslands developed on deep relatively nutrient-rich well-watered soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides of Montenegro.


hname:
Western Balkanic calcicolous scabious-fescue grasslands

description:
Closed grasslands of deep coluvial soils formed in karst dolines of the western Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina, dominated by [Festuca nigrescens] or [Festuca paniculata], accompanied by a mixed cortège of acidophilous, neutrophilous and basiphilous species.


hname:
Wind edge naked-rush ([Kobresia myosuroides]) swards

description:
Meso-xerophile, relatively closed and unsculptured swards of [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) forming on deep, fine soils of protruding ridges and edges exposed to strong winds in the alpine and nival levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Mountains and, very locally, the Abruzzi and the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, with [Oxytropis], [Draba], [Carex] spp. and others.


description:
Brown swards of Alpine crests and ridges submitted to extreme winds, dominated by [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]).


description:
Relatively extensive [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the calcareous ranges of the Pyrenees, where the [Elyna]-[Oxytropis] swards represent the main grassland formation of the alpine level.


description:
Uncommon [Kobresia myosuroides] ([Elyna myosuroides]) formations of the high summits of the Picos de Europa.


description:
Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the southern Balkan peninsula, under Mediterranean climate influence, including the southern Pelagonides (Vermion), the Pindus, the Thessalian and the Peloponnese mountains, dominated by [Sesleria korabensis], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca graeca], [Carex kitaibeliana], [Stipa pulcherrima] with [Viola heterophylla ssp. graeca], [Minuartia verna], [Paronychia rechingeri], [Silene ciliata], [Dianthus minutiflorus], [Draba athoa], [Iberis sempervirens], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pulchella], [Acinos alpinus], [Edraianthus graminifolius], [Centaurea pindicola], [Galium anisophyllon], [Morina persica], [Bornmuellera baldaccii], [Bornmuellera tymphaea], [Poa pirinica], [Poa thessala], [Festuca olympica], and a few woody species, in particular [Daphne oleoides] and [Juniperus nana].


description:
Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Dinarides, dominated by or rich in [Sesleria] spp. including [Sesleria korabensis], [Sesleria klasterskyi], [Sesleria coerulans], [Sesleria rigida], [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria wettsteinii], [Festuca] spp., [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), with [Dryas octopetala], [Leontopodium alpinum], [Saxifraga] spp., [Draba] spp., [Daphne oleoides].


description:
Open calcicolous grasslands of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia to Albania, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia] ([Sesleria juncifolia]), accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana].


description:
Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides and the Rhodope Mountains, submitted to more extreme temperature variations than the more northwestern formations of unit E4.4381, dominated by [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria tenerrima], [Sesleria korabensis] or [Sesleria bielzii], accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana].


description:
Open calcicolous grasslands of the high summits of the Pelagonides formed by [Sesleria tenuifolia], [Sesleria tenerrima], [Sesleria korabensis], accompanied by [Carex kitaibeliana].


description:
Open calcicolous grasslands of the Pirin and the Slavianka, developed at altitudes above 2500 metres, formed by [Sesleria korabensis] ([Sesleria klasterskyi]), [Carex kitaibeliana] ([Carex laevis]), with [Leontopodium alpinum ssp. nivale], [Saxifraga ferdinandi-coburgi], [Saxifraga luteoviridis], [Achillea ageratifolia ssp. aizoon], [Draba lasiocarpa var. athoa], [Dryas octopetala].


description:
Communities of the Ponto-Caspian warm-temperate humid zone of the southern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, dominated by lauriphyllous or xero-lauriphyllous evergreen tree species, in particular, [Laurus nobilis], [Prunus laurocerasus] ([Laurocerasus officinalis]) and [Buxus hyrcanica], anomalous and often limited to exiguous enclaves within a predominantly deciduous forest environment.


description:
Humid to hyper-humid, mist-bound, luxuriant, evergreen, lauriphyllous forests of the cloud belt of the Macaronesian islands, extremely rich in floral and faunal species, among which many are restricted to these communities. Genera such as [Picconia], [Semele], [Gesnouinia], [Lactucosonchus], [Ixanthus] are entirely endemic to these communities, while others, such as [Isoplexis], [Visnea] and [Phyllis] reach in them their maximum development; in addition, each of the formations of the various archipelagoes harbours distinctive endemic species. Laurel forests are the most complex and remarkable relict of the humid sub-tropical vegetation of the Mioceno-Pliocene late Tertiary of southern Europe. Areas of intact forests have been drastically reduced to a level below which the preservation of their elements could not be sustained.


description:
Lauriphyllous forests of the Azores, with [Laurus azorica], [Myrica faya], [Frangula azorica], [Ilex perado ssp. azorica], [Juniperus brevifolia], [Picconia azorica], [Prunus lusitanica ssp. azorica], [Euphorbia stygiana], [Viburnum tinus ssp. subcordatum], [Vaccinium cylindraceum], [Smilax divaricata]. The humid forests of the coastal areas ("[Myrico-Pittosporietum undulati] p.") have been totally or almost totally degraded, largely invaded by the introduced Australian [Pittosporum undulatum]. A better representation survives of the hyper-humid forests ([Culcito-Juniperion brevifoliae] p.) of higher elevations.


description:
Lauriphyllous forests of Madeira with [Laurus azorica], [Persea indica], [Ocotea foetens], [Apollonias barbujana], [Pittosporum coriaceum], [Clethra arborea], [Visnea mocanera], [Picconia excelsa], [Prunus lusitanica ssp. hixa], [Heberdenia excelsa], [Vaccinium padifolium], [Ilex perado ssp. perado], [Ilex canariensis], [Myrica faya], [Erica arborea], [Hedera canariensis], [Isoplexis canariensis], [Euphorbia mellifera], [Sambucus lanceolata], [Teline maderensis] ([Cytisus maderensis]), [Sonchus fruticosus], [Senecio auritus] ([Senecio maderensis]), [Ruscus streptophyllus], [Rubus bollei], [Semele androgyna], [Smilax canariensis], [Tamus edulis], [Carex peregrina] and many ferns. These forests, which still occupy a relatively large surface, of the order of 10,000 ha (15% of their former surface), are the habitat of the threatened endemic Madeiran Pigeon, [Columba trocaz].


description:
Lauriphyllous forests of the Canary Islands, with [Laurus azorica], [Picconia excelsa], [Persea indica], [Ocotea foetens], [Apollonias barbujana], [Visnea mocanera], [Pleiomeris canariensis] ([Myrsine canariensis]), [Ardisia bahamensis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Sambucus palmensis], [Euphorbia mellifera], [Ixanthus viscosus], [Rubus bollei], [Convolvulus canariensis], [Geranium canariensis], [Hedera canariensis], [Smilax aspera], [Smilax canariensis], [Canarina canariensis], [Semele androgyna], [Sideritis macrostachys], [Sideritis canariensis], [Cryptotaenia elegans], [Rubia peregrina], [Carex canariensis], [Asparagus fallax] and many ferns. They are the habitat of the threatened endemic laurel pigeons [Columba junoniae] and [Columba bollii], now limited to La Gomera, Tenerife and La Palma. The laurel forests of each island harbour a distinctive set of endemic plants and animals, as exemplified by the species of the composite genus [Pericallis], the well-marked races of the chaffinch [Fringilla coelebs] or the carabid faunas. They are thus best listed separately. The total remnant surface of laurel forest for the four islands, La Gomera, Tenerife, La Palma and Hierro, does not exceed 5000 ha.


description:
Laurel forests of La Gomera, best preserved and most extensive of the archipelago, with large areas of humid [Persea indica] -[Laurus azorica] forests ([Lauro-Perseetum indicae]), particularly in high areas, and good examples of [Ocotea foetens]-dominated forests, hyper-humid and very rich in ferns and epiphytes ([Athyrio-Ocoteetum foetentis]).


description:
Laurel forests of Tenerife, mostly restricted to the Anaga range and Los Silos, with a few smaller patches in Guimar ravines and at a few north slope sites in the La Esperanza-Agua Garcia area and the Barranco de San Antonio - Icod area. There are good representations of til ([Ocotea foetens]) forests (Anaga), as well as of drier [Picconia excelsa]-[Apollonias barbujana] forests (Los Silos).


description:
Laurel forests of La Palma essentially restricted to a few large, deep ravines of the northern slope, particularly in the Las Sauces area, including both [Lauro-Perseetum] vinyatigo-laurel and [Athyrio-Ocoteetum] til stands.


description:
Laurel forests of Hierro, very small and limited to cliff sides in the Ensenada El Golfo area of the north coast.


description:
Laurel forests of Gran Canaria, extinct. Very small, but fully expressed, fragments existed until very recently, notably at Los Tiles, but now appear to have been totally degraded.


