# tblEUNIS2007

description:
Summer pastures of the Iberian peninsula, subject to poor drainage, brief flooding and rapid desiccation with the first heat, composed of perennial and annual grasses, most commonly by [Agrostis castellana], [Agrostis pourretii] ([Agrostis salmantica]), [Gaudinia fragilis], [Festuca ampla], [Periballia involucrata], [Vulpia ciliata], [Vulpia myuros], [Vulpia bromoides], [Holcus setiglumis], [Molineriella minuta], [Anthoxanthum aristatum], [Anthoxanthum ovatum] and often with [Juncus capitatus] and clovers such as [Trifolium campestre].


description:
Perennial [Agrostis castellana]-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula.


description:
Annual [Agrostis pourretii]-dominated grasslands of the Iberian peninsula.


description:
Forb and grass communities of oligo-mesotrophic sandy soils of southwestern Iberia, with subsurface seasonal water saturation, in particular, of the edges of marshes and large lagoons, dominated by the endemic [Armeria gaditana], with [Gaudinia fragilis], [Centaurea exarata] and [Asphodelus aestivus].


description:
Humid meadows rich in clover of sub- and supra-Mediterranean regions of Mediterranean Anatolia.


hname:
Moist or wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grassland

description:
Wet eutrophic and mesotrophic grasslands and flood meadows of the boreal and nemoral zones, dominated by grasses [Poaceae], rushes [Juncus] spp. or club-rush [Scirpus sylvaticus].


description:
Lightly managed hay meadows and pastures on both basicline and acidocline, nutrient-rich permanently or temporarily humid soils of middle European lowlands, hills and low mountains under Atlantic or sub-Atlantic climatic conditions, from the British Isles and northwestern Iberia east to the Baltic States, the western Carpathians and Illyrian region. Among the characteristic plant components of the highly diverse communities forming this unit are [Caltha palustris], [Cirsium palustre], [Cirsium rivulare], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Carduus personata], [Telekia speciosa], [Epilobium parviflorum], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Mentha aquatica], [Scirpus sylvaticus], [Stachys palustris], [Bromus racemosus], [Crepis paludosa], [Fritillaria meleagris], [Geum rivale], [Polygonum bistorta], [Senecio aquaticus], [Trollius europaeus], [Lotus uliginosus], [Trifolium dubium], [Equisetum palustre], [Equisetum telmateia], [Myosotis palustris], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Angelica sylvestris], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Gratiola officinalis], [Inula salicina], [Succisella inflexa], [Dactylorhiza majalis], [Ranunculus acris], [Rumex acetosa], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Festuca gigantea], [Juncus effusus], [Juncus filiformis] and [Carex cespitosa].


description:
Tall-herb rich wet meadows dominated by, or with an abundance of, [Cirsium oleraceum], distributed in Western and Central Europe from Denmark, locally Scania, northwestern Germany, Belgium, France, northwestern Spain, east to Poland, Lithuania, the Bohemian basin, Austria, best developed in the submontane level of the Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the pre-Alps on base-rich loams of river and brook floodplains and lakesides; [Cirsium oleraceum], [Angelica sylvestris], [Caltha palustris], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Ranunculus acris], [Polygonum bistorta], [Rumex acetosa], [Holcus lanatus], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Festuca pratensis], [Poa trivialis] are characteristic of their cortège; in northern Germany, Poland, Lithuania, the communities are enriched in [Polygonum bistorta] and lack several characteristics of their middle Hercynian cortège, in particular [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Colchicum autumnale], [Silaum silaus].


description:
Wet meadows of montane areas of the higher Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine piedmont rich in [Trollius europaeus] and [Cirsium rivulare], replacing the cabbage thistle meadows of unit E3.412 at higher altitudes. Their cortège includes [Cirsium oleraceum], [Caltha palustris], [Lychnis flos-cuculi], [Myosotis palustris], [Geum rivale], [Festuca pratensis], [Galium album], [Ranunculus acris], [Holcus lanatus] and, sometimes, in particular in the Swiss Jura, [Fritillaria meleagris].


description:
Coarse humid meadows of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic Europe dominated by [Deschampsia cespitosa], characteristic of permanently moist soils submitted to periodical inundation, favoured by grazing.


description:
Grasslands on wet, nutrient-poor, often peaty soils, of the boreal, nemoral and steppe zones. Includes coarse acid grassland dominated by [Molinia caerulea] and shorter wet heathy grasslands with [Juncus squarrosus], [Nardus stricta] and [Scirpus cespitosus].


hname:
Purple moorgrass ([Molinia]) meadows and related communities

description:
Humid grasslands of soils poor in nutrients, unfertilised and with a fluctuating water level, of Western Europe, south to northwestern Iberia, of Northern Europe, of Central Europe, locally of western Eastern Europe, dominated by [Molinia caerulea], with [Succisa pratensis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Potentilla erecta], [Allium angulosum], [Allium suaveolens], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cirsium dissectum], [Cirsium tuberosum], [Dianthus superbus], [Trollius europaeus], [Galium boreale], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Gladiolus palustris], [Silaum silaus], [Selinum carvifolia], [Inula salicina], [Iris sibirica], [Laserpitium prutenicum], [Lathyrus pannonicus], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Serratula tinctoria], [Carex tomentosa], [Carex panicea], [Carex pallescens], [Parnassia palustris], [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Dactylorhiza maculata], [Festuca arundinacea], [Festuca rubra].


description:
Species-rich humid grasslands of oligotrophic calcareous or calcicline soils of middle Europe, southern Fennoscandia and northwestern Iberia, with [Silaum silaus], [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Selinum carvifolia], [Stachys officinalis] ([Betonica officinalis]), [Cirsium tuberosum], [Carex tomentosa], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Galium boreale], [Serratula tinctoria], [Inula salicina], [Dianthus superbus] and abundant [Colchicum autumnale].


description:
Relatively species-poor humid grasslands of oligotrophic acid moist gley soils, sometimes with stagnant water and peat formation, of middle Europe north to the southern boreal approaches in Fennoscandia and the Faeroe Islands, and south to northwestern Iberia, with [Succisa pratensis], [Potentilla erecta], [Potentilla anglica], [Viola persicifolia], [Viola palustris], [Galium uliginosum], [Cirsium dissectum], [Crepis paludosa], [Luzula multiflora], [Juncus conglomeratus] ([Juncus subuliflorus]), [Ophioglossum vulgatum], [Inula britannica], [Lotus uliginosus], [Dianthus deltoides], [Carex pallescens], [Carex demissa], [Carex canescens], [Carex echinata].


description:
Very tall [Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea] ([Molinia arundinacea])-dominated humid meadows of southern Central Europe, in particular, of the Illyrian zone, the peri-Pannonic and peri-Bohemian regions, the Danube, Lech and Isar basins, the upper Rhine.


description:
Acidocline oligotrophic wet, often inundated, grasslands of boreal Fennoscandia dominated by [Molinia caerulea], with [Achillea millefolium], [Bartsia alpina], [Galium boreale], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Pinguicula vulgaris], [Parnassia palustris], [Scutellaria galericulata], [Trientalis europaea], [Viola epipsila], [Carex acuta], [Carex aquatilis], [Juncus filiformis], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Nardus stricta], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Hypnum lindbergii], [Mnium rugicum].


hname:
Heath rush meadows and humid mat-grass swards

description:
Humid, often peaty or semi-peaty swards of middle Europe, southwest to northwestern Iberia and east to Lithuania and southeast Europe, with [Nardus stricta], [Juncus squarrosus], [Festuca ovina], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Pedicularis sylvatica], [Scirpus cespitosus] and sometimes [Sphagnum] spp.


description:
Nutrient-poor humid grasslands of the northern steppe zone of central Eurasia, eastern vicariants of the [Molinion] communities.


description:
Primary and secondary grass- or sedge- dominated formations of the alpine and subalpine levels of boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, warm-temperate humid and Anatolian mountains.


description:
Vegetated areas that retain late-lying snow. Dominants may be mosses, liverworts, macrolichens, graminoids, ferns and small herbs. Snow patches are well developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands; they are well represented, though of much smaller extent, above the tree limit in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus. They are found very locally in the Paeonian mountains, Sierra Nevada, Cordillera Central, Monti Sibillini, Abruzzi, Scottish Highlands and Sudeten.


hname:
Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

description:
Snow patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians (e.g. alliances [Salicion herbaceae] and [Festucion picturatae]), the Dinarides, the Rhodope Mountains (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the herbs e.g. [Luzula alpinopilosa], [Salix herbacea], [Ligusticum mutellina]; mosses [Polytrichum sexangulare], [Polytrichum juniperinum], [Pohlia commutata], [Kiaeria falcata] ([Dicranum falcatum]), the liverwort [Anthelia juratzkana] or sometimes lichens. Also snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens.


description:
Moss snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Rhodope Mountains (Rila) and the Pelagonides, occupying areas free from snow for less than two months, with the mosses [Polytrichum sexangulare], [Polytrichum juniperinum], [Pohlia commutata], [Kiaeria falcata] ([Dicranum falcatum]), the liverwort [Anthelia juratzkana] or sometimes lichens.


hname:
Alpic acid cudweed snow-patch communities

description:
Communities of areas covered by snow for six to eight months, with [Carex foetida], [Alopecurus gerardii], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]) (including [Omalotheca supina var. pusilla]), [Lepidium stylatum], [Alchemilla pentaphyllea], [Mucizonia sedoides], ([Umbilicus sedoides], [Sedum candollei]), [Sedum alpestre], [Cardamine alpina], [Carex pyrenaica], of the Alps, the eastern Carpathian system, the ranges of the Balkan peninsula, the Pyrenees; they extend to the subalpine level and include the isolated cryoro-Mediterranean formations of the Cordillera Central and the Sierra Nevada.


hname:
[Luzula spadicea] snow patch communities

description:
[Luzula alpinopilosa ssp. obscura] ([Luzula spadicea])-dominated snow patch communities of moderate slopes of the Alps and the Carpathians submitted to prolonged snow cover, ecological variant of the [Luzula spadicea] scree communities of H2.313, more prevalent in the central and eastern Alps, the Tatras and the eastern Carpathians, characterized by an important representation of species of the [Salicetea herbaceae], among which [Poa granitica], [Ranunculus montanus], [Oligotrichum hercynicum].


description:
Acidophilous snow patch communities of the higher Hercynian ranges, in particular the Sudeten, the Black Forest, the Vosges, with [Nardus stricta], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Plantago atrata], [Salix herbacea], [Polytrichum gracile], [Polytrichum norvegicum], or with [Luzula desvauxii].


description:
Snow-patch communities of arctic and boreal mountains of Fennoscandia, the Scottish Highlands, Iceland, Greenland and other islands of the Norwegian and Greenland seas, formed of mats of mosses and lichens.


description:
Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by coarse tussocky grasses, in particular, [Deschampsia cespitosa], sometimes associated with large hypnaceous mosses.


hname:
Boreo-alpine herb-rich acid snowbed communities

description:
Acidophilous or acidocline snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland, the Faeroes and the Scottish Highlands forming a low, often open, turf of mat- and cushion-forming herbs, short tufted grasses and bryophyte patches.


hname:
Boreo-alpine acidocline sedge and rush snowbed communities

description:
Acidophilous snowbed communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains and subarctic lowlands of Scandinavia and Iceland, mostly developed in areas of long snowcover, dominated by Cyperaceae or Juncaceae, usually with a prominent bryophyte or lichen ground layer.


hname:
Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch grassland and herb habitats

description:
Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of calcareous soils under snow for long periods, with [Arabis caerulea], [Carex atrata], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea] and other calciphile snowfield, snowbed and snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains formed by small herbs, grasses or mosses. Dwarf, underground-stemmed willows may also be present but not dominant (c.f. unit F2.12).


hname:
Alpic small herb calcicolous snow-patch communities

description:
Herbaceous snow-patch swards of the Alpids, characteristic of carbonated soils under snow for long periods, with [Arabis caerulea], [Carex atrata], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea].


description:
Herbaceous snow-patch swards of humid, carbonated soils, of the Alps and the Pyrenees, under snow for long periods, with [Ranunculus alpestris], [Arabis caerulea], [Omalotheca hoppeana] ([Gnaphalium hoppeanum]), [Hutchinsia alpina], [Potentilla brauniana] ([Potentilla minima]), [Soldanella alpina].


description:
Endemic snow patch community of the high Tatras and nearby Carpathian ranges, characteristic of sites with very long snow cover, with the western Carpathian endemic [Saxifraga wahlenbergii] ([Saxifraga perdurans]), [Hutchinsia alpina], [Bucegia romanica].


hname:
Dinaro-Pelagonide calciphile herbaceous snow-patch communities

description:
Uncommon, isolated herbaceous snow-patch swards of the southern Dinarides and the Pelagonides, on carbonated soils under snow for long periods, generally associated with dolines.


description:
Moss dominated snowbed communities of calcareous gravel and stonefields, or moraine, of Scandinavian mountains, with, in particular, [Distichium capillaceum], [Pohlia albicans], [Pohlia drummondii], often pioneering on "new ground". Individual vascular plants, growing widely separated, include, notably, [Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata], [Cerastium arcticum], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Saxifraga oppositifolia].


description:
Open snowbed communities of the alpine level of the boreal and arcto-alpine zones of Scandinavian mountains forming on level calcareous substrates often waterlogged the whole year, in the proximity of melting snow or cold springs, on north-facing slopes, with prolonged snow-lie. Vascular plants are characteristically scattered, with great variation in the ground layer, with an often broken moss carpet, bare patches of gravel and stones. Characteristic species, often hygrophilous, include [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Salix herbacea], [Arabis alpina], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Cerastium cerastoides], [Minuartia biflora], [Oxyria digyna], [Taraxacum croceum], [Viola biflora], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga nivalis], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Saussurea alpina], [Sibbaldia procumbens], [Juncus biglumis], [Poa alpina].