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian woodland dominated by arborescent [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Ceratonia siliqua], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Myrtus communis] or, in the Canary Islands, by [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] and [Pistacia atlantica]. Most formations will be listed as arborescent matorral F5.1, but a few stands have a sufficiently tall, closed canopy to qualify for this unit.


description:
[Olea europaea var. sylvestris]-dominated formations. A climax olive forest, with [Ceratonia siliqua] and [Pistacia lentiscus] exists on the north flank of Djebel Ichkeul in northern Tunisia. Elsewhere, the communities most resembling olive forest are found in southern Andalusia ([Tamo communis]-[Oleetum sylvestris], extinct?), in Menorca ([Prasio majoris]-[Oleetum sylvestris]), Sardinia, Sicily, Calabria, Crete.


description:
[Ceratonia siliqua]-dominated formations, often with [Olea europae var. sylvestris] and [Pistacia lentiscus]. The most developed examples, some truly forestlike, are to be found in Tunisia, on the slopes of the Djebel Ichkeul, where they constitute carob-dominated facies of the previous unit, in Mallorca ([Cneoro tricocci-Ceratonietum siliquae]), in eastern Sardinia, in southeastern Sicily, in Puglia, in Crete, in northeastern Algeria, in Cyrenaica.


description:
[Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] and [Pistacia atlantica] formations of the Canary Islands.


description:
Woods, often riparian, formed by palm trees of the Mediterranean and Macaronesian zones, [Phoenix theophrasti] of Crete and western Anatolia, and [Phoenix canariensis] of the Canary Islands.


description:
Relict [Phoenix theophrasti] woods of Crete, restricted to damp sandy coastal valleys; they include the extensive forest of Vai, where the luxuriant palm growth is accompanied by a thick shrubby undergrowth rich in [Nerium oleander], and about four other smaller coastal groves, notably on the south coast of the prefectorate of Rethimnon.


description:
Relict [Phoenix canariensis] woods of the Canary Islands, mostly characteristic of the bottom of barrancos and of alluvial soils, below 600 metres. Palm groves are now very rare, but still exist in all the islands, with particularly representative examples at Haria on Lanzarote, Vega del Rio Palmas on Fuerteventura, Fataga, Maspalomas and the Barranco de Tirajana in Gran Canaria, Valle Gran Rey in La Gomera, Masca in Tenerife and Brena Alta in La Palma.


description:
Relict [Phoenix theophrasti] woods of western Anatolia, restricted to a few coastal valleys.


description:
Woods dominated by tall arborescent [Ilex aquifolium]. They occur in the supra-Mediterranean level of Sardinia and Corsica and in Atlantic mountains of northwestern Spain, mostly as a facies of relict yew-holly forests G3.9. Other scattered occurrences exist in the nemoral zone of western Europe, as facies of beech forest G1.6 or acidophilous oak forest G1.8.


description:
Typical neutrocline and acidocline [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests with primrose, developed on silts, marls and clays, characterized by the presence of the ecological group of [Arum maculatum], including [Ranunculus ficaria], [Ranunculus auricomus], [Adoxa moschatellina], [Ribes rubrum], [Glechoma hederacea], [Listera ovata], or of the group of [Galium odoratum], with [Rosa arvensis], [Mercurialis perennis], [Sanicula europaea], [Melica uniflora], [Ornithogalum pyrenaicum], or by the abundance of [Lamium galeobdolon].


description:
[Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests occupying damp colluvions at the bottom of slopes in valleys within sub-Atlantic forests, characterized by the presence of the group of [Anemone ranunculoides], [Corydalis solida], [Gagea lutea] and [Lathraea squamaria] or of [Aconitum vulparia], transitional to ravine or alluvial forests.


description:
Sub-Atlantic [Quercus robur]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests rich in [Allium ursinum], of alluvial terraces and adjacent colluvions.


hname:
Sub-Atlantic stitchwort oak - hornbeam forests

description:
Sub-Atlantic and medio-European forests of [Quercus robur] and [Quercus petraea], with [Carpinus betulus], developed on meso-oligotrophic soils, less hydromorphic than those occupied by the often sympatric forests of unit G1.A13, characterized by the replacement of the groups of [Primula elatior] and [Lamium galeobdolon], well represented in the forests of unit G1.A13, by those of [Deschampsia flexuosa] and of [Maianthemum bifolium], transgressives from the [Quercion]. They constitute the prevalent oak-hornbeam forests of the Münster basin, the Rhenish and Mosan regions, the northwestern Hercynian lands, Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, Burgundy.


description:
Typical sub-Atlantic [Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea]-[Carpinus betulus] forests of northern Europe, north to southern Norway, southern Sweden and southern Finland, and of the eastern Paris basin and Lorraine, with [Stellaria holostea], [Carex brizoides], [Narcissus pseudonarcissus], [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Potentilla sterilis], [Ranunculus nemorosus], [Poa chaixii], [Luzula sylvatica], [Luzula luzuloides].


description:
Oak-hornbeam forests of Lorraine marls, with [Quercus robur], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Sorbus torminalis], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Galium odoratum], [Carex umbrosa], [Pulmonaria obscura] and [Ornithogalum pyrenaicum].


hname:
Sub-Atlantic xerophile [Anthericum] oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Low, open forests and woods characteristic of steeep, sunny slopes on slightly calcareous schists in the Ardenne-Eifel periphery, with [Quercus petraea] (dominant), [Carpinus betulus], [Quercus robur], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus aria], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Prunus avium], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Stellaria holostea], [Anemone sylvestris], [Silene nutans], [Silene inflata], [Campanula persicifolia], [Anthericum liliago], [Melica nutans], [Carex montana].


hname:
Sub-Atlantic calciphile squill ash-oak forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus excelsior], rich in ligneous species, in particular, [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Ulmus glabra] ([Ulmus scabra]), [Taxus baccata], [Acer campestre], [Cornus mas], [Pyrus pyraster], [Daphne laureola], characteristic of well-drained, often deep, sometimes rocky, moist or partly dry calcareous soils on gentle slopes of the south Paris basin and adjacent regions, with [Arum italicum], [Asarum europaeum], [Doronicum plantagineum], [Helleborus foetidus], [Hepatica triloba], [Orobanche hederae], [Lilium martagon], [Carex montana].


description:
Fragmentary mesophile or meso-hygrophile formations of the Insubrian pre-Alps, the northern Apennines, the Ligurian Apennines, the Esterel and the Tanneron and very locally, the southern French Alps (forˆt du Saou, Dr“me), with [Quercus petraea], [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Tilia cordata] and [Carpinus betulus], developed on deep soils in conditions of sufficient atmospheric and edaphic humidity. They represent a transition between the medio-European formations of the [Pulmonario-Carpinenion] and [Galio-Carpinenion] on the one hand, the southeastern formations of the [Carpinion illyricum], and perhaps the southwestern formations of the [Polysticho-Corylenion], on the other hand.


description:
Forests dominated by [Quercus robur], or, in parts of the Pyrenees and in the Oro-Cantabrian interior, [Quercus petraea], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Tilia platyphyllos], [Corylus avellana], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus avium], [Ulmus glabra], many shrubs and lianas, abundant [Hedera helix], many ferns, such as [Polystichum setiferum], [Dryopteris affinis], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Asplenium scolopendrium], and with [Arum italicum], [Veronica montana], [Hypericum androsaemum], [Primula vulgaris], [Pulmonaria longifolia], [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis], [Isopyrum thalictroides], [Ajuga reptans], [Carex sylvatica], [Bromus racemosus], [Melica uniflora], of the collinar, submontane and, in a somewhat impoverished form with [Crataegus laevigata], montane levels of the piedmont of the Cordillera Cantabrica, in Navarra, Guipuzcoa, Vizcaya, Cantabria, Asturias and Castilla-Leon, as well as of the submontane level of the northern slope, and locally in Navarra and Catalonia, the southern slope of the Pyrenees.