description:
Sparse communities of the alpine level of northern boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia and of Iceland dominated by the grass [Phippsia algida], with, notably, [Salix herbacea], [Cerastium arcticum], [Cerastium cerastoides], [Oxyria digyna], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Saxifraga cernua], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga rivularis], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Carex lachenalii], [Juncus biglumis], [Poa alpina f. vivipara], [Deschampsia alpina], [Sagina saginoides], with a fragmentary moss cover and no lichens, located on gravelly, sandy, sometimes totally waterlogged soils, calcareous in Scandinavia, with prolonged snow-cover. Snow grass communities frequently occur as pioneer vegetation on small surfaces, very common in the central part of southern Norway and in Sweden from Jamtland northwards.


description:
Open, herb-rich, snowbed communities of the middle to high alpine level of the boreal and southern arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, developed on level or gently sloping moist calcareous ground with solifluction tongues separated by gravelly expanses with a thin but prolonged snow cover, dominated by [Luzula arctica]. [Luzula confusa], [Ranunculus glacialis], [Ranunculus sulphureus], [Cerastium] spp. and [Draba crassifolia] are characteristic of the species cortège.


hname:
Boreal herb-rich calcicline snowbed communities

description:
Herb-rich and often mosaic patterned snow-patch or near snow-patch communities of alpine levels of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, of the lower alpine belt of Iceland, of the Scottish Highlands and of the English Lake District, with many moss species and few lichens, occurring on calcareous, nutrient-rich, humid substrates. Characteristic species include [Ranunculus acris], [Poa alpina], [Poa arctica], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Silene acaulis], [Oxyria digyna], [Potentilla crantzii], [Cerastium alpinum], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Saussurea alpina], [Primula stricta], [Viola biflora], [Carex norvegica], [Minuartia biflora], [Thalictrum alpinum].


description:
Chionophilous communities of stony and gravelly ground of the islands of the polar basin developed in conditions of shorter snow cover than the polar willow communities, with a species cortège that includes [Trisetum spicatum], [Ranunculus nivalis], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Oxyria digyna], [Lidia biflora], [Poa arctica], [Potentilla hyparctica], [Carex lachenalii].


description:
Snow-patch communities of high mountains of the Pontic Range and of the Caucasus.


description:
Acidophilous snowbed communities of alpine and arcto-alpine levels of the Fennoscandian mountains, of Iceland and of the Scottish Highlands dominated by ferns, characteristic of screes with prolonged snow cover, related to the tall-herb communities of unit E5.5. [Cryptogramma crispa], [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]), [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris expansa] ([Dryopteris assimilis]) or [Dryopteris filix-mas] can dominate the communities. [Galium saxatile], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Barbilophozia floerkii], [Polytrichum alpinum] are among the associates.


hname:
Moss and lichen dominated mountain summits, ridges and exposed slopes

description:
Includes fjell fields in which mosses and lichens are dominant, often with low cover of [Carex bigelowii]. Fjell fields are best developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands.


description:
Carpets of mosses of genus [Racomitrium], often thick, closed and extensive, sometimes fragmented with much bare ground, associated with usually scattered vascular plants, among which [Carex bigelowii] is often prominent, characteristic of wind-exposed, cloud-bound, relatively snowfree summital regions of the Scandinavian mountains and of Scotland, northern England and northern Wales, of Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Greenland, Spitzbergen. For the most part they constitute habitats physiognomically dominated by bryophytes, c.f. equivalents with lower ground cover in units H3.5 or H6.24.


description:
More or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed by erosion or weathering processes, colonized by dense lichen mats.


hname:
Rock pavement, plateau and summital moss heaths

description:
More or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed or shattered by erosion or weathering processes, colonized by dense moss carpets.


description:
Lava flows and lava fields of Iceland covered by continuous carpets of [Racomitrium lanuginosum] (c.f. unit E4.21), forming thick mantles that cover very large surfaces over all parts of the relief, engulfing asperities, bridging gaps, draping protruding rocks with large cushions, or else, in less evolved complexes, forming preferentially in the depressions and concavities where some organic matter accumulates. These moss heaths constitute a particularly original landscape of Iceland.


description:
Arborescent matorral dominated by [Quercus suber].


hname:
Acidiphile western Mediterranean holm-oak matorral

description:
Arborescent matorral of siliceous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia], usually with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus unedo].


hname:
Calciphile western Mediterranean oak matorral

description:
Arborescent matorral of calcareous substrates of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy, the large western Mediterranean islands and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia] or [Quercus coccifera]. For [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia] matorrals.


description:
Evergreen oak arborescent matorral of the Dalmatian coastlands, Montenegro and Albania, of continental Greece and its archipelagoes, of Cyprus, Asia Minor and the Levant, dominated by [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]), developed on either siliceous or calcareous substrates.


description:
Arborescent matorral organized around mixed evergreen ([Quercus suber], [Quercus ilex], [Quercus rotundifolia]) and deciduous ([Quercus pyrenaica], [Quercus faginea]) oaks of Iberia.


description:
Dense, low, coppice-like formations of evergreen oaks of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions.


hname:
[Quercus ilex] and [Quercus rotundifolia] low woods

description:
Dense, low, coppice-like woods of [Quercus ilex] or [Quercus rotundifolia] of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with F5.1161 appropriate codes from unit G2.12.


hname:
[Quercus coccifera] and [Quercus alnifolia] low woods

description:
Dense, low, coppice-like woods of [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) or [Quercus alnifolia] of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions. Detailed habitats can be coded by combining with F5.1162 appropriate codes from unit G2.13.


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean or thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis], [Ceratonia siliqua], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Pistacia atlantica] or [Myrtus communis], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.4.


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.41.


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by [Ceratonia siliqua], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.42.


hname:
Lentisc and phillyrea arborescent matorral

description:
Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall [Pistacia lentiscus] or [Phillyrea latifolia].


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean arborescent matorrals dominated by tall [Myrtus communis], in particular Balearic "murtedas" of the [Clematidi-Myrtetum].


hname:
Canary Island olive-lentisc arborescent matorral

description:
Thermo-Canarian arborescent matorrals dominated by [Olea europaea ssp. cerasiformis] or [Pistacia atlantica], degradation or colonisation stages of forests of unit G2.43.


description:
Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean evergreen sclerophyllous brush and scrub organized around arborescent junipers of different species ([Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus phoenicea], [Juniperus lycia], [Juniperus excelsa], [Juniperus foetidissima], [Juniperus communis], [Juniperus drupacea] and [Juniperus thurifera], which are classified as subunits).


hname:
Prickly juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) arborescent matorral

description:
Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] s.l.


description:
[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus]-dominated formations of dry, rocky slopes and deforested areas.


description:
[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. macrocarpa] formations of coastal sands and abrupt shores; many are dunal and can be coded under unit B1.63.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests of Italian mountains, south of 42° N. They are highly fragmented and harbour many endemic species. Altidudinal and hygric variants can be distinguished.


description:
Beechwoods of Foresta Umbra, Monte Gargano  (Apulia,Italy) rich in [Taxus baccata], extremely isolated.


description:
Still relatively extensive beech forests of Campania and Basilicata (Italy) with [Daphne laureola], [Galium odoratum], [Ranunculus brutius], [Geranium versicolor], [Melica uniflora], [Lathyrus venetus], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Aquilegia viscosa], [Cardamine bulbifera].


description:
Extensive calcicolous beech forests of the montane level of the Pollino system (southern Italy), with [Lathyrus venetus], [Daphne laureola], [Melica uniflora], [Ranunculus brutius], [Geranium versicolor], [Doronicum orientale], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Epipactis microphylla], [Epipactis gracilis], [Epipactis pollinensis], [Monotropa hypopitys].


description:
Silicicolous beech forests occupying more humid locations of the Sila plateau (Calabria), alternating with forests of [Pinus laricio].


description:
Silicicolous beech forests of the Aspromonte range of Calabria with [Taxus baccata], [Populus tremula], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Betula pendula].


description:
Relict beech forests of the Madonie, Nebrodi and, very locally, the monti Peloritani, with [Ilex aquifolium], [Daphne laureola], [Crataegus monogyna], [Prunus spinosa].


description:
Isolated beech forests of Mount Etna, at the southern limit of the range of the species.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, the southern Dinarides, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonids, the Rhodope, the Thessalian mountains, reaching their southern limits in the Vermion, the Vernon, the border ranges of northern Macedonia, the Chalkidiki, Greek Thrace, the Olympus group, Ossa and Pelion. [Fagus sylvatica] is accompanied, at the higher altitudes and latitudes, by [Abies alba] and [Picea abies]. The forests have, even in the south of their range, a pronounced medio-European character, marked by the frequency of [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Quercus petraea], [Fragaria vesca], [Oxalis acetosella].


description:
Moesian [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.


description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of medio-European affinities of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.


hname:
Southwestern Moesian neutrophile beech forests

description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests, of medio-European affinities, of the Pelagonids and the Thessalian mountains south to, in Greece, the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex, the Vermion massive, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the lower altitudes and southern ranges of the mountains of north eastern Greece, south to the Voras-Tzena-Pa‹kon complex and the Vermion massive; neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the Thessalian mountains, in particular, the Olympus group, the Ossa and the Pelion.


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Abies alba] forests of the higher altitudes of the montane level of the mountains of north eastern Greece.


description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] and [Carpinus betulus] forests of the mountains of north eastern Greece.


hname:
Southwestern Moesian subalpine beech forests

description:
Neutrophile or acidophile, often open, forests of generally low [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca], with [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides] and [Acer heldreichii], sometimes with a small admixture of [Abies alba] or [Picea abies], invaded by [Adenostyletalia] species, developed at the tree limit in the subalpine or upper montane level of the mountains of north eastern Greece.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodopides and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including, in Bulgaria, the Rhodope Mountains, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka (Orvilos) ranges, as well as the western border mountains west of the Struma, and in Greece all the higher mountains east of the Axios, in particular the Rodhopi, the Orvilos (Slavianka), Boura, Mavro Vouno, Vrondous, Menikion complex, the Falakron system (Boz Dagh of Dhrama), the Pangeon, the Kerkini (Belles, Belasicha), the Krousia-Vertikon-Kerdulia ridge and the mountains of the Chalcidiki peninsula (Chortiatis, Cholomon, Athos).


description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Rhodope Mountains and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, including the Rhodope, Rila, Pirin, Vitosha and Slavianka-Orvilos ranges, the western border mountains of Bulgaria west of the Struma, and the higher Greek mountains east of the Axios.


hname:
Luso-Galician collinar acidophilous oak forests

description:
Galician and northern Portuguese collinar [Quercus robur] forests, with [Ilex aquifolium], [Frangula alnus], [Pyrus communis], [Laurus nobilis], [Crataegus monogyna].


hname:
Mesophile Luso-Galician collinar oak forests

description:
Mesophile collinar [Quercus robur] forests, widely distributed in Galicia and northern Portugal.


hname:
Humid Luso-Galician collinar oak forests

description:
Meso-hygrophile [Quercus robur] forests, limited to valley situations in contact with riparian forests, of Galicia and northern Portugual, accompanied by a cortège rich in ferns, with [Betula celtiberica] and the northwestern Iberian endemic [Narcissus cyclamineus].


hname:
Luso-Galician montane acidophilous oak forests

description:
Galician and extreme northern Portuguese (Serra do Gerez) montane [Quercus robur] forests, characterized by the presence of [Betula celtiberica], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Saxifraga spathularis], [Melampyrum pratense] and the absence of thermophile, in particular lauriphyllous, species.


description:
Forests of [Quercus petraea], sometimes of [Quercus robur], or of either or both oaks and [Fagus sylvatica], accompanied by a cortège of sub-Atlantic and submeridional acidophile species (e.g. [Pinus sylvestris], [Carpinus betulus]), developed in central and southern-central Europe, outside of the main Atlantic-influenced range of the [Quercion]. [Quercus]-dominated acidophilous forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed in more Atlantic conditions as substitution forests of the [Luzulo-Fagion] beech forests have been associated with them because of a shared contingent of sub-Atlantic accompanying species and similarities in overall appearance.


description:
Mesophile, meso-xerophile or meso-hygrophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] or sometimes [Quercus robur], of central European or northwestern medio-European affinities, usually with [Luzula luzuloides], distributed in the Western and Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery.


hname:
Western Hercynian woodrush-hawksbeard oak forests

description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the western Hercynian ranges and their periphery, developed on dry, sandy or stony shallow soils, or as substitution forests of [Luzulo-Fagion] beech forests, in the collinar and submontane level of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Palatinate hills, the Kraischgau and Neckar hills, the Odenwald, the Spessart, the Rhenish Schist Ranges including the Ardenne-Eifel, the hills of Westphalia and southern Lower Saxony, the hills and plateaux of Lorraine, Champagne and Burgundy, the eastern Morvan, with a shrub layer comprising [Sorbus aucuparia], [Frangula alnus], often [Ilex aquifolium], and an herb layer that includes [Luzula luzuloides], [Teucrium scorodonia], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hieracium laevigatum], [Hieracium lachenalii], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Hieracium glaucinum], [Hieracium umbellatum], [Hypericum pulchrum], [Lathyrus linifolius].


hname:
Central European dyer's greenweed oak forests

description:
Mesophile or meso-xerophile, mesothermal acidophilous forests of [Quercus petraea] or sometimes [Quercus robur], mixed in some parts of the range with [Pinus sylvestris] and sometimes [Castanea sativa], of central European affinities, with a cortège of acidophilous species accompanied by thermophile elements, and usually with [Luzula luzuloides] and [Genista tinctoria], distributed in the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and eastern Alpine periphery, in particular, in Bavaria, lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria and Carinthia, and the northern and western Carpathian periphery.


hname:
Central Hercynian dyer's greenweed oak forests

description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of the collinar and submontane levels of siliceous slopes of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, of the Swabo-Bavarian and Franconian plateaux, of the southern German Hercynian hills, east of the Black Forest-Spessart line and west of the Bayerischerwald, and of the hills of Upper Austria, forming a western group of communities within the dyer's greenweed forest complex, characterized, in particular, by the importance in the herb layer of sub-Atlantic indicators, among which [Lathyrus linifolius], [Hypericum pulchrum], various [Hieracium] spp., [Melampyrum pratense] or [Teucrium scorodonia], [Holcus mollis]. [Luzula luzuloides], [Genista germanica], [Genista tinctoria], [Chamaespartium sagittale], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Campanula rotundifolia], [Campanula persicifolia] are characteristic or abundant constituents of the undergrowth.


hname:
Peri-Bohemian dyer's greenweed oak forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris], sometimes with [Castanea sativa] or [Abies alba], developed on siliceous bedrock, gravels, loams, moraines, with shallow, often podsolised soils, on relatively dry, often south-facing slopes and hilltops of the collinar and submontane levels of the Bohemian Quadrangle, its piedmont and associated plateaux and ranges of southern Poland, Saxony, Saxe-Anhalt, Thuringe, the upper Palatinate, of the northeastern Alpine periphery in Lower Austria, Styria, the Burgenland, Carinthia, of the sub-Pannonic hills of Slovenia, western Transdanubia and the Central Hungarian Range, of the Western and Northern Carpathian foothills, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa] ([Avenella flexuosa]), [Hieracium murorum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]).


description:
Mesophile or meso-xerophile [Quercus petraea]-dominated acidophilous oak forests of the foothills of the Apuseni mountains and of the Southern Carpathians, of the western and southern foothills of the Eastern Carpathians, and of the Transylvanian Plateau, accompanied by the cortège of Central European acidophilous species mixed with thermophile elements typical of the [Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae], in particular, [Luzula luzuloides], [Genista tinctoria], [Genista germanica], [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Veronica officinalis], [Galium vernum], [Lychnis viscaria] ([Viscaria vulgaris]), [Hieracium racemosum], [Hieracium sabaudum], [Hieracium umbellatum] supplemented by Dacian species, such as [Melampyrum bihariense], [Lathyrus hallersteinii], [Lathyrus venetus], [Galium pseudaristatum],
 [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Crocus banaticus], and usually with distributed Melin the Central European Hercynian ranges and their periphery, the northern and northeastern Alpine periphery and the northern and western Carpathian periphery.


description:
Mesophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] forests rich in [Fagus sylvatica], widespread within the range of eastern and central greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular on high foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, mostly as transition communities to the beech-hornbeam forests, with a sparse herb layer that includes many mesophile species characteristic of the [Fagetalia].


hname:
Central European hygrophile acidophilous oak forests

description:
Meso-hygrophile, acidophile [Quercus petraea] or [Quercus robur] forests characteristic of the central and eastern range of the [Genisto tinctoriae-Quercetum petraeae] s.l. greenweed-sessile oak acidophilous forests, in particular within and around the Bohemian Quadrangle and on peri-Pannonic or pre-Carpathian plateaux and low hills of the eastern Carpathian system, with an herb layer often dominated by monospecific swards of social gramineous species, in particular, [Molinia arundinacea] or [Carex brizoides].


hname:
Peri-Bohemian giant moorgrass sessile oak forest

description:
Acidophilous [Quercus petraea] forests of Bohemia, Styria, the Burgenland, Transdanubia, the Slovakian Zahory and southern Poland, with [Molinia caerulea ssp. arundinacea]. Some communities, in particular in Styria, the Burgenland, ("[Pino-Quercetum roboris molinietosum]") and in the Zahory ("[Molinio-Pinetum zahoricum]") are rich in [Pinus sylvestris].


hname:
Pre-Carpathian quaking sedge-pedunculate oak forests

description:
Meso-hygrophile, acidophile, [Quercus robur] forests of the plain of the Somes and the Crisul of northwestern Romania, of the basins of the Transylvanian Plateau and of the Getic foothills of Oltenia and Muntenia, developed on old terraces and depressions with argilous substrates, with an herb layer dominated by [Carex brizoides], accompanied by other hygrophile species, including [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Glechoma hederacea].


hname:
Pre-Carpathian purple moorgrass-pedunculate oak forests

description:
Meso-hygrophile, acidophile [Quercus robur] forests of argilous depressions of the Somes basin of northwestern Romania, with an herb layer dominated by [Molinia caerulea], accompanied by [Sanguisorba officinalis], [Gentiana pneumonanthe], [Achillea ptarmica], [Serratula tinctoria].


hname:
Western Hercynian thermophile acidophilous oak forests

description:
Xerophile [Quercus petraea] woods on sunny escarpments with dry superficial, siliceous, often schistous soils of the Rhine rift and the schistous Hercynian ranges.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris var. scotica] forests of damp hollows, with carpets of [Sphagnum] spp., [Molinia caerulea] and [Erica tetralix].


description:
Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of the lowlands of nemoral Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, nonalpigenous, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of [Picea abies], of adjacent wooded steppe regions, and of siliceous soils of the montane or collinar levels of the central European Hercynian ranges and the eastern Alpine system. Acidophilous mixed forests with vegetation of the alliance [Dicrano-Pinion] with [Festuca ovina] dominating in the herb layer.


description:
Forests dominated by [Pinus sylvestris] of acid, often podsolised, sands of the plains and hills of middle Europe. Associated trees include [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea], [Betula pendula], [Fagus sylvatica]; [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Dicranum undulatum] are usually prominent in the ground layer, [Molinia caerulea] may be abundant in humid stands.


description:
Main-range acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe, where they reach their greatest dominance, and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, in areas of less xericity or continentality than those occupied by the steppe woods of unit G3.423. They are distributed from Franconia and the inner Bohemian basin, through eastern Germany, to western and central Poland, extending, more locally, in areas of greater prevalence of steppe woods, to eastern Poland, Belarus, the northern Ukraine and Russia to the eastern confines of the Nemoral zone of western Eurasia. They are very similar to some taiga formations of which they often represent an outpost beyond the boreal and boreonemoral range of [Picea abies]; their separation from boreo-nemoral taiga pine woods of unit G3.B is generally arbitrary and one of regional convenience.


description:
Moss-rich acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Leucobryum glaucum], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hypnum cupressiforme].


hname:
Subcontinental lichen Scots pine forests

description:
Lichen-rich acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of diluvial sands of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Cladonia silvatica], [Cladonia gracilis], [Cladonia furcata], [Ptilidium ciliare], [Polytrichum commune], [Molinia caerulea].


hname:
Subcontinental moorgrass Scots pine forests

description:
Acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] forests of humid podsols of the northeastern plains and hills of Central Europe and of the nemoral belt of the middle and southern Sarmatic region, with [Polytrichum commune] and [Molinia caerulea].


hname:
Subcontinental saw-wort Scots pine forests

description:
Strongly pine-dominated facies of the mixed [Pinus sylvestris]-[Quercus robur]-[Quercus petraea] Central European and Sarmatic forests of unit G4.71, with [Carpinus betulus], [Corylus avellana], [Carex digitata], [Carex montana], [Melica nutans], [Serratula tinctoria], [Scorzonera humilis].


description:
Relict woods of indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] of coarse sands in enclaves of cold subcontinental climate west of the main range of the subcontinental pine and pine-oak woodland, as in the Pays de Bitche basin.


description:
Montane acidophilous woods of indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] forming local, edaphic or microclimatic enclaves, particularly on sandstones, on blocks and in steep valleys in the beech belt of Hercynian ranges, and in sub-Hercynian collinar systems, usually with [Vaccinium myrtillus] or lichens.


description:
Indigenous acidophilous [Pinus sylvestris] enclave formations, in particular block woods and xeric slope woods, of the montane and submontane levels of the Erzgebirge, Fichtelgebirge, Sudeten, B”hmer Wald, Thüringer Wald.


description:
Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of the Black Forest.


description:
Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of the mostly dry, acid sandstones of the Vosges, and of sandstone slabs capping rocky outcrops of the the Pays de Bitche.


description:
Indigenous [Pinus sylvestris] formations of Luxembourg sandstone outcrops.


description:
Generally light [Pinus sylvestris] woods of deep-cut valleys of the Central Bohemian hills (valleys of the Vltava, the Otava and the Berounka rivers) and of southern Saxony, with the saxicolous [Hieracium pallidum].


description:
Isolated [Pinus sylvestris] formations of granite blocks of the pre-Hercynian Waldviertel of Lower Austria.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woods of the wooded steppe belt of western Eurasia and of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] woods of areas with extreme continental local climates of middle Europe outside of the Alps, in particular formations with [Pinus sylvestris var. haguenensis] of the Rhine Valley and adjacent hills (Haguenau, Vosges du Nord, southern Rhine Palatinate).


hname:
Syrian juniper ([Juniperus drupacea]) woods

description:
[Juniperus drupacea] woods of Greece and Asia Minor. Similar lower-growing formations take the appearance of arborescent matorral, included as unit F5.135.


description:
Forests of [Tetraclinis articulata], a species restricted to North Africa, southeastern Spain and the Maltese Islands.


description:
Woods dominated by [Taxus baccata], often with [Ilex aquifolium], of very local occurrence in plains, hills and mountains of the Western Palaearctic nemoral zone and in the mountains of the Mediterranean basin, with isolated outliers in the southern and eastern Carpathian system and the northern Rhodope Mountains (Mount Vitosha).


description:
[Taxus baccata] woods with [Sorbus aria] or [Mercurialis perennis] of dry valleys and scarps of the Chalk of southeastern England, and, very locally of the Durham Magnesium limestone; relict formations of Jutland.


description:
Formations of [Taxus baccata], [Ilex aquifolium], [Buxus sempervirens], restricted to cool, montane areas in the Tenda range, the San Pedrone range and the Cap Corse mountains.


description:
[Taxus baccata] and [Ilex aquifolium] woods of the Catena del Marghine and the Mount Limbara system.


description:
[Taxus baccata] and [Ilex aquifolium] of the Macerata region.


description:
Occasional pure [Taxus baccata] formations of Spanish mountains, most often on steep shady slopes.


description:
[Taxus baccata] formations of southern France, similar to those of unit G3.975.


description:
[Taxus baccata] woods of the Alpine system and of the Carpathians, in part rare facies of the yew-beech formations, in part amphibolite-colonizing woods with [Picea abies] and [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Juniperus sabina].


description:
Yew-dominated forests of the Dinarides, mostly yew-lime steep slope forests of northwestern Croatia, developed between 400 and 800 m on 30°-80° calcareous rock slopes with very shallow rendzina soils, also, locally, block forests within calcicolous fir forests of the Dinaric karst.


description:
Pre-Sarmatic [Taxus baccata] formations of central Poland.


description:
Isolated [Taxus baccata] grove of Mount Vitosha, in Bulgaria.


description:
Juniper-dominated formations of the Atlantic islands. All such formations are listed here whether wood-like or scrub-like in physiognomy; ericoid-dominated facies of the same formations are included under unit F4.3.


description:
[Juniperus cedrus] formations of the high altitudes of Tenerife, La Palma, Gomera, Gran Canaria, restricted to steep rocky slopes.


description:
Endemic [Juniperus brevifolia] formations of the Azores.


description:
[Juniperus phoenicea] formations of Tenerife, La Palma, Hierro, Gran Canaria, Gomera.


hname:
Prickly juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) woods

description:
Woods dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] (s.l.). Most [Juniperus oxycedrus] formations are thickets, scrubs or, at most, arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.131, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.631. A few, however, qualify as woodland.


description:
[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea] and [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia] forests of the Mediterranean and Saharo-Mediterranean regions. Exceptional, tall and dense formations, however, may be more appropriately characterised as woodland and listed in this unit. Mediterranean formations dominated by [Juniperus phoenicea] are scrubs, thickets or arborescent matorrals, listed under units F5.132, F6.15, F6.25, F6.35 or, in dunal formations, unit B1.632. Saharo-Mediterranean formations may more often take the appearance of an open or steppe forest.


description:
[Platycladus orientalis] ([Thuja orientalis], [Biota orientalis]) forests scattered in restricted areas of the Hyrcanian zone of the Elburz range of northern Iran, constituting a very isolated occurrence of the species; they develop in the same 2000 to 2500 metre altitudinal level as the [Cupressus sempervirens] formations, or mixed with them; [Crataegus monogyna], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus cordata], [Quercus castaneifolia] accompany the thuja.


description:
Open woods of [Quercus robur], [Quercus petraea] and [Pinus sylvestris] on eolian sands of Moravia and the Elbe valley of Bohemia, with an acidophilous or subacidophilous, subxerophilous, subthermophilous species cortège comprising numerous rare or theatened species. Characteristic species include [Corynephorus canescens], [Agrostis vinealis], [Festuca ovina], [Festuca psammophila], [Festuca vaginata], [Carex humilis], [Armeria elongata] and, in Moravia, [Dianthus pontederae], [Achillea collina].


description:
Forests of the eastern part of the nemoral forest zone of western Eurasia in which [Quercus robur] is associated in the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], distributed in southern Belarus, the northern Ukraine and middle European Russia, most abundant in the upper Dnieper-Pripyat-Berezina Polesian basin, with smaller areas of occurrence on the Central Russian Plateau and the Pre-Volgan Plateau, extending south into the wooded steppe and steppe regions, in particular, along the Donetz.