description:
Forests of [Quercus robur] or [Quercus petraea], sometimes [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, with outliers in south Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, south of Lake Balaton, in southern Carinthia and Styria and in valleys and hills, particularly karst valleys, of the western Balkan peninsula south to Montenegro, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, characterized by higher continentality than in the sub-Mediterranean and by higher temperatures than in middle Europe; they are intermediate between those of central Europe and those of the Balkans and merge northwards into the Pannonic oak woods. Constituting a centre of diversity, they have a much higher species richness than the Central European oak woods. [Acer tataricum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Epimedium alpinum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens], [Knautia drymeia] are characteristic. Outliers of these forests also occur in Frioul and the northern Apennines; they have been included in unit 41.28.


description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying well-drained ground in the basins of the Drava and Sava in Slovenia, Croatia, northern Bosnia-Herzegovina, extending to the southern Hungarian mid-Pannonic and peri-Pannonic hills, to southern Carinthia and Styria, Frioul and the northern Apennines, and to valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula.


hname:
Illyrian calcicline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus] occupying limestones and rendzinas, often on skeletal soils, in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north to the hills of southwestern Transdanubia and the upper Drava basin of southern Carinthia.


hname:
Illyrian neutrocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus], occupying brown soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava, north and west to Friuli Venezia Giulia and the northern Apennines, southern Styria and southern Hungary, extending south in valleys and hills of the western Balkan peninsula to Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia.


hname:
Illyrian acidocline sessile oak-hornbeam forests

description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes mixed with [Quercus robur] or [Quercus cerris], and [Carpinus betulus], occupying well-drained acid soils in the basins of the Drava and Sava.


description:
[Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the Illyrian basin, in particular, humid forests of non-carbonated pseudogleys and gleys of valleys of the Drava and Sava basins of Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary, forming in contact with riverine forests of the [Alno-Padion], but on somewhat higher ground, vicariants of the Pannonic forests of unit G1.A1A1.


description:
[Quercus petraea] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of sub-Mediterranean regions of the southeastern pre-Alps and karstic reliefs of Slovenia, northwestern Croatia and extreme northeastern Italy, where they occupy north-facing doline slopes and cool vales, much richer in thermophile elements than the forests of unit G1.A1A1.


description:
Xerophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the wooded steppe belt of the Sarmatic region of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of northeastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe, extending from northeastern and eastern Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, north-central and eastern Poland in the west, through Podolia and the southern Russian plateaux, to Bashkiria.


description:
Local xerophile [Pinus sylvestris] steppe woods of sub-Pannonic low Carpathian spurs of southwestern and southeastern Slovakia and of the Slovakian inner Carpathian basins, with [Cornus mas], [Brachypodium pinnatum], [Melica nutans], [Luzula luzuloides], [Hypochoeris maculata], [Buglossoides purpurocaerulea], [Lathyrus niger], [Vicia dumetorum], [Melittis melissophyllum], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Viola collina], [Achillea distans], [Euphorbia epithymoides], [Orchis purpurea].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] sand steppe woods of the western Pannonic plain and its satellite basins, in particular, the Zahorie (Marchfeld) and the little Alföld.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated dune woods of the coasts of the southeastern Baltic, from the mouth of the Oder to the Gulf of Finland, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Moneses uniflora], [Linnaea borealis], [Listera cordata], [Goodyera repens], [Erica tetralix], [Calluna vulgaris].


hname:
Eastern Alpine acidophilous Scots pine woods

description:
Acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] woods of the collinar and montane levels of the eastern Alps, of the northeastern Dinarides and of adjacent pre-Pannonic and Pannonic hill ranges, mostly subclimactic or anthropogenic, distributed in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Slovenia, the pre-Noric hills and the edge of the Bakony Range in western Hungary.


hname:
Inner-Alpine restharrow ([Ononis]) steppe forests

description:
Xerophile, often calcicolous, open [Pinus sylvestris] or [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus uncinata] forests of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys submitted to extreme continental climate (upper Durance, Ubaye, upper Tin‚e, Val di Susa, Maurienne, Val d'Aoste, Alto Adige (Val Venosta), Upper Engadine, Vintschgau, Virgental), rich in leguminous plants such as [Ononis rotundifolia], [Ononis cenisia], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus purpureus], [Coronilla minima], [Onobrychis saxatilis] and with a shrub layer comprising [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus sabina], [Berberis vulgaris], [Amelanchier ovalis].


description:
Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the intermediate Alps, the inner Alps, the northern and southeastern outer Alps, with outposts in northern peri-Alpine areas, in the Jura and in the Carpathians, generally characterised by the presence of [Erica herbacea].


description:
Mesophile, mostly calcicolous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the intermediate Alps, and, locally, of the inner Alps, the northern, eastern and southeastern outer Alps, the Bavarian plateau, the serpentines of northern Bavaria, Bohemia, the Lake Constance area, the Baar plateau and the Jura, generally characterised by the presence of [Erica herbacea], accompanied by [Juniperus communis], [Berberis vulgaris], [Sorbus aria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Lembotropis nigricans], [Chamaecytisus supinus], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Goodyera repens], [Pyrola chlorantha], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Melampyrum pratense], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Carex alba], [Carex ornithopoda], [Carex humilis], [Carex flacca], [Molinia caerulea], [Calamagrostis varia], [Sesleria albicans]. They include numerous variants, as indicated in part by the associations listed above, most of them with [Erica herbacea], and could be further subdivided. Communities of the intermediate Alps and neighbouring regions form the core of the unit and are adapted to a variety of fairly oligotrophic substrates, mostly calcareous, but occasionally siliceous, with a northern or intermediate exposure. In inner Alpine valleys they occur on less dry sites and usually at higher altitudes than the forests of units G3.43 and G3.45. Isolated, edaphically specialised communities occupy dolomites and serpentines of the northeastern Alps, of adjacent external ranges and of the Bavarian plateau, with or without [Erica herbacea].


hname:
Carpathian relict calcicolous Scots pine forests

description:
Isolated, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the western Carpathians, related to the spring heath Scots pine forests of the Alpine area, limited to a few small enclaves in the Strazov mountains, the Velka Fatra, the Pienini ([Pinus sylvestris]-[Calamagrostis varia] community, [Pinus sylvestris]-[Carex alba] community), the Slovakian inner-Carpathian basins and the Slovakian Erzgebirge. [Erica herbacea] and [Polygala chamaebuxus] are absent; the undergrowth includes a number of species of continental distribution and xerothermic affinities, some, western Carpathian endemics; characteristic are [Linum flavum], [Carex humilis], [Carex alba], [Calamagrostis varia], [Pulsatilla slavica], [Thymus carpathicus], [Primula auricula ssp. hungarica], [Globularia aphyllanthes], [Campanula carpatica], [Festuca tatrae].


hname:
Inner Alpine sandwort ([Minuartia]) steppe forests

description:
Xerophile, acidophilous, [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the montane level of southwestern inner Alpine valleys (Maurienne, Guisane, Dora-Riparia, Chisone) where they replace the formations of the [Ononido-Pinion] on strongly siliceous sunny slopes (adrets), with [Deschampsia flexuosa] and [Minuartia laricifolia] dominant.


description:
Montane, mossy [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Pyrenees; characteristic of regions with a moderately dry, sunny climate, they occur, at all exposures but mostly on ubacs (north facing  slopes), in a wide belt on the south flank of the range, with limited outposts on the north flank. Characteristic is the abundance of wintergreens ([Pyrola chlorantha], [Pyrola minor], [Moneses uniflora], [Orthilia secunda]) and of mosses ([Hylocomium splendens], [Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus], [Pleurozium schreberi]); [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Luzula nivea], [Hepatica nobilis] are usually present.


hname:
Pyrenean calcicolous mesophile Scots pine forests

description:
Calcicolous formations of [Pinus sylvestris] with [Sorbus aria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Ribes alpinum], [Prunus mahaleb], [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Polygala calcarea], [Helleborus foetidus], [Valeriana montana], [Festuca gautieri].


hname:
Pyrenean siliceous mesophile Scots pine forests

description:
Silicicolous formations of [Pinus sylvestris] with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix caprea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Galium rotundifolium], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Lathyrus linifolius] ([Lathyrus montanus]), [Potentilla erecta], [Helleborus viridis ssp. occidentalis], [Deschampsia flexuosa].