hname:
Mixed non-riverine deciduous and coniferous woodland

description:
Mixed non-riverine woodland without a significant [Pinus] component, comprising elements of [Fagus], [Betula], [Populus tremula] or [Sorbus aucuparia] (G1.6 or G1.9) together with [Abies] and [Picea] woodland (G3.1).


hname:
Mixed deciduous woodland with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae]

description:
Mixed non-riverine woodland without a significant [Pinus] component, comprising elements of meso- and eutrophic [Quercus], [Carpinus], [Fraxinus], [Acer], [Tilia], [Ulmus] and related woodland (G1.A) together with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae] woodland (G3.9).


hname:
Mixed woodland with [Cupressaceae], [Taxaceae] and evergreen oak

description:
Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with [Cupressaceae] or [Taxaceae] woodland (G3.9).


hname:
Mixed mediterranean pine - thermophilous oak woodland

description:
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic forests of thermophilous pines (G3.7) in combination with deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species or by other southern trees such as [Carpinus orientalis], [Castanea sativa] or [Ostrya carpinifolia] (G1.7).


hname:
Mixed Scots pine - thermophilous oak woodland

description:
Forests or woods of sub-Mediterranean climate regions and supra-Mediterranean altitudinal levels, and of western Eurasian steppe and substeppe zones, in which deciduous or semideciduous thermophilous [Quercus] species, or sometimes [Carpinus] spp., [Ostrya carpinifolia], share the main canopy with [Pinus sylvestris], [Pinus pallasiana], [Pinus salzmannii], [Pinus nigra], thermophilous pines, junipers or cypresses. They constitute pine-oak facies of thermophilous deciduous woodland (G1.7).


hname:
Mixed Black pine ([Pinus nigra]) - evergreen oak woodland

description:
Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with [Pinus nigra] woodland (G3.5).


hname:
Mixed mediterranean pine - evergreen oak woodland

description:
Mediterranean evergreen oak woodland (G2.1) in combination with lowland to montane mediterranean pine woodland (excluding woodland with significant [Pinus nigra]) (G3.7)


description:
Mixed plantations of coniferous and deciduous species where at least one constituent is exotic or outside its natural range, or if composed of native species then planted in clearly unnatural stands.


hname:
Lines of trees, small anthropogenic woodlands, recently felled woodland, early-stage woodland and coppice

description:
Stands of trees greater than 5 m in height or with the potential to achieve this height, either in more or less continuous narrow strips or in small (less than about 0.5 ha) plantations or small (less than about 0.5 ha) intensively-managed woods. Woodland and coppice that is temporarily in a successional or non-woodland stage but which can be expected to develop into woodland in the future. Excludes parkland (E7.1, E7.2).


description:
More or less continuous lines of trees forming strips within a matrix of grassy or cultivated land or along roads, typically used for shelter or shading. Lines of trees differ from hedgerows (FA) in being composed of species that can grow to at least 5 m in height and are not regularly cut down to a height below 5 m.


hname:
Small broadleaved deciduous anthropogenic woodlands

description:
Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of deciduous broadleaved trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If evergreen broadleaved species are present, they have a lower canopy cover than deciduous species.


hname:
Small broadleaved evergreen anthropogenic woodlands

description:
Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of broadleaved evergreen trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If deciduous broadleaved species are present, they have a lower canopy cover than evergreen species.


description:
Plantations and small intensively-managed woods of coniferous trees less than about 0.5 ha in area. If broadleaved species present, they have canopy cover less than 25%.


hname:
Small mixed broadleaved and coniferous anthropogenic woodlands

description:
Plantations and small intensively-managed woods less than about 0.5 ha in area, with mixed of coniferous and broadleaved trees. The proportion of conifers is in the range 25-75%.


description:
Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic amphibians or fish, limited worldwide to a very small number of highly distinctive organisms, mostly relict forms of extremely limited distribution, including 15 species of amphibians, limited to North America and Europe, and about 38 species of fishes belonging to 13 families, notably, Cyprinidae, Gobiidae, Bythitidae, Pimelodidae, Characidae, Cobitidae, Amblyopsidae, Clariidae, Ictaluridae, Trichomycteridae, Ophidiidae, Synbranchidae. Palaearctic representatives include a unique amphibian, as well as cyprinids and gobiid fishes.


description:
Caves of the Adriatic karst system of Italy, Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro, harbouring the relict amphibian [Proteus anguinus], the most remarkable of all troglobiont vertebrates.


description:
Caves harbouring communities that include troglobic fish, limited in the Palaearctic region to representatives of the Cyprinidae and Gobiidae.


description:
Caves of the main Eurasian and African landmasses essential to parts of the life-cycle of vertebrate subtroglophiles (elective periodic trogloxenes).


description:
[Agrostis rupestris] grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level of the Cordillera Central (Spain).


hname:
Nevadan [Festuca indigesta] stripped grasslands

description:
Psychroxerophile garland grasslands of [Festuca indigesta], [Thymus serpylloides], and [Arenaria tetraquetra var. granatensis], widespread in the oro-Mediterranean level (2000-2900 metres) of the Sierra Nevada (Spain).


description:
Chionophilous grasslands with [Agrostis nevadensis] and [Armeria splendens] of depressions and sheltered areas within the oro-Mediterranean level of the Sierra Nevada, often in contact with, and forming a transition to, the closed mat-grass swards of E4.362.


description:
Pioneer grasslands formed by the robust [Festuca pseudeskia] and [Festuca paniculata] on steep slopes submitted to intense insolation and severe erosion of the oro-Mediterranean and locally cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada.


hname:
Nevadan [Festuca clementei] stripped grasslands

description:
Psychroxerophile grasslands of the cryoro-Mediterranean level (above 2900 m) of the Sierra Nevada, formed by [Festuca clementei], [Erigeron frigidus], [Artemisia granatensis], [Ptilotrichum purpureum], [Papaver lapeyrousianum], all, except the last, Sierra Nevada endemics.


description:
Communities of wind-beaten crests of the Sierra Nevada, with [Trisetum glaciale] and [Galium pyrenaicum].


description:
[Nardus stricta]-dominated and related closed, dense grasslands of oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of high Iberian mountains, characteristic of seeps, poorly drained soils and areas with prolonged snow cover.


description:
Hygrophile and chionophile, closed grasslands of the oro- and cryoro- Mediterranean levels of the Cordillera Central and of the high Orensano-Sanabrian mountains, and of the subalpine level of the Cantabrian mountains, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca iberica], [Juncus squarrosus], [Luzula campestris ssp. carpetana], [Campanula herminii].


description:
Dense hygrophilous grasslands occupying humid flats around lakes, gullies, glacial basins, depressions at the oro- and cryoro-Mediterranean levels of the Sierra Nevada, with [Nardus stricta], [Festuca hispanica], [Agrostis nevadensis], [Plantago nivalis], [Carex intricata], [Ranunculus acetosellifolius], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Lotus glareosus], [Leontodon microcephalus], [Galium nevadense], [Gentiana boryi], [Meum nevadense], [Jasione crispa ssp. amethystina], many of which Sierra Nevada endemics.


description:
Grasslands of the subalpine (oro-Mediterranean) and alpine levels of the highest mountains of Corsica.


description:
Mesophile, closed, short turfs of the subalpine and alpine levels of the southern and central Apennines, developed locally above treeline, on both calcareous and siliceous substrates.


description:
Dense, closed, usually unsculptured, chionophilous grasslands of acid substrates at the 1800-2500 metre level of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodopides, in particular, Vitosha, Rila, Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos, the central Rhodope Mountains (Cernatica-Prespa complex) and the Falakron, the central Moeso-Macedonian mountains (Ozogovska Planina), the southern Dinarides, dominated by [Festuca paniculata], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), [Agrostis rupestris] or the Balkan endemics [Festuca valida] and [Sesleria comosa], often associated with [Nardus stricta], which may be abundant or co-dominant; rare species harboured in these communities include [Aquilegia aurea], [Lilium jankae], [Gentiana lutea], [Gentiana punctata], [Viola rhodopeia]. Outside of protected areas these grasslands are usually submitted to pasture regimes. Formations overwhelmingly dominated by [Nardus stricta] have been included in unit E4.318.


description:
Extensive, closed, acidophilous tall grasslands dominated by the large [Festuca paniculata] of higher elevations, up to 2400 metres, of the Central Balkan Range, the Rhodope mountains including Rila, Pirin and Vitosha, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, the Pelagonides and the Montenegrine Dinarides, mainly on eroded soils of south-facing slopes, with [Festuca nigrescens], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Nardus stricta], [Genista depressa], [Juniperus nana] ([Juniperus sibirica]), [Vaccinium myrtillus].


description:
Closed acidophilous grasslands of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula dominated by fescues of the "[Festuca varia]" complex, in particular, by [Festuca valida] or [Festuca balcanica] ("[Festuca cyllenica]")


description:
Closed, tall, species-poor acidophile grasslands of the Rhodopide Vitosha, Rila and Pirin mountains, the western Balkan Range and the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of western Bulgaria, occupying usually fresh, little eroded soils, strongly dominated by [Festuca valida], with [Veratrum lobelianum], [Verbascum longifolium], [Campanula epigaea], [Viola tricolor], [Stellaria graminea], [Genista depressa].


description:
Closed acidophilous grasslands of the western and central Balkan Range dominated by [Festuca balcanica] ("[Festuca cyllenica]").


description:
[Festuca varia] s.l.-dominated grasslands of the southern Pelagonides (Pelister), with [Centaurea triumfetti], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Festuca picta], [Geranium cinereum], [Verbascum longifolium].


description:
Acid grasslands of upper elevations of the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide system, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by [Bellardiochloa violacea] ([Poa violacea], [Festuca poaeformis]), with [Nardus stricta], [Linum capitatum], [Antennaria dioica], [Festuca nigrescens], [Thymus] spp.; most often distributed on siliceous terrain, these grasslands also occur on calcareous substrates in the Pirin mountains.


description:
Open, short, acidophilous grasslands of windswept, shallow, easily desiccated, nutrient-poor soils with little snow cover of the mountains of the central Balkan peninsula.


description:
Open acidophilous grasslands of Pirin and the Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Korab, Pelister), dominated by [Carex curvula].


description:
Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rhodope Mountains, the Pelagonides and the southern Dinarides dominated by fescues of the [Festuca halleri] group.


description:
Open acidophilous grasslands of the Rila, occupying the highest altitudes, from 2550 metres to 2925 metres, dominated by [Festuca riloensis] and [Carex curvula], with [Minuartia recurva], [Gentiana frigida], [Carex ericetorum], [Silene acaulis], [Luzula spicata], [Dianthus microlepis], [Sesleria comosa], [Sesleria orbelica].


description:
Open acidophilous grasslands of the central Pelagonides (Sar Planina, Rudoka, Bistra), dominated by [Festuca halleri ssp. scardica].


description:
Closed acidophilous grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Bjelsica mountains of Montenegro, developed on recent volcanic substrates.


description:
Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains and the Pelagonides, dominated by [Festuca airoides] ([Festuca supina]), with [Nardus stricta], [Sesleria comosa], [Poa media] ([Poa ursina]), [Juncus trifidus], [Luzula spicata], [Potentilla ternata], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], [Cerastium banaticum], [Dianthus microlepis], [Campanula alpina], [Jasione laevis ssp. orbiculata], [Hieracium alpicola].


description:
Windswept, [Sesleria comosa]-dominated acid grasslands of the upper subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rhodopide system, with [Poa media] ([Poa ursina]), [Avenula versicolor] ([Avena scheuchzeri]), [Festuca airoides], [Festuca riloensis].


description:
Grasslands of acid substrates of high mountains of the central Balkan peninsula, including the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, dominated by [Agrostis rupestris].


description:
Open acidophilous grasslands of high southern Pelagonides, dominated by [Sesleria varia], [Sesleria coerulans], [Festuca kajmakcalana], [Elyna myosuroides] and [Carex ericetorum], [Alopecurus gerardii] and [Plantago holosteum].


description:
Open acidophilous grasslands of the Bjelasica mountains in the Montenegrine Dinarides.


hname:
Western Asian acidophilous alpine grassland

description:
Acidophilous grasslands of the high mountains of western Anatolia and the Levant, developed, in particular, on rankers, in snow-soaked sinks and dolines.


hname:
Illyrian alpine and subalpine acid open grasslands

description:
Open habitats dominated by patches of [Minuartia recurva] and [Scleranthus neglectus], with perimeter from several cm to 80 cm. The total herb cover is often not higher than 20%. They are species-poor, and in addition to the dominants the typical species are [Armeria rumelica], [Poa violacea], [Cardamine pancicii], [Luzula campestris], [Juncus trifidus], [Anthemis carpatica], [Jasione orbiculata], [Rumex acetosella], [Plantago carinata], [Campanula scheuchzeri] and numerous mosses and lichens.


hname:
Calcareous alpine and subalpine grassland

description:
Alpine and subalpine grasslands of base-rich soils of the high mountains of the nemoral, submediterranean and supramediterranean zones. Characteristic species of the Alps include [Dryas octopetala], [Gentiana nivalis], [Gentiana campestris], [Alchemilla hoppeana], [Alchemilla conjuncta], [Alchemilla flabellata], [Anthyllis vulneraria], [Astragalus alpinus], [Aster alpinus], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia nudicaulis], [Helianthemum nummularium ssp. grandiflorum], [Helianthemum oelandicum ssp. alpestre], [Pulsatilla alpina ssp. alpina], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Astrantia major] and [Polygala alpestris].


description:
Mesophile, mostly closed, vigorous, often grazed or mowed, grasslands on deep soils of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, and, locally, of the Apennines and the Jura. Vegetation typically of alliance [Daphno-Festucetea].


description:
Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps and of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle shaded slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Arenaria ciliata], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia nana], [Geranium cinereum], [Ranunculus gouanii], [Ranunculus thora], [Primula elatior ssp. intricata], [Oxytropis triflora], [Trifolium thalii], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica], [Alchemilla plicatula] ([Alchemilla asterophylla]), [Adonis pyrenaica], [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Geum pyrenaicum], [Bartsia spicata], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Leuzea centauroides] ([Rhaponticum cynaroides]), [Fritillaria delphinensis], [Fritillaria burnatii], [Crocus vernus], [Bulbocodium vernum], [Carex tendae], [Salix pyrenaica].


description:
Mesophile grasslands of the northern, central and southwestern Alps, occupying gentle north facing  slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Arenaria ciliata], [Draba aizoides], [Globularia repens], [Ranunculus thora], [Oxytropis triflora], [Trifolium thalii], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Fritillaria delphinensis], [Fritillaria burnatii], [Crocus vernus], [Bulbocodium vernum], [Carex tendae].


description:
Meso-hygrophile grasslands of the Pyrenees, occupying gentle north facing  slopes (ubac) and humid flats on deep, often slightly acid, soils over calcareous substrates, with [Sesleria albicans], [Carex sempervirens], [Helictotrichon montanum], [Geranium cinereum], [Globularia repens], [Ranunculus gouanii], [Ranunculus thora], [Primula elatior ssp. intricata], [Oxytropis campestris], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Trifolium thalii], [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. pyrenaica], [Alchemilla plicatula] ([Alchemilla asterophylla]), [Adonis pyrenaica], [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Geum pyrenaicum], [Bartsia spicata], [Bartsia alpina], [Scabiosa cinerea], [Leuzea centauroides] ([Rhaponticum cynaroides]), [Salix pyrenaica].


description:
Mesophile, often flower-rich grasslands of the northern Alps, and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, in the Karawanken and the Slovenian Alps, occupying deep soils in the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the calcareous ranges, usually dominated by [Carex ferruginea] and with [Astragalus alpinus], [Astragalus frigidus], [Hedysarum hedysaroides], [Lathyrus laevigatus], [Astrantia major], [Centaurea montana], [Anemone narcissiflora], [Crepis pyrenaica], [Crepis pontana], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Traunsteinera globosa], [Phleum hirsutum], [Agrostis agrostiflora].


description:
Mesophile, flower-rich grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the southern and southeastern outer Alps of Italy, Austria and Slovenia, including the Insubrian and Garda Alps, the Dolomites, the Venetian and Carnic Alps, the Karawanken, the Julian and Steiner Alps, usually dominated by [Carex ferruginea], [Carex austroalpina] or [Carex sempervirens] with, in particular, [Horminum pyrenaicum], [Pedicularis gyroflexa], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Knautia transalpina], [Astrantia major], [Asphodelus albus], [Traunsteinera globosa] and many composites and peas.


hname:
Violet fescue swards and related communities

description:
Closed grasslands of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the Alps, the Pyrenees and the Apennines dominated by [Festuca violacea] or [Festuca nigrescens] and [Trifolium thalii], developed on deep, often superficially slightly acidified, soils.


description:
Chionophilous grasslands of deep soils, somewhat decalcified at the surface, of the subalpine, and locally of the alpine or upper montane, levels of the calcareous Cantabrian Mountains, dominated by [Armeria cantabrica], [Carex sempervirens], [Festuca glacialis] or [Festuca gautieri], associated with [Sesleria albicans], [Poa alpina], [Poa minor], [Festuca burnatii], [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Agrostis schleicheri], and with [Anemone baldensis ssp. pavoniana], [Aquilegia pyrenaica ssp. discolor], [Jasione cavanillesii], [Pedicularis pyrenaica ssp. fallax], [Draba aizoides ssp. cantabriae], [Pimpinella siifolia], [Oxytropis pyrenaica], [Oxytropis halleri].


description:
Localized mesophile grasslands of the subalpine level of the French, Swiss and Swabian Juras, with [Calamagrostis varia], [Laserpitium siler], [Laserpitium latifolium], [Dryas octopetala], [Eryngium alpinum], and very locally, [Carex ferruginea].


hname:
Dinaro-Moesian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

description:
Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of mountain systems of the Balkan peninsula.


hname:
Dinaric oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

description:
Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Dinarides, distributed from Slovenia in the north to Montenegro in the south.


description:
Grasslands of the Dinarides of southern Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro dominated by [Festuca bosniaca ssp. bosniaca].


description:
Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina dominated by [Festuca amethystina].


hname:
Dinaric closed evergreen sedge grasslands

description:
Grasslands of the Dinarides of Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina developed on deep, somewhat acidified soils, [Carex sempervirens], [Festuca amethystina], [Campanula scheuchzeri].


hname:
Rhodo-Pelagonian oligophile closed calcicolous grasslands

description:
Closed calciphile grasslands developed on deep nutrient-poor soils overlying limestones in sheltered locations of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Pelagonides and the Rhodopide Pirin.


description:
Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the western Rhodope Mountains dominated by [Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis] or [Festuca penzesii].


description:
Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Pirin formed by the endemic [Festuca bosniaca ssp. pirinensis] ([Festuca pirinensis]), with [Festuca penzesii], [Carex kitaibeliana], [Androsace villosa], [Achillea ageratifolia], [Centaurea tartarea], [Alyssum cuneifolium], [Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum] ([Cerastium lanatum]), [Linum capitatum], [Gentiana verna].


description:
Closed calciphile grasslands of the alpine level of the Slavianka-Orvilos, dominated by the regional endemic [Festuca penzesii].


hname:
Pelagonide closed calcicolous feathergrass grasslands

description:
[Stipa]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides.


hname:
Pelagonide closed calcicolous sesleria grasslands

description:
[Sesleria]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides.


hname:
Pelagonide closed calcicolous fescue grasslands

description:
[Festuca]-dominated closed calcicolous grasslands of the Pelagonides.


hname:
Balkan Range calciphile stripped grasslands

description:
Open, calcicolous, dealpine grasslands of the Balkan Range system, in particular, of the Suva Planina and the Rtanj, dominated by [Sesleria rigida].


description:
Open alpine grasslands of basic volcanic substrates of the Montenegrine Dinaric Bjelasica.


description:
Open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the calcareous mountains of the Carpathians, dominated by or rich in [Sesleria] spp., [Festuca] spp., [Carex] spp.


hname:
West Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

description:
Calcicolous open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Northwestern Carpathians, dominated by, or rich in, [Sesleria tatrae].


description:
Species-rich tall open grasslands of calcareous stony and gravelly slopes of the subalpine and montane levels of the Tatras formed by [Sesleria tatrae], [Festuca tatrae], [Carex sempervirens ssp. tatrorum], with [Allium montanum], [Anthyllis alpestris], [Carduus glaucus], [Dianthus praecox], [Hieracium bifidum], [Hieracium bupleuroides], [Hieracium villosum], [Knautia kitaibelii], [Leontodon incanus], [Pulsatilla slavica], [Sempervivum soboliferum ssp. preissianum], [Thesium alpinum].


hname:
West Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands

description:
Calcicolous open grasslands of the northwestern Carpathians dominated by [Festuca versicolor].


description:
Open grasslands of the Northwestern Carpathians and the Sudeten formed by [Agrostis alpina] and [Festuca versicolor], intermediate between calciphile and acidophile formations, and between grasslands and rock communities.


hname:
East Carpathian calciphile stepped grasslands

description:
Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open, scraped, stepped and garland grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians, on slopes with shallow limestone soils, dominated by, or rich in [Sesleria bielzii], [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Festuca versicolor], [Festuca amethystina], [Festuca saxatilis], [Carex sempervirens].


hname:
East Carpathian sesleria-evergreen sedge grasslands

description:
Calcicolous open grasslands colonizing ledges, sills, crests of limestone rocks in the alpine and subalpine levels of the Eastern and the Southern Carpathians, formed by [Carex sempervirens] and [Sesleria] species, in particular, [Sesleria bielzii], [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Sesleria heuflerana], or, at the contact with rock formations, by [Festuca saxatilis], [Sesleria] spp., [Carex sempervirens] and [Dianthus tenuifolius], accompanied by saxicolous species.


hname:
East Carpathian [Festuca versicolor] grasslands

description:
Calcicolous, xero-thermophile, open grasslands of the alpine and subalpine levels of the southeastern Carpathians, on shallow rendzinas of crests, summits and ledges, dominated by [Festuca versicolor] and [Carex sempervirens], with [Sesleria rigida ssp. haynaldiana], [Cerastium transsilvanicum].


hname:
East Carpathian [Festuca amethystina] grasslands

description:
Calcicolous open grasslands of the lower alpine and subalpine levels of the eastern Carpathians formed by [Festuca amethystina], with [Bellardiochloa violacea], [Carex sempervirens], [Allium ochroleucum], [Phyteuma orbiculare], [Biscutella laevigata], [Linum perenne ssp. extraaxillare] ([Linum extraaxillare]), [Festuca saxatilis].


hname:
East Carpathian [Festuca flaccida] grasslands

description:
Xero-mesophile open grasslands of sunny slopes (adrets) of the Rodnei mountains in the Eastern Carpathians dominated by the southeastern Carpathian endemic [Festuca nitida ssp. flaccida] ([Festuca flaccida]), developed on rendzinas overlying limestone substrates, ecologically similar to the Alpine violet fescue grasslands of unit E4.416, though more open.


hname:
Balkan alpine and sub-alpine serpentine grasslands

description:
Habitats with sparse vegetation on stony serpentine soils in high mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The dominant species are sedges [Carex humilis] and [Carex laevis], and grasses [Sesleria latifolia], [Sesleria rigida], [Stipa pulcherrima]. The occurrence of endemic and sub-endemic species is typical.


description:
High-altitude grass and sedge dominated formations of the Caucasus, of the Pontic Range, of the Elburz and of the Crimean mountains.


description:
Grasslands of the humid alpine level of the eastern Pontic Range, with [Campanula tridentata], [Alchemilla vulgaris], [Poa alpina], [Festuca ovina] s.l., and of the humid subalpine level, occupied by pastures of [Festuca] spp., with [Luzula spicata], [Carex tristis], [Lotus corniculatus].


description:
Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of the high Caucasus, with a considerable variety of associations.


description:
Grass and sedge dominated formations of alpine and subalpine meadows of Crimea.


description:
Extrasylvatic grasslands of the Elburz range of northern Iran, of limited extent and insularised, developed under humid alpine conditions, with [Dactylis glomerata], [Alopecurus] spp., [Sesleria phleoides], [Trifolium] spp., [Lotus corniculatus], [Polygonum bistorta], [Primula auriculata], [Pedicularis comosa].


description:
Enriched pastures of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of mountains. Enriched hay meadows are listed under E2.3.


description:
[Trisetum flavescens]-dominated grasslands of the subalpine level of the Alps, the Carpathians, Balkans and the Jura. [Alchemilla] spp. dominates very often. Yellow oatgrass hay meadows are typically montane and are described under unit E2.3; these are subalpine equivalents.


hname:
Rough hawkbit ([Leontodon hispidus]) pastures

description:
Species-poor manured cattle pastures of the subalpine and lower alpine levels of the western Alpids and their satellite ranges, with [Agrostis alpina], [Phleum alpinum], [Poa alpina], [Cerastium fontanum], [Crepis aurea], [Leontodon hispidus], [Trifolium badium], [Trifolium thalii].


description:
High, closed Dinaric grasslands which are quite species-rich (alliance [Pancicion]). Grasses [Festuca fallax], [Agrostis capillaris], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Nardus stricta] are dominant, together with tall species which give a specific visual aspect: [Pancicia serbica], [Astrantia elatior], [Leucanthemum vulgare] (s.l.), [Rhinanthus rumelicus].


hname:
Woodland fringes and clearings and tall forb stands

description:
Stands of tall herbs or ferns, occuring on disused urban or agricultural land, by watercourses, at the edge of woods, or invading pastures. Stands of shorter herbs forming a distinct zone (seam) at the edge of woods.


description:
Stands of herbs developing on abandoned urban or agricultural land, on land that has been reclaimed, on transport networks, or on land used for waste disposal.


hname:
Lowland habitats colonised by tall nitrophilous herbs


hname:
Weed communities of recently abandoned urban and suburban constructions

description:
Communities of pioneering, introduced or nitrophilous plants colonising waste places, disturbed natural or semi-natural areas, roadsides and other interstitial spaces or disturbed ground within arctic, boreal, nemoral, mediterranean, steppic, desert or tropical regions of the Palaearctic.


hname:
Weed communities of recently abandoned rural constructions


hname:
Weed communities of recently abandoned extractive industrial sites


description:
Expanses occupied by colonies of forbs, notably leguminous species, planted for purposes of soil protection, stabilization, fertilisation or reclamation.


description:
Woodland edge (seam) vegetation of the nemoral, boreo-nemoral and submediterranean zones, composed of warmth-requiring drought-resistant herbaceous perennials and shrubs, which form a belt between dry or mesophile grasslands and the shrubby forest mantle, on the sunny side, where the nutrient supply is limited, or, sometimes, pioneering the woodland colonization into the grasslands.


description:
Hems of xerothermic mixed oak woods of middle Europe and its sub-Mediterranean approaches, mostly belonging to the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] or related groups of communities, extending north to the boreonemoral zone of Fennoscandia, with [Geranium sanguineum], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Bupleurum] spp., [Origanum vulgare], [Inula] spp., [Dictamnus albus], [Anthericum ramosum], [Fragaria viridis], [Anemone sylvestris], [Lathyrus pannonicus], [Peucedanum] spp., [Laserpitium latifolium], [Polygonatum odoratum], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Trifolium rubens], [Clematis recta], [Coronilla coronata], [Melampyrum cristatum], [Campanula] spp., [Veronica teucrium]. Vegetation of alliance [Geranion sanguinei].