description:
Montane [Pinus sylvestris] forests of interior, relatively dry, regions of the Central Massif in the upper Loire basin (Velay and neighbouring regions) and the Causse M‚jean.


hname:
Southwestern Alpine mesophile Scots pine forests

description:
Mesophile montane forests with wintergreens occupying a broad belt on the southwestern flank of the Alps from the Dauphiné to the Maritime Alps, differentiated from the forests of unit G3.44 by the absence of [Erica herbacea]; the undergrowh usually comprises [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Centaurea scabiosa], [Tolpis staticifolia] ([Hieracium staticifolium]), [Calluna vulgaris], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Goodyera repens], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Neottia nidus-avis].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated facies of the thermophilous, supra-Mediterranean oak woods (unit G1.7), alternated, mixed or imbricated with [Quercus pubescens] or [Quercus faginea] woods in the southwestern Alpine foothills, on the periphery of the Central Massif, along the southern flank of the Pyrenees and, locally, in the Ligurian and Insubrian Alps, in the western Alps of the northern Dauphiné‚ and Savoie, in the northern Apennines and on the northern flank of the Pyrenees. [Buxus sempervirens] is usually abundant in the undergrowth; other components of the shrub layer include [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis], [Acer opalus], [Acer campestre], [Acer monspessulanum], [Euonymus latifolius], [Genista cinerea], [Juniperus communis].


description:
Montane and oro-Mediterranean, xerocline, calcicolous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the Iberian Range, the Baetic ranges and the southern flank of the Pyrenees.


hname:
Pyrenean hedgehog-heath Scots pine woods

description:
Woods or prewoods of sunny slopes (adrets) in the montane level of calcareous ranges of the southern flank of the central Pyrenees, with usually low and contorted [Pinus sylvestris] accompanied by a hedgehog-heath (cf. unit F7.4) of [Echinospartum horridum], [Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus hemisphaerica].


description:
Acid or alkaline springs heated by geothermal energy, located in regions of present or past volcanic activity, producing a continuous flow of water at temperatures significantly above the air temperature. Springs and tepid pools at temperatures below 50º C may host a few species of specialised animals, those at temperatures between 50º C and 75º C harbour bluegreen algae that may form conspicuous mats, those at temperatures above 75º C are inhabited only by heterotrophic bacteria; the margins of the springs and the water-saturated substrates may host distinctive biotic communities, including higher plants.


description:
Hot springs related to active volcanism of the islands, coasts and hinterland of the Mediterranean basins.


description:
Hot springs related to active volcanism of the southern north Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands of the Azores and on the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands.


description:
Hot springs related to active volcanism of the northern North Atlantic, on the mid-Atlantic ridge islands, Iceland and Jan Mayen.


description:
Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the western Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Baetic mountains, the Rif, the Tell, the Atlas, the Pyreneo-Cantabrian range, the Alps, the Carpathians, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges of Iberia, the Central Massif, the northern Hercynian arc. They include, in particular, Romanian geothermal waters harbouring formations of [Nymphaea lotus] (unit C1.24113).


description:
Hot springs related to late Tertiary volcanism of the central Alpine system, its periphery, its satellite mountain complexes and its interior basins, including the Caucasus, the Pontic range, the Anatolian plateau, the Taurus, the Zagros, the Elburz.


description:
Gushing springs (rheocrenes), spring basins (limnocrenes), seepages (helocrenes) and crenal streams, rivulets formed in and near the source area of streams, characterised by high stability of temperature, near the annual average of the ground water, best developed in montane situations. Specialised habitats associated with the spring include those of units D2.2C and D4.1N.


hname:
Acid oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks

description:
Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients and in lime, with, in particular, [Myriophyllum alterniflorum], [Potamogeton polygonifolius], [Callitriche hamulata], [Littorella uniflora], [Juncus bulbosus], [Scirpus fluitans] or acidophilous mosses and algae. In Iceland, [Montia fontana], [Potamogeton filiformis], [Ranunculus trichophyllus] ([Ranunculus confervoides], [Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus]) and [Fontinalis antipyretica] characterize the community in clear, slowly flowing waters.


hname:
Lime-rich oligotrophic vegetation of spring brooks

description:
Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams poor in nutrients but rich in lime, characterized in particular by [Potamogeton coloratus] and [Chara hispida] or by tufa-forming mosses and algae.


description:
Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams moderately rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Berula erecta] ([Sium erectum]), [Mentha aquatica f. submersa], [Potamogeton perfoliatus], [Potamogeton natans], [Groenlandia densa], [Ranunculus peltatus], [Ranunculus penicillatus], [Ranunculus trichophyllus], [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus aquatilis], [Callitriche truncata], [Callitriche stagnalis], [Nymphaea alba], [Myriophyllum spicatum].


description:
Euhydrophyte communities of Palaearctic streams rich in nutrients, characterized in particular by [Ranunculus fluitans], [Ranunculus circinatus], [Zannichellia palustris f. fluviatilis], [Potamogeton nodosus], [Potamogeton lucens], [Potamogeton pectinatus], [Potamogeton crispus], [Sparganium emersum], [Sagittaria sagittifolia], [Callitriche obtusangula], [Nuphar lutea] and the moss [Fontinalis antipyretica].


hname:
Permanent non-tidal, fast, turbulent watercourses

description:
Permanent water courses with fast-flowing turbulent water and their associated animal and microscopic algal pelagic and benthic communities. Rivers, streams, brooks, rivulets, rills, torrents, waterfalls, cascades and rapids are included. The bed is typically composed of rocks, stones or gravel with only occasional sandy and silty patches. Features of the river bed, uncovered by low water or permanently emerging, such as gravel or rock islands and bars are treated as the littoral zone (C3). Includes high, mid and low-altitude, usually small to medium-sized streams as defined by the Water Framework Directive.


description:
Upper and middle reaches of montane and upland streams, characterised by turbulent, irregular flow, by diurnal and annual temperature variations higher than in the crenon (unit C2.16), and by aquatic biocoenoses largely dominated by [Turbellaria], [Ephemeroptera], [Plecoptera], [Trichoptera], [Diptera], by [Bryophyta] and epilithic [Bacillariophyta], [Cyanophycaea], [Rhodophyta] and [Chlorophyta] algae, with few, specialised, emergent macrophytes (units C2.25-C2.28). The unit corresponds to the "Trout zone" or "Salmonid zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.


description:
Lower reaches of montane and upland streams, often representing the middle course of rivers. The unit corresponds to the "Grayling zone" of western European ichthyological classifications.


description:
Streams immediately below glaciers, often creating shallow lakes, dominated by communities of silicaceous and green algae.


description:
More or less vertical descent of a water course over irregularities of the streambed.


hname:
Central Massif [Cytisus scoparius] fields

description:
Montane beech-level formations of [Cytisus scoparius] of the Central Massif.


description:
Tall, dense heaths of the coasts, hills and lower montane areas of the Atlantic slope of Cantabria, the Asturias and Galicia, formed by [Erica vagans] and [Ulex europaeus], with [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris] and [Daboecia cantabrica].


description:
Atlantic Galician and Portuguese [Erica cinerea], [Erica umbellata] and [Ulex europaeus] heaths.


description:
Coastal and collinar, thermo-Atlantic Galician and northern Portuguese heaths with [Erica cinerea], [Erica umbellata], [Ulex minor], [Ulex europaeus], [Ulex micranthus], [Cistus salvifolius] and [Halimium alyssoides].


description:
Cushiony heaths with [Ulex europaeus ssp. latebracteatus f. humilis] and [Erica cinerea] of cliff tops of Galicia, north and central Portugal (southern vicariant of unit F4.231).


description:
Low [Calluna vulgaris]-rich heaths of interior northwestern mountains, limited to the Sierra de la Cabrera and the neighbouring Sierra Segundera, Pena Trevinca and Sierra del Teleno.


description:
Open, cushiony formations of [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica umbellata], [Genista sanabrensis], [Halimium umbellatum], [Halimium alyssoides] occupying dry, superficial soils.


description:
Formations of [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista carpetana], [Genista anglica], [Genista micrantha] and [Thymelaea coridifolia] ([Thymelaea dendryobryum]) of wetter stations.


description:
[Erica aragonensis] or [Erica umbellata] heaths of the interior slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, of interior Galicia and of the Leonese mountains.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean [Erica aragonensis] heaths with [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Halimium alyssoides] of the interior slopes of the Cantabrian Cordillera, eastern Galician ranges, Leon mountains and the Sierra de Cabrera.