description:
Mesophile and xero-acidocline hems of [Carpinion] and [Fagion] woods, developed on deeper soil than those of unit E5.21, or on siliceous substrates, with [Trifolium medium], [Trifolium ochroleucon], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Peucedanum cervaria], [Campanula baumgartenii], [Origanum vulgare], [Melampyrum] spp., [Valeriana wallrothii], [Agrimonia eupatoria], [Vicia] spp., [Lathyrus latifolius] and [Teucrium scorodonia]. Alliances [Trifolion medii], [Melampyrion pratensis].


description:
Atlantic, sub-Atlantic, sub-Mediterranean and Macaronesian communities dominated by the large fern [Pteridium aquilinum], extensive and often closed.


description:
[Pteridium aquilinum] fields appearing as a recolonisation stage of the [Quercion] of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic areas of continental Europe, including the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula.


description:
[Pteridium aquilinum] facies of the heaths of the Atlantic Islands.


description:
[Pteridium aquilinum] fields of the [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] zone.


hname:
Moist or wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows

description:
Tall-herb and fern vegetation of the nemoral and boreal zones, including stands of tall herbs on hills and mountains below the montane level. Tall herbs are often dominant along watercourses, in wet meadows and in shade at the edge of woodlands.


hname:
Screens or veils of perennial tall herbs lining watercourses

description:
Tall herbs fringe communities on banks of runnning waters on gleyic soils with humus horizon. Characteristic species are [Petasites] spp., [Filipendula ulmaria], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Urtica dioica], [Mentha longifolia], [Angelica sylvestris], [Caltha palustris], [Crepis paludosa], [Epilobium hirsutum] and [Geranium palustre]. Vegetation of [Calthion], [Senecionion fluviatilis], and [Petasition officinalis] is found in this unit. Often replaced by neophytes or ruderal plants.


hname:
Watercourse veils (other than of meadowsweet)


description:
[Angelica archangelica ssp. litoralis] formations of great northern rivers, presently rare and threatened.


description:
[Angelica heterocarpa] formations of tidal estuaries of the Loire, the Charente and the Gironde; the species is a rare and very narrow endemic of southwestern France.


description:
[Althaea officinalis] formations of river banks and marsh edges, particularly on somewhat saline soils.


hname:
Western nemoral river bank tall-herb communities dominated by meadowsweet


hname:
Boreal river bank tall-herb communities dominated by meadowsweet

description:
River bank and humid depression tall herb communities of the lowlands of the boreal zone dominated by [Filipendula ulmaria], with, among others, [Achillea ptarmica], [Dactylorhiza fuchsii], [Galium uliginosum], [Geum rivale], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Trollius europaeus], [Valeriana sambucifolia].


hname:
Continental river bank tall-herb communities dominated by meadowsweet

description:
River bank and freshwater humid depression tall herb communities of the continental steppe zones.


description:
Non-ruderal commuties of the alliance [Calthion]. [Filipendula ulmaria] is dominant here, [Crepis paludosa], [Iris sibirica], [Lythrum salicaria] and [Geranium palustre] are also present.


hname:
Western nemoral tall-herb communities of humid meadows


hname:
Boreal tall-herb communities of humid depressions


hname:
Continental tall-herb communities of humid meadows


description:
Nitro-hygrophilous communities of usually large-leaved herbs developing along the shaded side of wooded stands and hedges, with [Galium aparine], [Glechoma hederacea], [Geum urbanum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Silene dioica], [Carduus crispus], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Lamium album], [Alliaria petiolata], [Lapsana communis], [Geranium robertianum], [Viola alba], [Viola odorata].


hname:
Mediterranean grasslands on alluvial river banks

description:
Nitrophilous annual and perennial grass and sedge formations of the alluvial banks of Mediterranean permanent or temporary water courses, most characteristic of great Mediterranean rivers, with [Paspalum paspalodes], [Paspalum vaginatum], [Polypogon viridis] ([Agrostis semiverticillata]), [Cyperus fuscus], [Catabrosa aquatica]. Vegetation of alliance [Paspalo-Agrostidion].


hname:
Subalpine moist or wet tall-herb and fern stands

description:
Luxuriant tall herb formations of deep, humid soils in the montane to alpine, but mostly subalpine, levels of the higher mountains, with [Cicerbita alpina], [Cicerbita alpina plumieri], [Cirsium helenioides], [Cirsium spinosissimum], [Cirsium flavispina], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Aconitum vulparia], [Aconitum napellus], [Aconitum nevadense], [Adenostyles alliariae], [Senecio elodes], [Veratrum album], [Trollius europaeus], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Doronicum austriacum], [Pedicularis foliosa], [Eryngium alpinum], [Leuzea rhapontica] ([Centaurea rhapontica]), [Valeriana pyrenaica], [Tozzia alpina].


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, the Central Massif and the Apennines. Vegetation of [Adenostylion] with dominant [Adenostyles alliariae] and [Veratrum album], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Cicerbita alpina], [Aconitum] spp. and others also present. In the Carpathians these communities are represented also by alliance [Delphinion elati]. Some habitats are dominated by ferns (e.g. [Athyrium distentifolium], [Dryopteris filix-mas]).


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Alps.


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Jura.


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Central Massif and of the great ranges of the Hercynian arc, in particular, the Vosges, the Black Forest and the major ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, the Sudeten, the Erzgebirge, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava).


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Carpathians.


description:
Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by [Adenostyles alliariae], [Cicerbita alpina] ([Mulgedium alpinum]), [Epilobium alpinum].


description:
Tall herb communities of the Carpathians dominated by [Athyrium distentifolium] ([Athyrium alpestre]).


description:
Tall herb communities of the Carpathians formed by [Aconitum] species.


description:
Tall herb communities of the northwestern Carpathians formed by [Aconitum firmum] ([Aconitum callibotryon]), [Archangelica officinalis], [Delphinium oxysepalum].


description:
Tall herb communities of the subalpine and alpine levels of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, occupying wet nutrient- and humus-rich colluvions of glacial cirque perimeters dominated by [Aconitum tauricum], with [Saxifraga heucherifolia] and a representation of species of the [Adenostylion].


description:
Formations of the Carpathians dominated by [Petasites] spp.


description:
[Petasites albus]-dominated formations of the upper montane and lower subalpine levels of the Carpathians, with species typical of the [Adenostylion].


description:
[Petasites kablikianus]-dominated formations of shady streamsides of Carpathian mountain valleys, with [Orobanche flava], [Carduus personata], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum].


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Dinarides.


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of the Apennines.


description:
Communities of the montane and subalpine levels of high and moderately high mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges, dominated by tall grasses, accompanied by a species cortège similar to that of the subalpine tall-herb communities. They are bound to both siliceous and carbonate substrates. Characteristic species: [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa]. In the Carpathians they are represented by a very high number of associations included in the alliances [Calamagrostion villosae], [Trisetion fusci], [Festucion carpaticae] and [Calamagrostion arundinaceae].


hname:
Alpic tall-grass communities on siliceous substrates

description:
Dominant species are [Calamagrostis villosa], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Trisetum fuscum].


hname:
Alpic tall-grass communities on carbonate substrates

description:
Dominant species are [Calamagrostis varia], [Festuca carpatica].


hname:
Alpic tall-grass communities on drier and warmer slopes

description:
Dominant species are [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Laserpitium latifolium].


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian mountains, the Cordillera Central, the Iberian Range, with [Valeriana pyrenaica] and [Adenostyles alliariae ssp. hybrida] ([Adenostyles alliariae ssp. pyrenaica]).


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb formations of moist hollows and gullies of southern Iberian and North African mountains.


description:
Subalpine and alpine meso-hygrophile tall herb communities of the Sierra Nevada and other southern Iberian mountains, with the endemic [Cirsium flavispina], [Aconitum nevadense], [Senecio elodes].


hname:
Corsican Toadflax ([Cymbalaria]) tall-herb communities

description:
Tall-herb communities of the subalpine and lower alpine level of Corsica, limited to shady, strongly sloping corridors with prolonged snow cover and often with stabilised scree, formed by [Adenostyles briquetii], [Valeriana rotundifolia], [Peucedanum ostruthium], [Cymbalaria hepaticifolia], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Aquilegia bernardii], [Viola biflora], and often several fern species.


hname:
Corsican leopard's bane ([Doronicum]) tall-herb communities

description:
Tall herb riparian communities of stony and rocky torrents and of dripping rocks of the upper montane, subalpine and alpine levels of Corsica formed by [Doronicum corsicum], [Narthecium reverchonii], [Carex frigida], [Calamagrostris varia ssp. corsica], [Phalaris arundinacea var. rotgesii] ([Typhoides arundinacea ssp. rotgesii]).


description:
Thermophile [Fagus moesiaca] forests of the Balkan Range, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], limited to a few areas, in particular, of the western Anti-Balkan.


hname:
Moesian Constantinople hazel beech forests

description:
[Fagus moesiaca] forests of the western Balkan Range of eastern Serbia, known at least from the Suva Planina, developed on shallow calcareous soils of sunny slopes, with [Corylus colurna], [Acer hyrcanum], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Pyrus pyraster], [Malus sylvestris], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Carpinus orientalis], [Carpinus betulus], [Primula veris], [Vincetoxicum hirundinaria], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Helleborus odorus], [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Galium mollugo], [Melica uniflora]. These formations have clear affinities with the communities of 41.1D52, included in the Dacian beech forest ensemble of the southern Carpathians.


description:
Moesian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the southern Dinarides, north of the Metohija depression, in contact with Illyrian beech forests of unit G1.6C.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Pindus north to the Smolikas and the Grammos, and of the Chassia, Olympus and Ossa groups, with reduced medio-European character and high endemism, characterised by the presence of [Abies borisii-regis], [Abies alba], [Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus communis], [Taxus baccata], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Cynosurus echinatus], [Doronicum caucasicum], [Galium laconicum], [Lathyrus venetus] and [Helleborus cyclophyllus].


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica-Abies borisii-regis] forests of reduced medio-European character and high endemism, mostly characteristic of the central Pindus (Noto Pindhos, "Southern Pindus"), with local occurrences in the northern Pindus, in particular in the Smolikas and the Grammos.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies borisii-regis] forests, characterized like those of unit G1.661 by their reduced medio-European character and high endemism, isolated, west of the main Pindian range of Hellenic beech forests, in mountains of the Chassia and Olympus groups, in particular in the Andichasia, Olympus and Pieria ranges.


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus moesiaca] forests, more thermophile than those of G1.69 and G1.6A, occurring in the transition zone between the supra-Mediterranean and montane levels of Thrace and Macedonia, characterised by the presence of numerous species of the [Quercion frainetto].


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills. In these areas they are in contact with, or interspersed among, medio-European beech forests. Typical herb species are [Dentaria] spp., [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Hacquetia epipactis], [Lamium orvala] and others.


description:
Strongly acidophile [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of weakly expressed Illyrian character, with possible outliers in the southeastern Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills.


description:
Neutrophile, neutrocline, acidocline and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills.


hname:
Illyrian collinar neutrophile beech forests

description:
Neutrophile and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the collinar level of the Dinarides and pre-Dinarides, of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia, of the southern Transdanubian hills of Hungary and, very locally, of pre-Alpine thermophile hills in valleys of Carinthia and Friuli Venezia Giulia, with [Aremonia agrimonoides], [Anemone trifolia], [Vicia oroboides], [Lathyrus venetus], [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]), [Primula vulgaris], [Hacquetia epipactis], [Ruscus hypoglossum], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tilia tomentosa].


description:
Neutrophile, acidocline and basicline [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the montane level of the Dinarides; related forests of the southeastern Alps, characterized by the presence of a distinctively Illyrian cortège in the undergrowth.


hname:
Illyrian low-montane acidocline fir-beech forests

description:
Neutrophile and acidocline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, of the southeastern Alps, with [Petasites albus], [Lamiastrum flavidum] and an Illyrian cortège that includes [Lamium orvala] and [Anemone trifolia], associated to acidocline species such as [Oxalis acetosella], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Luzula luzuloides] and several ferns.


hname:
Illyrian low-montane neutrophile fir-beech forests

description:
Neutrocline or basicline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the lower and middle montane levels of the Dinarides and the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, with [Anemone trifolia], [Helleborus niger], [Oxalis acetosella], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Sorbus aria].


description:
Neutrocline or basicline forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba], [Picea abies] and [Larix decidua] of the upper montane levels of the Dinarides and, locally, the southeastern Alps of Slovenia and Carinthia, often low-growing or krummholz, with [Anemone trifolia], [Saxifraga rotundifolia], [Aposeris foetida], [Cardamine trifolia], [Helleborus niger], [Oxalis acetosella], [Petasites albus], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Lonicera alpigena].


description:
Thermophilous and often calcicolous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, with outliers and irradiations in the southeastern Alps and in the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] or [Fraxino orni-Ostryion] species.


description:
Thermophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests forming, between Mediterranean [Ostrya] forests and montane beech forests, a sublittoral belt, stretching from Istria to Albania, and characterized by the massive occurrence of [Sesleria autumnalis] and the presence of many Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species, including [Fraxinus ornus], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Acer obtusatum], [Quercus pubescens], [Sorbus aria].


hname:
Illyrian inland calciphile beech forests

description:
Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of inland areas of the Dinarides and of associated ranges and hills, of the southeastern pre-Alps and the mid-Pannonic hills, characterized by the presence of [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis] or [Fraxino orni-Ostryion] species.


description:
Thermophilous Illyrian [Fagus sylvatica] forests of limestones and dolomites of the pre-Dinaric hills of Slovenia and of the southeastern pre-Alpine hills of Slovenia and Carinthia, with [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Sorbus aria], [Sorbus torminalis] and a species-rich herb-layer comprising numerous [Quercetalia pubescentis] characteristics.


description:
Relict [Juniperus thurifera] woods of enclaves on the periphery of and within the Sierra de Guadarrama, occurring both on rare local limestone deposits and in a few siliceous stations.


hname:
Guadarraman calciphilous Spanish juniper woods

description:
Formations of [Juniperus thurifera] linked to local limestone deposits of the Sierra de Guadarrama area.


hname:
Guadarraman silicicolous Spanish juniper woods

description:
Anomalous silicicolous [Juniperus thurifera] formations of the Sierra de Guadarrama area, with [Juniperus oxycedrus].


description:
Relict, open [Juniperus thurifera] woodlands of dry, warm, rocky, calcareous southern slopes of the Cordillera Cantabrica, between the Rio Pisuerga and the Rio Luna, with [Juniperus nana], [Juniperus sabina], [Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica], [Rhamnus alpinus], [Viburnum lantana].


description:
[Juniperus thurifera] woodlands on gypsiferous soils of the Ebro basin, with [Rhamnus lycioides].


description:
[Juniperus thurifera] woods on La Mancha clay soils of the Campo de Montiel.


description:
Relict, open [Juniperus thurifera] formations of the pre-Baetic system in the Sierra Taibilla (Albacete, Murcia).


description:
Relict [Juniperus thurifera] wood of the supra-Mediterranean level of the Montagne de Rie, on the northern flank of the central Pyrenees.


description:
[Juniperus thurifera] formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the southwestern Alps, in Dr“me, Hautes-Alpes and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, between 700 and 1200, occasionally 1400, metres.


description:
[Juniperus thurifera] formations of warm calcareous supra-Mediterranean slopes of the Isère valley, in the western Alps, between 300 and 500 metres.


description:
Open montane forests of [Juniperus thurifera], sometimes mixed with [Pinus laricio], restricted to a few valleys in the interior of Corsica with extreme temperature ranges (Pinnera, Rudda, Pruniccia)


hname:
Grecian juniper ([Juniperus excelsa]) woods

description:
Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus excelsa] or the closely allied [Juniperus macropoda] ([Juniperus polycarpos], [Juniperus seravshanica]) of the Irano-Turanian plateaux and mountains of Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan, extending to Lebanon, the Caucasus, Crimea, Cyprus and the Balkanic peninsula, in the periphery of the Pelagonides and Rhodope Mountains. Arborescent matorrals, somewhat more widespread in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean regions, are included as unit F5.1331.


description:
[Juniperus excelsa] forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the southern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the mountains surrounding Lake Prespa in northern Greece where they occur up to 900-1000 m.


description:
Woods of [Juniperus excelsa], of the western and northern periphery of the Rhodope Mountains, localized in the southwestern Bulgarian Struma trough, and in the northern foothills of the central Rhodope mountains near Krichim and Bachkovo, usually open, with deciduous forest elements including [Fraxinus ornus], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Carpinus orientalis], sometimes [Quercus pubescens], and many Mediterranean species, such as [Phillyrea latifolia], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Lonicera etrusca], [Achnatherum bromoides].


description:
[Juniperus excelsa] forests of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] zone of the northern periphery of the Pelagonides, in particular of the Vardar and Crna Reka valleys of the northern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, at an altitude of 100-400 metres.


description:
Forests of [Juniperus excelsa] of the Troodos Range, where the species locally (Madari Peak, Papoutsa Peak) replaces [Pinus pallasiana].


description:
Pre-steppic, meso-Mediterranean and subalpine [Juniperus excelsa]-dominated forests of Anatolia.


hname:
Stinking juniper ([Juniperus foetidissima]) woods

description:
Forest formations dominated by [Juniperus foetidissima] of the Balkan peninsula, Cyprus, Anatolia, Transcaucasia.


description:
Formations of Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal saltmarshes dominated by rosette-forming [Limonium] and [Goniolimon].


hname:
Mediterranean esparto ([Lygeum]) salt steppes

description:
Saltmarsh and saltmarsh fringe formations of [Lygeum spartum] of coastal Crete, coastal and interior Iberia.


hname:
Mediterranean inland halo-nitrophilous pioneer communities

description:
Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals ([Frankenia pulverulenta], [Suaeda splendens], [Salsola soda], [Cressa cretica], [Parapholis incurva], [Parapholis strigosa], [Hordeum marinum], [Sphenopus divaricatus], [Polypogon maritimus], [Spergularia] spp., [Vella annua]) colonizing salt muds of Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic coastal regions, of Iberian and North African endoreic (closed drainage) basins, susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying. Vegetation e.g. of [Frankenion pulverulentae]. They are more species-rich or richer in non-Chenopodiaceae than the communities of unit A2.551; they are particularly developed in the Iberian peninsula, secondarily in the large Mediterranean islands, in coastal regions and endoreic basins of North Africa, in southern Italy and Mediterranean France; they occur as irradiations on thermo-Atlantic coasts, notably on the Atlantic coast of France. Somewhat similar communities occur in the steppe zones of Eurasia and their regions of influence, as well as in Saharo-Mediterranean steppes of North Africa; they are included in unit E6.23.


description:
Salt steppes and their associated salt-tolerant herbaceous communities outside the Mediterranean zone. In Europe they are found in the substeppe and steppe zones eastwards from the Hungarian Plain.


description:
Salt steppes and saltmarsh meadows of the Pannonic plain and its satellite basins. Large expanses of salt steppe form an open landscape of short-grass swards on slightly elevated ground (unit E6.211) and of rills (units E6.213, E6.214), eroded shallow depressions with bare or sparsely vegetated saline soils, dry or moist in spring and prone to white salt efflorescences. Deeper rills, with less ephemeral water, support medium-tall saline meadows (unit E6.212). This unit is represented by the alliance [Beckmannion eruciformis] in the Carpathians and includes small-area fragments. Waterholes that dot the surface harbour brackish aquatic vegetation (unit C1.523) and are fringed by tall emergents (units C3, D5, in particular halophile communities of C3.27); their drying muds, subjected to prolonged immersion, are colonised by pioneer formations of Chenopodiaceae (unit D6.161) or crypsoid grasses (unit E6.23). These ensembles of communities are mainly represented in the central Pannonic plain, east of the Tisza, in the Danube lowlands of the Tisza-Danube interfluve and in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin. Smaller relics persist in the Danube lowlands of Slovakia, in the eastern Pannonic plain and Transylvanian basin of Romania, in the Voivodina and have survived until recently in Moravia, where they may now be extinct. Outside of the Pannonic basin, western outposts of the continental salt steppes and saltmarshes (unit E6.2) are also known from the Bohemian basin and from isolated intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula; the Bohemian communities have long been extinct; the extremely localized Balkanic ones, although equally related to the Pannonic and Pontic formations, have, for convenience, been includedhere, since they share their extreme western location within the Eurasian salt steppe complex. Species composition depends on two gradients – soil moisture and salination. Important species are [Chenopodium chenopodioides], [Crypsis aculeata], [Spergularia salina], [Scirpus pumilus], [Juncus gerardi] and [Melilotus macrorrhizus].


description:
[Festuca pseudovina] swards of the slightly elevated natron shoulders and low benches of the Pannonic puszta, on saline but permanently dry soils with a thin humic layer. Together with the low-lying rills that score them, they constitute the main landscape of the saline Pannonian steppes; the formations of unit E6.2111 constitute the centre group of communities, those of unit E6.2113 mostly compose intermediate belts between these and the bare or sparsely vegetated rills, those of units E6.2112 and E6.2114 are edaphically or geographically limited variants, that of unit E6.2116 is both transitional to rill vegetation and geographically limited. The communities of unit E6.2115 comprise the transitions between the saline pusztas and saline steppe-forests.


description:
Dominant salt-steppe communities of dry soils of the Pannonic plain, capable of covering vast surfaces, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina], [Achillea setacea], [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium pallidum], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium retusum], [Lotus tenuis], [Centaurea pannonica], [Scilla autumnalis].


description:
Salt-steppe communities of the northern and central parts of the Pannonian basin.


description:
Salt-steppe communities of the southern parts of the Pannonian basin, with [Trifolium subterraneum], [Scilla autumnalis].


description:
Rare local salt-steppe formation of the Hortobagy, invaded by the tall, physiognomically dominant [Elymus elongatus ssp. ponticus] ([Agropyron ruthenicum]).


description:
Salt-steppe communities developed on sandy soils of the Pannonic plain, usually occupying much smaller surfaces than those of E6.211, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and [Achillea asplenifolia]. They are locally a refuge for tall grass loess-steppe and sand-steppe species such as [Astragalus varius], [Astragalus austriacus], [Astragalus aster], [Orchis ustulata], [Iris pumila].


description:
Saline steppe communities of the Pannonic plain, of strong middle Asian affinities, developed on more low-lying surfaces than those of unit E6.2111, often on the periphery of rills, usually inundated in early spring, dominated by sward-forming [Festuca pseudovina] with a variable admixture of emergent [Artemisia], often physiognomically dominant, and patchy mass-occurrences of [Limonium]. Characteristic species include [Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum], [Artemisia maritima ssp. maritima], [Festuca pseudovina], [Limonium gmelinii], [Trifolium retusum] ([Trifolium parviflorum]), [Sedum caespitosum], [Taraxacum bessarabicum] and the endemic [Plantago schwarzenbergiana].


hname:
East Pannonic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes

description:
Salt steppes or semideserts of the Transylvanian basin, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and species of Pontic and middle Asian affinities, such as [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia triandra].


description:
Medium tall meadow communities of the Pannonic basin characteristic, in particular, of clearings and edges of oak forests on saline soils covered by water in early spring, species-rich and with an admixture of species of mesophile grasslands, dry grasslands and salt steppes, in particular, [Peucedanum officinale], [Peucedanum alsaticum], [Scutellaria galericulata], [Vicia narbonensis var. serratifolia], [Aster sedifolius] ([Aster punctatus]), [Aster linosyris], [Artemisia pontica], [Dianthus pontederae], [Rumex pseudonatronatus], [Iris spuria], [Orchis morio], [Festuca pseudovina], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Agrostis stolonifera].


hname:
East Pannonic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes

description:
Communities dominated by [Limonium gmelinii] and [Artemisia santonicum], with [Aster tripolium], [Spergularia media], [Hordeum hystrix], [Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa], of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, transitional to formations of the [Puccinellion limosae] (unit E6.213).


description:
Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, developed on summer-dry carbonate-poor clay soils ([Beckmannion] communities) or on carbonate-rich or sandy soils ([Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii] communities) of the Pannonic plain. The [Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii] formations are well represented in particular in western Pannonia, in the Neusiedler See (Lake Ferto) basin and in the Danube-Tisza interfluvial region.


description:
Medium-tall saline meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain, developed on less alkaline soils, poor in halophytic species, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Glyceria fluitans ssp. poiformis], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Lythrum hyssopifolia], [Sium sisaroideum] and the Pannonic endemic [Cirsium brachycephalum].


description:
Medium tall salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on more alkaline soils, richer in halophytic species but poorer in overall species richness than the communities of unit E6.2121, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Beckmannia eruciformis], [Bupleurum tenuissimum], [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Puccinellia limosa].


description:
Stands of [Euphorbia dendroides], remarkable tertiary relict of Macaronesian origin; they occur as a facies of the thermo-Mediterranean scrub of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Islas Eolie, Egadi, Pelagi, Pantelleria, Crete, and, very locally, of those of the coasts of northern Catalonia, southeastern France, peninsular Italy and its islands, central Greece, notably on slopes facing the gulf of Corinth, the Peloponnese, the Aegean archipelagoes, Albania and enclaves of the Mediterranean periphery of Anatolia and the Levant. Particularly extensive and robust stands occur in Sicily, Sardinia and Crete where they may extend to relatively high altitudes. Very local formations in Mediterranean North Africa occupy the steep rocky slopes of some coastal capes and isolated inland sites, in Cyrenaica, northern Tunisia (Ichkeul), and in a narrow coastal strip in northern Algeria.


description:
Garrigues invaded and dominated by the high tussocks of [Ampelodesmos mauritanica]; typically thermo-Mediterranean, they also occur extensively in the meso-Mediterranean zone. They are most prevalent on the Tyrrhenian coast of central and southern Italy, in Sicily, in the Mediterranean zone and the less arid parts of the Saharo-Mediterranean transition zone of North Africa.


description:
[Chamaerops humilis]-dominated formations; other thermo-Mediterranean scrub or garrigues rich in the physiognomically important palmetto can be identified by a combination of this code and that of the other appropriate subdivision of unit F5.5. Palmetto brushes are best represented in the coastal areas of southwestern, southern and eastern Iberia, the Balearics, Sicily and its satellite islands and Mediterranean North Africa, with more sporadic occurrences in the Guadalquivir basin, Sardinia, and the Tyrrhenian coasts and islands of peninsular Italy. They are apparently extinct in the wild in the Maltese Islands.


description:
Shrub formations constituting, with the halo-nitrophilous scrubs (unit F6.824) and the localized gypsum scrubs (unit F6.73), much of the natural and semi-natural vegetation of the arid zone of southeastern Spain (Almeria, Murcia, Alicante), a highly distinctive region of unique climatological, biological and landscape character within Europe, extremely rich in African and endemic species. Several of the most remarkable formations remain in only a few undisturbed localities and are gravely at risk. Similar formations occur in the upper arid (Mediterranean arid) zone of North Africa. Outposts of these communities also exist in Sicily, the Egadi islands, the Pelagie islands, the Maltese Islands and Pantelleria.


description:
Communities dominated by hummocks of the lotus tree [Ziziphus lotus], usually with [Lycium intricatum], [Withania frutescens], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus stipularis], [Rhamnus lycioides], of the arid Iberian Southeast. Very tall stands can be coded as unit F5.17.