description:
Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon dominated by [Erica umbellata] accompanied by [Erica cinerea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Halimium alyssoides], [Genista triacanthos], [Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri].


description:
Lower altitude heaths on the confines of Galicia and Leon, characteristic of slightly more uniform and humid climates than those of unit F4.2442, dominated by [Erica cinerea], accompanied by [Calluna vulgaris], [Chamaespartium tridentatum], [Erica umbellata], [Halimium umbellatum] and Mediterranean elements such as [Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedunculata], [Thymus mastichina].


description:
[Erica aragonensis] heaths of the Cordillera Central and the summits of the Montes de Toledo.


hname:
Western Cordilleran [Erica aragonensis] heaths

description:
[Erica aragonensis] formations of the western Cordillera Central (Serra da Estrela, Sierra de Gata, Sierra de Pena de Francia) with [Erica umbellata], [Halimium alyssoides] and sometimes [Juniperus nana].


description:
[Erica aragonensis] formations of the Sierra de Ayllon with [Halimium viscosum], [Halimium ocymoides], [Genista pilosa] and, sometimes [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].


description:
Isolated summital [Erica aragonensis] heaths of the Montes de Toledo (Villuercas).


description:
[Erica aragonensis] and [Calluna vulgaris] heath communities of the northern Iberian Range, often with [Genista pilosa] or, on wetter soils, [Genista anglica] and [Genista micrantha].


hname:
Western Pontic neutrocline fir-beech forests

description:
Forests of the western Pontic Range dominated by [Fagus orientalis] accompanied by [Abies bornmuelleriana] occupying sites at altitudes above the rhododendron-beech forests of unit G1.6E14, accompanied by a similar floral cortège.


description:
[Quercus pyrenaica]-dominated forests of the Iberian peninsula and, locally, southwestern France.


hname:
Facies of depressions with residual humidity

title:
Revised Draft Classification of Benthic Marine Habitat Types for the Mediterranean Region


hname:
Facies of tree trunks which have been washed ashore


hname:
Facies of phanerogams which have been washed ashore (upper part)

description:
On sandy beaches, in the supralittoral stage, at a higher level, rarely submerged, in the whole of the Mediterranean. Present on the upper beach, only humectated by the sea during storms. The temperature is highly variable and the daily differences in temperature may be more than 20°C. These temperatures may be extremely high, reaching 50°C in the summer, and are then lethal for individuals living in the sand. This facies is a relatively particular aspect of ‘wracks’ and corresponds to the washing up of almost exclusively marine phanerogam debris from nearby meadows and beds. These wracks always include a fairly sizeable part of other additional elements of anthropic or natural origin. The sediment of the upper beach ranges from shifting sand on compact sand to the presence of more or less damp saline plaques on coarse sand. The sedimentary granulometry varies according to the addition of fine elements.


hname:
Boreo-arctic sand beach perennial communities

description:
Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of sand, gravelly sand and gravel cordons of upper beaches of the arctic and boreal sea coasts of Eurasia formed by [Leymus arenarius] ([Elymus arenarius]), [Ammophila arenaria], [Honkenya peploides], [Elymus farctus], [Elymus repens], [Mertensia maritima], accompanied by [Atriplex] spp. ([Atriplex prostrata], [Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox], [Atriplex glabriuscula]), [Polygonum aviculare], [Cakile maritima], [Cakile arctica], [Petasites spurius], [Potentilla anserina]. Representatives of these communities occur very locally within the nemoral zone.


hname:
North Sea sand beach perennial communities

description:
[Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of North Sea coasts of southern Norway, Jutland, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, the Netherlands, England, Scotland and Orkney, and of the Danish coast of the Kattegat.


description:
[Leymus arenarius]-dominated perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of southern and central Baltic upper beaches, often with [Petasites spurius].


hname:
Boreo-Bothnian sand beach perennial communities

description:
Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of the upper beaches of the Gulf of Bothnia dominated by [Leymus arenarius] and [Festuca rubra ssp. arenaria].


hname:
Icelandic sand beach perennial communities

description:
Perennial halo-nitrophilous communities of upper beaches of Iceland dominated by [Leymus arenarius] or [Mertensia maritima].


hname:
Beach ridges consisting of algal or other plant material


hname:
Sandy beach ridges with no or low vegetation

description:
Sandy beach ridges may be bare or may host pioneer communities of the class [Ammophiletea] consisting mainly of geophytes and hemicryptophytes, e.g. the association [Agropyrion juncei]-[Sporoboletum pungentis]. They may sporadically be inundated by sea water during storms.
The vegetation may be ammonitrophilous, of the class [Cakiletea maritimae], enriched by many [Ammophiletea] species like [Echinophora spinosa], [Elymus farctus], [Eryngium maritimum].


hname:
Sandy beach ridges dominated by shrubs or trees


description:
Mobile sands of the coasts of the boreal, nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, unvegetated or occupied by open grasslands; they may form tall dune ridges or, particularly along the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, be limited to a fairly flat upper beach, still subject in part to inundation.


description:
Formations of the coasts of nemoral, steppe, Mediterranean and warm-temperate humid zones, representing the first stages of dune construction, constituted by ripples or raised sand surfaces of the upper beach or by a seaward fringe at the foot of the tall dunes. Typically [Elymus farctus], [Otanthus maritimus], [Sporobolus pungens], [Pancratium maritimum], [Medicago marina] or [Anthemis tomentosa] may be present. 
The vegetation may belong to the class [Ammophiletea] with communities of [Otanthus maritimus], [Agropyro juncei-Sporoboletum pungentis], [Cypero mucronati-Agropyretum juncei], [Elymetum sabulosi], [Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum australis] and species [Elytrigia bessarabica], [Glycyrrhiza glabra], [Limonium graecum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Zygophyllum album], [Inula crithmoides], [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Paronychia argentea] and [Centaurea spinosa].


description:
Embryonic dunes of the Atlantic, south to southern Iberia, of the North Sea and of the Baltic coasts of Denmark, Germany, southern Sweden, Poland, the Baltic States, Russia and southwestern Finland, with [Elymus farctus] ([Agropyron junceum]) accompanied by [Leymus arenarius] in the north, by [Euphorbia paralias] on middle and southern Atlantic shores.


description:
Embryonic dunes of the Mediterranean coasts, on which [Elymus farctus] is accompanied by [Sporobolus pungens], [Euphorbia peplis], [Otanthus maritimus], [Medicago marina], [Anthemis maritima], [Anthemis tomentosa], [Eryngium maritimum], [Pancratium maritimum].


description:
Formations of Black Sea coasts, transitional between Pontic white dune and driftline communities, characterized by the adjunction to [Elymion gigantei] species assemblies of [Cakile maritima ssp. euxina], [Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica], [Euphorbia peplis] and other sand beach annual species.


description:
Paths of water runoff carving the marginal slope of the bog, carrying water from the centre to the lagg. They are in part colonized by intermediate mire or acid fen vegetation of units D2.2 or D2.3.


description:
[Narthecium ossifragum] colonies in seep rivulets, mostly characteristic of western bogs.


description:
[Myrica gale] thickets of Atlantic raised bog soaks.


hname:
Boreoalpine dwarf-shrub hummocks on raised bogs

description:
Communities of the boreoalpine, subalpine, arctoalpine and northern lowland regions of Iceland, Fennoscandia, the Kola peninsula and the Urals formed by hummocks, banks or plateaux of sphagna or of bryopsid mosses associated with small shrubs, particularly [Betula nana], also [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Rubus chamaemorus], accompanied by [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Carex nigra]. They may associate with depressions occupied by lawn, hollow or mud bottom communities; they are prone to a rapid desiccation. They show affinities with blanket bogs of unit D1.2, in particular, with upland blanket bogs of unit D1.22 and northern boreal blanket bogs of unit D1.23.


description:
Raised bogs subject to drying up or affected by mining (peat extraction), locally with very high anthropogenic pressure. Phragments of alliance [Sphagnion], with species composition similar to unit D1.11, but impoverished by lack of many characteristic species.


hname:
Damaged, inactive bogs, dominated by dense purple moorgrass (Molinia])

description:
Drying, mowed or burned bogs invaded by [Molinia caerulea].


description:
[Myrica gale] thickets of fringes of fens, drying fens and nascent or regenerating bogs of middle Europe, mostly characteristic of the Atlantic sector and of northeastern Europe.


hname:
Wet bare peat and peat haggs on raised bogs


description:
The mire surface and underlying peat of ombrotrophic peatlands, formed on flat or gently sloping ground with poor surface drainage, in oceanic climates with high rainfall. The mire surface may on flatter ground be very similar to that of a raised bog, with a complex of small pools and terrestrial hummocks. In the strictest sense, blanket bogs are a habitat endemic to northwestern Europe, characteristic of the western and northern British Isles, the Faeroe Islands and the western seaboard of Scandinavia. They often cover extensive areas with local topographic features supporting distinct communities. Sphagna ([Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum fuscum]) play an important role in all of them, accompanied by [Narthecium ossifragum], [Molinia caerulea], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Calluna vulgaris]. Blanket bog complexes (X28) include dystrophic pools (C1.4) and acidic flushes (D2.2) as well as the mire surface (D1.2).


hname:
Hyperoceanic low-altitude blanket bogs, typically with dominant cotton-grass

description:
Hyper-Atlantic blanket bogs of the western coastlands of Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, Cumberland, northern Wales and Devon, developed under very high rainfall climates. The main vascular plants are [Molinia caerulea], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Schoenus nigricans], [Rhynchospora alba], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Carex panicea], [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica tetralix], [Myrica gale], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Potentilla erecta], [Polygala serpyllifolia], [Pinguicula lusitanica], [Drosera rotundifolia]. The colourful mucinal layer comprises the black and crimson liverwort [Pleurozia purpurea], the black and gold moss [Campylopus atrovirens], the wooly fringe moss [Racomitrium lanuginosum]; it is often dominated by sphagna ([Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum nemoreum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum tenellum], [Sphagnum subnitens]), or, particularly in parts of western Ireland, mucilaginous algal deposits ([Zygogonium]).


hname:
Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog plateaux

description:
Deep-peat lawn and hummock communities of blanket bog expanses of western Ireland, western Scotland and its islands, the Lake District, northern Wales and Devon, composed of graminoids, ericoid shrubs and sphagna, forming extensive, relatively featureless, fairly flat or gently undulating, tracts with a fine-grained alternation of dominance among species or, on bogs with stronger surface undulations, better defined hummocks.


hname:
Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bog sphagnum carpets

description:
Waterlogged pool edges and bog surfaces of Hiberno-Britannic lowland blanket bogs marked by a scarcity of graminoids and shrubs, and a resulting physiognomic prominence of the sphagna, [Sphagnum magellanicum] or [Sphagnum papillosum], [Sphagnum rubellum], [Sphagnum cuspidatum], [Sphagnum auriculatum], [Sphagnum palustre], at times, particularly in Ireland, with [Zygogonium] algae deposits, often with [Drosera anglica], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Menyanthes trifoliata].


hname:
Northern boreo-Atlantic ling - crowberry - [Sphagnum fuscum] blanket bogs

description:
Bog-surface and hummock communities of the northern boreal blanket bogs dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], [Empetrum] spp., [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Sphagnum fuscum] with [Andromeda polifolia], [Vaccinium microcarpum], [Drosera rotundifolia], [Betula nana], [Cladonia rangiferina], [Cladonia sylvatica].


hname:
Northern boreo-Atlantic blanket bog hollow communities

description:
Hollow vegetation of northern boreal blanket bogs formed by [Sphagnum majus], with [Rhynchospora alba], [Scheuchzeria palustris], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia], [Carex limosa], [Scirpus cespitosus], [Drepanocladus fluitans].


hname:
Wet bare peat and peat haggs on blanket bogs


hname:
Valley mires, poor fens and transition mires

description:
Weakly to strongly acid peatlands, flushes and vegetated rafts formed in situations where they receive water from the surrounding landscape or are intermediate between land and water. Included are quaking bogs and vegetated non-calcareous springs. Excluded are calcareous fens (D4), and reedbeds (C3, D5).


description:
Topogenous wetlands in which the peat-forming vegetation depends on water draining from the surrounding landscape. Most valley mires are habitat complexes including poor fens, transition mires and pools. Acid valley mires (D2.11) often have vegetation resembling that of bogs (D1), especially in those parts relatively distant from flowing water. Basic and neutral valley mires (D2.12) support mainly poor-fen vegetation (D2.2), but in large mire systems, this is accompanied by acid wet grassland (E3.5), large sedges (D5.2) and reeds (D5.1). Sphagnum hummocks form locally and transition mires (D2.3) or littoral (C3.2) and spring (D2.2C) communities colonize small depressions. Excluded are rich-fen valley mires (D4.1).


description:
Riverside and lakeside alder galleries and cordons of the Pontic Range and the Caucasus system, with [Alnus subcordata], [Alnus barbata] or [Alnus incana].


description:
Riparian formations of [Alnus glutinosa], locally of [Alnus cordata] or [Betula] spp. of the Mediterranean basin and of western Iberia, often with [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Osmunda regalis].


description:
Riparian [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated multilayered formations of the meso- and supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian peninsula, the Cévennes, the Italic and Hellenic peninsulas.


description:
Meso-Mediterranean [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of southern Galicia, Portugal, Extremadura, the western Cordillera Central, western Castilla, with [Betula celtiberica], [Salix atrocinerea], [Frangula alnus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Celtis australis], many lianas, [Clematis campaniflora], [Humulus lupulus], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris] and an herb layer comprising [Senecio bayonensis], [Galium broterianum], [Scrophularia scorodonia], [Osmunda regalis], [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana].


description:
Supra-Mediterranean [Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of water courses with moderate seasonal fluctuations, of western Iberia, with [Betula celtiberica], [Ilex aquifolium], [Populus tremula] and [Luzula sylvatica ssp. henriquesii], [Paris quadrifolia], [Galium broterianum], [Paradisea lusitanicum], [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana].


hname:
Western Mediterranean alder and ash-alder galleries

description:
[Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries of mainland southern France, mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean peninsular Italy, mediterranean Corsica, Sardinia, often with [Fraxinus angustifolia].


description:
[Alnus glutinosa] riparian galleries along permanent water courses of non-calcareous regions of Greece, in particular, of Thessaly, the sea-facing slopes of the Pelion, the Ossa, the Pierria, the Pindus, Macedonia, Thrace, northern Euboea and the northern Peloponnese.


description:
Highly remarkable, relict thermo- and meso-Mediterranean alder galleries of deep, steep-sided valleys of the sierras of the Campo de Gibraltar and of southern Portugal, with [Rhododendron ponticum ssp. baeticum], [Frangula alnus ssp. baetica], [Arisarum proboscideum] and a rich fern community including [Pteris incompleta], [Diplazium caudatum], [Culcita macrocarpa]. They are often in contact with humid to hyper-humid [Quercus canariensis] forests (unit G1.773) and with [Salix pedicellata] formations (unit F9.1271).


hname:
Corsican black and cordate alder galleries

description:
Collinar and montane riparian alder galleries of Corsica, dominated by [Alnus cordata] and [Alnus glutinosa].


hname:
Relict birch galleries of Cordillera Oretana

description:
Relict [Betula parvibracteata] riparian galleries limited to two stations of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), one in the Sierra de Rio Frio where a unique gallery of about 20 km in length survives, the other at the spring of the Estena. The dominant species, an extremely narrow endemic, is accompanied by [Myrica gale], [Frangula alnus], [Salix atrocinerea], [Galium broterianum], [Scilla ramburei].


hname:
Mixed riparian floodplain and gallery woodland

description:
Mixed riparian forests, sometimes structurally complex and species-rich, of floodplains and of galleries beside slow- and fast-flowing rivers of the nemoral, boreo-nemoral, steppe and submediterranean zones. Gallery woods with [Acer], [Fraxinus], [Prunus] or [Ulmus], together with species listed for G1.1. Floodplain woodland characterized by mixtures of [Alnus], [Fraxinus], [Populus], [Quercus], [Ulmus], [Salix].


hname:
Riverine ash - alder woodland, wet at high but not at low water

description:
Riparian forests of [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes [Alnus incana], of middle European and northern Iberian lowland or hill watercourses, on soils periodically inundated by the annual rise of the river level, but otherwise well-drained and aerated during low-water; they differ from riparian alder woods within units G1.41 and G1.52 by the strong representation in the dominated layers of forest species not able to grow in permanently waterlogged soils.


hname:
Ash - alder woods of rivulets and springs

description:
[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] formations of springs and small streams of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, usually dominated by ashes, with [Carex remota], [Carex pendula], [Carex strigosa], [Equisetum telmateia], [Rumex sanguineus], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Cardamine amara], [Chrysosplenium oppositifolium], [Chrysosplenium alternifolium], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Ribes rubrum].


description:
Formations of [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa] of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, distributed in western Europe, in northern, Central and Eastern Europe, extending south in Central Europe to the confines of the [Fagion sylvaticum], [Fagion illyricum] and [Carpinion illyricum] zones, with an abundance of [Carex remota], [Carex strigosa], [Carex pendula], [Carex sylvatica].


description:
[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with a wetter soil occupied by [Cardamine amara] and [Chrysosplenium] spp., and often by [Impatiens noli-tangere].


description:
[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of Atlantic, sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, with an understorey rich in tall herbs, in particular, in sub-Atlantic areas, the tall [Cirsium oleraceum] and [Eupatorium cannabinum] and usually [Carex acutiformis]; these constitute a transition towards unit G1.2132


description:
[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental middle Europe, of seeping hillside depressions and of moist peaty ground, with [Ribes rubrum].


description:
[Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of calcareous inundated substrates adjacent to streams and springs of Great Britain and middle Europe, characterized by an abundant herb layer dominated by [Equisetum telmateia] and rich in mosses.


description:
Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Tenerife.


description:
Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of La Palma.


description:
Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Gran Canaria.


description:
Pine forests with a dry scrub undergrowth developed on dry, south-facing slopes of the lower part of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Hierro.


description:
Forests of humid, fogbound north- and northwest-facing slopes in the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, with an abundance of [Erica arborea] and [Myrica faya], and occasionally with [Ilex canariensis] and [Arbutus canariensis]; epiphytic lichens are abundant, as are dense carpets of mosses, in particular, [Hypnum cupressiforme]. These woods are the main habitat of [Regulus teneriffae].


description:
Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Tenerife.


description:
Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of La Palma.


description:
Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Gran Canaria, harbouring the endemic [Micromeria pineolens].


description:
Fogbound heath-rich pine forests of the lower reaches of the [Pinus canariensis] belt of Hierro, harbouring the almost extinct [Adenocarpus ombriosus].


hname:
Canary pine - broom ([Adenocarpus viscosus]) woods

description:
Forests of the highest altitudes of the [Pinus canariensis] belt, invaded by species of the supra-Canarian level, in particular [Adenocarpus viscosus].


description:
High-altitude pine forests of Tenerife, with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus].


description:
High-altitude pine forests of La Palma, with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides].


description:
[Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of steep, rocky slopes of high altitudes of Tenerife and La Palma.


description:
[Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of the edges of Las Canadas del Teide.


description:
[Pinus canariensis] and [Juniperus cedrus] forests of the summits of La Palma.


hname:
Coniferous woodland dominated by [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

description:
Woods dominated by [Cupressus sempervirens], [Juniperus] spp. or [Taxus baccata] of the nemoral and Mediterranean mountains and hills.


description:
Montane forests of the Mediterranean basin, of the Elburz and of the Sahara dominated by [Cupressus sempervirens], [Cupressus atlantica] or [Cupressus dupreziana].


hname:
Spanish juniper ([Juniperus thurifera]) woods

description:
Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus thurifera] of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa. Many communities may be better described as arborescent matorrals, see unit F5.136.


description:
[Juniperus thurifera] forests on calcareous substrates in the supra- Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Range and neighbouring plateaux, dispersed throughout the entire system, in an arc extending from the province of Burgos to the Serrania de Cuenca and the mountains of Teruel; these constitute the main range of the species. [Pinus sylvestris] and [Pinus salzmannii] may accompany the juniper; [Juniperus hemisphaerica] and [Berberis hispanica] may be common in the undergrowth.


description:
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic formations dominated by [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens] or [Cyperus michelianus].


description:
Formations dominated by [Fimbristylis bisumbellata], often with [Cyperus] spp., in particular, [Cyperus flavescens].


description:
Formations dominated by [Chaetopogon fasciculatus].


hname:
Bog pimpernell-summer lady's tresses communities

description:
Formations of the sandy, rocky edges of rivulets of the Mediterranean region.


hname:
Mediterranean amphibious small herb communities

description:
Formations of Mediterranean temporarily inundated or wet terrain, including karstic pools, often highly ephemeral, dominated by annual small herbs, among which [Elatine] spp. ([Elatine macropoda], [Elatine gussonei], [Elatine pedunculata]), [Damasonium bourgaei], [Nananthea perpusilla], [Morisia monanthos], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Samolus valerandi], [Radiola linoides], [Myosurus minimus], [Laurentia gasparrinii], [Laurentia tenella].


description:
Formations of the Mediterranean basin occupying temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by small club-rushes of section [Isolepis] ([Scirpus setaceus], [Scirpus pseudosetaceus], [Scirpus cernuus]).


description:
Formations of temporarily inundated or wet terrain, dominated by spike-rushes ([Eleocharis palustris]), accompanied by small annual herbs and grasses.


description:
Formations of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic entirely or partially summer-dry ponds, pools, ditches and springs, developed on terrain covered by deep waters during long periods, composed of an admixture of small annuals and of tall perennials or annuals, in particular, of genera [Mentha] ([Mentha cervina], [Mentha longifolia]) and [Eryngium] ([Eryngium corniculatum]).


description:
Slighly halophile and nitrophile post-estival vegetation of temporarily inundated terrains, with [Crypsis schoenoides], [Crypsis aculeata], [Crypsis alopecuroides] and [Centaurium spicatum].


description:
Annual dwarf sedges, rushes and [Elatine] spp. communities of recently emerged muds and sands, characteristic of the Pannonic plain, the Black Sea lowlands and adjacent areas of the Balkan peninsula, outside of the Mediterranean influence. Communities of units C3.511 and C3.513 occur locally in the same region.


hname:
Ponto-Pannonic riverbank dwarf sedge communities

description:
Communities of nitrogen-rich muds and inundation zones of watercourses and lakes of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, in particular of Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills, with [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens], [Cyperus michelianus] ([Dichostylis michelianus]), [Juncus bufonius], [Echinochloa crus-galli], [Filaginella uliginosa] ([Gnaphalium uliginosum]), [Elatine hungarica], [Ammannia verticillata].


hname:
Ponto-Pannonic rice-field dwarf sedge communities

description:
Communities of rice field muds and of river and lake inundation zones of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, distributed in particular in the Pannonic region, Russia, the Balkans and central Asia, with [Elatine hungarica], [Elatine triandra], [Eleocharis acicularis], [Scirpus supinus], [Lindernia procumbens], [Peplis portula], [Marsilea quadrifolia].


description:
Communities of the western central Eurasian steppe and pre-steppe zones, extending from Pannonic and sub-Pannonic plains and hills to the Caucasus, developed on clayey, nitrogen-rich saline or somewhat saline soils. Characteristic species include [Lythrum hyssopifolia], [Lythrum tribracteatum], [Lythrum linifolium], terrestrial forms of [Elatine alsinastrum], [Elatine triandra], [Elatine hydropiper], [Elatine hungarica], [Mentha aquatica], [Hippuris vulgaris] and crowfoots of subgenus [Batrachium].


hname:
Dwarf spike-rush ([Eleocharis]) beds of inland saline and brackish waters

description:
Emergent [Eleocharis parvula] or [Eleocharis acicularis] formations of brackish lakes and inland seas, their inlets, estuaries, lagoons, mud or sand flats, and other inland brackish waterbodies.


description:
Inundated or inundatable fields used for the cultivation of forbs, in particular, watercress, [Nasturtium officinale] ([Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum]). Low-growing communities, at maximum 20 cm tall, which may be open or closed.


hname:
Periodically inundated shores with pioneer and ephemeral vegetation

description:
Muddy, sandy and gravelly shores and dried-up bottoms of lakes and rivers, with moderate cover of vascular plants. These include annuals (e.g. [Bidens] spp., [Cyperus] spp., [Persicaria] spp.), developing during the exposure phase as well as perennials tolerant of temporary total immersion.


hname:
Euro-Siberian dwarf annual amphibious swards

description:
Dwarf oligo-mesotrophic annual communities of recently emerged muds and sands of the nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal regions. Terrestrial forms of amphibious species and annual species are frequent. A dynamic habitat, and several aspects can occur during the vegetation cycle. If the substrate is sufficiently wet, and also in advanced successional stages, the moss layer is abundant. Typical species are [Juncus bufonius], [Cyperus fuscus], [Cyperus flavescens] and other species from vegetation of class [Isoeto-Nanojuncetea].


description:
Coarse grasslands of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Western, Northern and, locally, western Central Europe and northern Eastern Europe, overwhelmingly dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], characteristic of permanently moist, gleyed and periodically inundated near-neutral soils, with a highly variable, usually species-poor, complement of species that includes the grasses [Holcus lanatus], [Festuca rubra], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Agrostis capillaris], [Poa trivialis], [Poa pratensis], [Dactylis glomerata], [Lolium perenne], [Alopecurus pratensis], sometimes forming closely grazed swards around the tussocks of the less palatable [Deschampsia], as well as, among others, [Juncus affinis], [Juncus inflexus], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cardamine pratensis], [Angelica sylvestris], [Achillea ptarmica], [Ranunculus acris], [Ranunculus repens], [Cirsium arvense], [Rumex acetosa], [Cerastium fontanum], [Plantago lanceolata], [Lathyrus pratensis], [Centaurea nigra], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii]. They are particularly well characterized in the English lowlands and in Fennoscandia, but occur locally farther east and south, notably in the Netherlands, in Belgium, in the Campine, the loess region and the peri-Hercynian calcareous regions, in northern Germany, in the Bohemian basin, in Austria, particularly under the influence of grazing. Grassland communities dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa] of regions of more continental climates of eastern and southeastern Europe belong to the inundation communities of units E3.43 and E3.463.


hname:
Deep-sea biogenic gravels (shells, coral debris)


description:
Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of sand.


hname:
Communities of bathyal detritic sands with [Grypheus vitreus]

description:
These communities are characterised by detritic sand substrata and by the abundant presence of the brachiopod [Grypheus vitreus].


description:
Deep-sea benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of muddy sand.


description:
Bathyal and abyssal benthic habitats with substrates predominantly of yellowwish or blue-grey mud, relatively consistent, whose population is extremely sparse. This biocoenosis is characterised by constant homothermy and an almost total absence of light.


hname:
Mediterranean communities of bathyal muds

description:
This biocenosis is characterised by a constant homothermy of around 13° C and an almost total absence of light. The granulometry and thickness of the sediment is not homogeneous. It is present, generally, at depths of 150 - 250 metres. The faunal composition is characterised by foraminifera, sponges, polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans.


hname:
Facies of sandy muds with [Thenea muricata]

description:
This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the mollusc [Thenea muricata].


hname:
Facies of fluid muds with [Brissopsis lyrifera]

description:
This facies is characterised by sandy muds populated by the echinoderm [Brissopsis lyrifera].


hname:
Facies of soft muds with [Funiculina quadrangularis] and [Apporhais seressianus]

description:
This facies, present on the upper part of the continental slope, is characterised by sandy muds in which the cnidarian [Funiculina quadrangularis] and the gastropod [Apporhais serresianus] are present.


hname:
Facies of compact muds with [Isidella elongata]

description:
This facies is present at the base of the continental slope and bathyal plain and is characterised by compact muds in which the cnidarian [Isidella elongata] is present.


description:
These are the communities populating the muddy seabottoms of the abyssal zone.


description:
A bioherm is a mound, dome, or reef-like mass of rock that is composed almost exclusively of the remains of sedentary marine organisms and is embedded in rock of different physical character. This habitat type includes deep-sea coral reefs (A6.61) and sponge beds (A6.62).


description:
The only community described is [Lophelia pertusa], a cold water, reef-forming coral, which has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of [L. pertusa] reefs varies, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20 m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200 - >2000 m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, [L. pertusa] reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as [Madrepora oculata] and [Solenosmilia variabilis], the redfish [Sebastes viviparous] and the squat lobster [Munida sarsi]. [L. pertusa] reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be [Lophelia] rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, [L. pertusa] reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones.

title:
Proposed amendments to the EUNIS classification of marine habitats (levels 2-4 only)


description:
Lophelia pertusa, a cold water, reef-forming coral, has a wide geographic distribution ranging from 55°S to 70°N, where water temperatures typically remain between 4-8°C. These reefs are generally subject to moderate current velocities (0.5 knots). The majority of records occur in the north-east Atlantic. The extent of L. pertusa reefs vary, with examples off Norway several km long and more than 20m high. These reefs occur within a depth range of 200->2000m on the continental slope, and in shallower waters in Norwegian fjords and Swedish west coast. In Norwegian waters, L. pertusa reefs occur on the shelf and shelf break off the western and northern parts on local elevations of the sea floor and on the edges of escarpments. The biological diversity of the reef community is approximately three times as high as the surrounding soft sediment (ICES, 2003), suggesting that these cold-water coral reefs may be biodiversity hotspots. Characteristic species include other hard corals, such as Madrepora oculata and Solenosmilia variabilis, the redfish Sebastes viviparous and the squat lobster Munida sarsi. L. pertusa reefs occur on hard substrata; this may be Lophelia rubble from an old colony or on glacial deposits. For this reason, L. pertusa reefs can be associated with iceberg plough-mark zones.


description:
Deep sea sponge aggregations are principally composed of sponges from two classes: [Hexactinellida] and [Desmospongia]. They are known to occur between water depths of 250 m to 1300 m (Bett & Rice, 1992), where the water temperature ranges from 4-10°C and there is moderate current velocity (0.5 knots). Deep sea sponge aggregations may be found on soft substrata or hard substrata, such as boulders and cobbles which may lie on sediment. Iceberg plough-mark zones provide an ideal habitat for sponges because stable boulders and cobbles, exposed on the seabed, provide numerous attachment/settlement points (B. Bett, pers comm.). However, with 3.5 kg of pure siliceous spicule material per m2 reported from some sites (Gubbay, 2002), the occurrence of sponge fields can alter the characteristics of surrounding muddy sediments. Densities of occurrence are hard to quantify, but sponges in the class [Hexactinellida] have been reported at densities of 4-5 per m2, whilst ‘massive’ growth forms of sponges from the class [Desmospongia] have been reported at densities of 0.5 to 1 per m2 (B. Bett, pers comm.). Deep sea sponges have similar habitat preferences to cold-water corals, and hence are often found at the same location. Research has shown that the dense mats of spicules present around sponge fields may inhibit colonisation by infaunal animals, resulting in a dominance of epifaunal elements (Gubbay, 2002). Sponge fields also support ophiuroids, which use the sponges as elevated perches.


description:
This facies is characterised by the presence of the sponge [Pheronema grayi].


description:
Habitats on the deep-sea bed with significant elevation (typically >200m) in relation to their surroundings. Includes permanently submerged flanks of oceanic islands (A6.71), seamounts, knolls and banks (A6.72), oceanic ridges (A6.73), abyssal hills (A6.74) and carbonate mounds (A6.75).


description:
Mesophile calcareous grasslands of southwestern France in Charentes, Perigord and Aquitaine.


description:
Closed mesophile calcareous grasslands of Quercy (southwest France).


description:
Unstable, gravelly, humus-poor, highly calcareous screes of the subalpine, low alpine and middle alpine levels of boreal and arctic mountains. Characteristic plants are [Arenaria norvegica] and a number of endemic species or species of restricted range, including [Arenaria humifusa], [Arenaria pseudofrigida], [Artemisia norvegica], [Papaver] species of the [Papaver radicatum] group, [Papaver relictum], [Papaver laestadianum], [Braya linearis].


description:
Siliceous screes of high altitudes and cool sites in mountain ranges of the nemoral zone, including the Alps, Pyrenees and Caucasus.


description:
Siliceous, cool, damp screes of the subalpine and alpine levels of Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees and Corsica with [Androsace alpina], [Achillea nana], [Oxyria digyna], [Geum reptans], [Saxifraga bryoides], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Linaria alpina], [Oreochloa disticha], [Silene acaulis]. Vegetation of alliance [Androsacion alpinae].


description:
Stabilised siliceous screes, poor in humus, of the Alpine system, the Pyrenees and Corsica, characterized by [Oxyria digyna] and with [Cerastium uniflorum], [Doronicum clusii], [Doronicum grandiflorum], [Poa laxa].