description:
[Ziziphus lotus] formations of western Sicily.


description:
More or less dense, spiny scrub limited to very restricted areas of the Almerian and Carthagenian coasts of the arid Iberian Southeast, dominated by the shrub of African affinities [Maytenus senegalensis var. europaeus] with [Rhamnus oleoides ssp. angustifolia] and [Rhamnus oleoides ssp. velutinus], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus stipularis], [Asparagus horridus], [Chamaerops humilis] and occasionally [Buxus balearica].


description:
Open, sometimes sparse brush dominated by [Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia] with [Osyris quadripartita], [Chamaerops humilis], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Rhamnus lycioides] and locally [Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia], [Tetraclinis articulata], [Maytenus senegalensis] or [Lycium intricatum], limited to very arid coastal areas of Murcia and Almeria.


description:
Summer deciduous shrub formations of [Periploca laevigata ssp. angustifolia], [Lycium intricatum], [Euphorbia dendroides] with [Prasium majus], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Calicotome villosa] of islands of the Sicilian Channel, in particular of the southwestern coast of Pantelleria, of the Maltese Islands and of the Egadi Islands.


description:
Communities essentially endemic to the province of Almeria, constituted by [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis], [Phlomis caballeroi], [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides], [Genista umbellata], [Genista ramosissima], [Genista cinerea ssp. valentina], [Launaea arborescens], [Launaea lanifera], [Lavatera oblongifolia], [Linum suffruticosum], [Salsola webbii], [Salvia candelabrum], [Sideritis foetens], [Thymelaea tartonraira], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. canescens], [Frankenia webbii], [Anthyllis terniflora]. Formations belonging to this alliance dominated by large, non-spiny brooms are listed separately under unit F5.56.


description:
Tall brush communities of arid slopes at the base of coastal mountains with [Salsola webbii], [Launaea arborescens], [Anthyllis terniflora], [Frankenia webbii], [Echium pycnanthum].


description:
Montane brush of sunny calcareous slopes of the Sierra de Gador and the Sierra de Alhamilla, rich in endemics among which the shrubs [Sideritis foetens] and [Lavandula lanata] and the woody perennials [Salvia candelabrum], [Lavatera oblongifolia] and [Ptilostemon hispanicus].


description:
Formation endemic to the base-rich volcanic rocks of the mountains of Cabo de Gata, dominated by the gorse [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus], of extraordinarily limited range, accompanied by [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis], [Phlomis caballeroi] and numerous elements of thermo-Mediterranean scrub, [Asparagus] spp., [Pistacia lentiscus], [Quercus coccifera], [Chamaerops humilis].


description:
Open scrub rich in dwarf shrubs and dominated by the large cushions of var. [umbellata] of the remarkable, taxonomically widely isolated, southern and southeastern Spanish endemic [Genista umbellata], in association with the also cushion-forming [Thymus capitatus], [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides], another southern Spanish endemic, and [Phlomis purpurea ssp. almeriensis]. This formation, which presents physiognomic similarities with phryganas (unit F7), constitutes a transition between the arid scrub and the thermo-Mediterranean garrigues of section F5.57, in particular those formed by the only other population of [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis]). Many of the accompanying dwarf shrubs, such as [Thymus glandulosus], [Satureja obovata], [Teucrium eriocephalum], however, are Iberian Southeast endemics or preferentials.


description:
Low, open garrigues, often of steppic character, occupying mostly skeletal soils of the arid Iberian Southeast.


description:
Diverse formations of the northern part of the arid Iberian Southeast characterized by various combinations of the dwarf shrubs [Helianthemum caput-felis], [Helianthemum cinereum ssp. cinereum], [Helianthemum pilosum ssp. violaceum], [Hypericum ericoides], [Launaea pumila] and the endemic [Astragalus hispanicus], [Sideritis leucantha ssp. tragoriganum], [Teucrium pumilum ssp. carolipaui], [Thymus longiflorus ssp. moroderi].


description:
Very open formations limited to the areas of the Iberian Southeast with the most extreme arid conditions, characterized by [Anabasis articulata], [Frankenia webbii], [Haloxylon articulatum], [Launaea lanata], [Limonium album], [Teucrium gnaphalodes], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens], and an exceptional number of endemics, including [Coris hispanica], [Euzomodendron bourgaeanum], [Herniaria fontanesii ssp. almeriana], [Limonium insigne], [Salsola papillosa], [Santolina viscosa], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla], [Teucrium eriocephalum], [Teucrium almeriense].


description:
Formations rich in succulent plants of argillous and stony soils of Murcia and Almeria, with [Anabasis articulata] and [Limonium insigne].


description:
Formations of Cabo de Gata (Charidemum Promontorium) with [Teucrium charidemi], [Caralluma europaea var. confusa], [Lapiedra martinezii], [Antirrhinum charidemi], [Dianthus charidemii], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. osteoxyla], taxa for the most part endemic to the promontory.


description:
Medium-short salt-meadow communities of the central and eastern Pannonic plain and the Transylvanian basin, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Eleocharis palustris], [Eleocharis uniglumis], [Myosotis palustris], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Alopecurus geniculatus].


description:
Pannonic salt-meadow communities of tussock-forming species installed on higher ground and less alkaline soils, subject to brief periods of water cover, with [Scorzonera parviflora], [Juncus gerardi], [Agrostis stolonifera], [Carex distans], [Taraxacum bessarabicum]; [Lotus tenuis], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Blackstonia serotina] are characteristic. They also harbour [Plantago maxima], [Ophrys scolopax], [Iris spuria].


description:
Salt-meadow communities of low-lying, mostly long-inundated, areas of the Alföld of Hungary and southern Slovakia, with strongly alkaline soil, dominated by [Carex divisa], accompanied by [Triglochin palustris], [Triglochin maritima], [Orchis coriophora], [Orchis palustris] and, on the highest surfaces, [Ophrys sphegodes].


description:
Short-grass salt-meadow communities installed on high chloride soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, surrounding endoreic depressions (closed drainage basins) of the Transylvanian basin of eastern Pannonia, composed of central Asian species such as [Peucedanum latifolium], together with [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Triglochin maritima], [Plantago cornuti], [Agrostis stolonifera].


description:
Rill communities, mostly characteristic of the eastern part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-poor sandy or clayey solonetz soils.


description:
Communities of moist rills, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with a 50% to 80% cover, dominated by the small tussocks of [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] with [Mentha pulegium], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Atriplex littoralis], [Atriplex tatarica], [Kochia prostrata], [Puccinellia distans ssp. distans], [Chenopodium botryodes].


description:
Communities of dry rills, sparse and species-poor, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, though extending west to the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto), dominated by [Camphorosma annua], with [Chamomilla recutita], [Matricaria perforata], and, on more silty soils [Spergularia rubra], [Spergularia marina], [Spergularia media].


description:
Rare formations of dry rills of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with [Bassia sedoides].


description:
Communities of moist rills, wet until the beginning of summer, mostly characteristic of the eastern Pannonic salt steppes, with [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Plantago tenuiflora], [Myosurus minimus] and the blue alga [Nostoc commune]. They reach their western limit at the Neusidlersee (Lake Ferto) where they are extremely rare and endangered.


description:
Halonitrophile, zooanthropogenous formations of the Pannonic salt steppes dominated by [Hordeum hystrix] ([Hordeum geniculatum]) and [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] with [Agrostis stolonifera], [Elymus repens], [Lotus tenuis] ([Lotus glaber]), [Artemisia santonicum ssp. santonicum], [Scorzonera cana].


description:
Poolside and rill communities, mostly characteristic of the western part of the Pannonic basin, developed on lime-rich sandy or clayey solonchak soils.


description:
Rill formations of the Alföld and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, with large tussocks of [Puccinellia distans ssp. limosa] surrounding bare low-lying surfaces. Characteristic species include [Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium], [Tetragonolobus maritimus], [Plantago maritima], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus] and the extinct [Puccinellia pannonica].


description:
Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, developed along the shores of salt pools on solonchaks that remain wet until the beginning of summer, with [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia] ([Puccinellia peisonis]), [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Cerastium diffusum ssp. subtetrandrum], [Plantago maritima].


description:
Sparse communities of hollows of the western Pannonic salt steppes, in particular of the Neusiedlersee (Lake Ferto) basin, of eastern Transdanubia and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve, developed on higher, drier ground than those of units E6.2141 and E6.2142.


description:
Endemic community of the Seewinkel, in the eastern Neusiedlersee basin, developed along the shores of salt ponds, where it occupies higher ground or more landward locations of the solonchak belt than the [Puccinellia] swards of unit E6.2142, and is submitted to more extreme conditions of high saltiness and summer soda efflorescences resulting from a briefer annual period of soaking and less frequent inundations. [Lepidium cartilagineum ssp. crassifolium] dominates alone or in association with [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia] ([Puccinellia peisonis]).


description:
Interior halophile communities of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, isolated southwestern outlyers of the Ponto-Pannonic formations, developed in the low rainfall areas of the Vardar-upper Morava trough and and of associated or neighbouring small intermontane basins, in particular, within the Pelagonian and Moeso-Macedonian mountains.


description:
Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses of the intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the northern Vardar and Strumica basins in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and from Albania.


description:
Rill communities of interior salt-steppe and saltmarsh complexes of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of the Vardar trough of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, with [Camphorosma annua], [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta], [Pholiurus pannonicus], [Plantago tenuiflora].


description:
[Camphorosma monspeliaca]-dominated formations of saline flats of intermontane basins of the southwestern Balkan peninsula, recorded, in particular, from the Vardar trough in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia.


description:
Salt steppes of the central F.Y.R. of Macedonia developed in the Vardar trough between Titov Veles, Stip and Negotino.


hname:
Ponto-Sarmatic salt steppes and saltmarshes

description:
Salt steppes and saltmarshes of the western and northern Black Sea and Sea of Azov plain, of the basins of the lower Danube, the Prut, the Dniester, the Dnieper, the Don, and of the southern Russian hills, north of the Caspian depression and west of the Volga-Kama trough, associated with the steppes of unit E1.2D. Coastal saltmarshes of the Black Sea and Azov Sea.


description:
Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular [Festuca pseudovina] and [Artemisia] spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains.


description:
Haloxerophile grassland communities dominated by [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina] and [Achillea setacea] accompanied by [Alopecurus pratensis], [Trifolium strictum], [Trifolium retusum] (Trifolium parviflorum]), of the lower Danube basin.


description:
Salt steppes of the western Pontic region dominated by [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens] and [Festuca pseudovina], accompanied by [Limonium gmelinii], [Camphorosma annua], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Bromus hordeaceus], [Poa bulbosa].


hname:
Western Pontic [Petrosimonia]-[Artemisia] salt steppes

description:
Salt steppes of the lower Danube basin, with [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia triandra], [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina].


hname:
Western Pontic [Peucedanum]-[Festuca] salt steppes

description:
Communities of weakly saline soils of salt steppes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains dominated by [Festuca pseudovina] and [Peucedanum latifolium], accompanied by [Aster sedifolius], [Aster linosyris], [Achillea collina], [Bupleurum tenuissimum], [Potentilla argentea], [Alopecurus pratensis], [Poa pratensis], [Carex praecox].


hname:
Western Pontic [Limonium]-[Artemisia] salt steppes

description:
Communities of [Limonium gmelinii] and [Artemisia santonicum] with [Aster tripolium], [Spergularia media], [Hordeum hystrix], [Gypsophila muralis var. stepposa], of the lower Danube basin and of northern Thrace.


description:
Salt-meadow communities of medium tall often tussock-forming grasses, sedges or rushes of the western Black Sea and lower Danube plains, with local representatives in the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins.


hname:
Western Pontic [Zingeria] saline meadows

description:
Saline meadows of Oltenia harbouring the Valacho-Anatolo-Caucasian [Zingeria pisidica] and the sub-Mediterranean [Trifolium resupinatum], [Trifolium michelianum], [Medicago arabica].


hname:
Western Pontic [Beckmannia] saline meadows

description:
Western Pontic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows, with [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Rorippa kerneri], [Carex melanostachya], [Peplis portula], [Aster tripolium], [Ranunculus lateriflorus].


hname:
Western Pontic spikerush-foxtail saline meadows

description:
Medium-short salt-meadow communities of Muntenia and Oltenia, developed on silt accumulations, in particular of drift lines of larger marshes and along rills, with [Eleocharis palustris], [Alopecurus geniculatus], [Glyceria fluitans], [Cerastium dubium], [Rorippa sylvestris ssp. kerneri].


hname:
Western Pontic saltmarsh rush saline meadows

description:
Saline meadows of carbonate-rich or sandy soils of the western Black Sea and Danube plains, dominated by or rich in [Juncus gerardi].


hname:
Western Pontic divided sedge saline meadows

description:
Saline meadows of Muntenia, Oltenia, the Dobrogea and the Danube delta, occupying moderately saline soils, dominated by [Carex divisa], with [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Cirsium alatum], [Juncus littoralis], [Schoenus maritimus], [Halimione pedunculata], [Spergularia media].


hname:
Western Pontic arrow-grass sea-aster saline meadows

description:
Saline meadows of Muntenia, dominated by [Triglochin palustris] and [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], developed on soils that remain damp to very damp year-round, with [Spergularia marina], [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Crypsis aculeata], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Puccinellia distans], [Suaeda maritima].


hname:
Western Pontic tall grass and rush saline beds

description:
Formations of western Black Sea saltmarshes and of saline depressions of the western Pontic plains, dominated by tall rushes of the [Juncus maritimus] group or tall grasses, in particular [Phacelurus digitatus] and [Elymus elongatus].


description:
Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes and other inland saline flats subject to inundation and desiccation of the western Black Sea plain, as well as on the higher ground of western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes, with outposts in the lower Danube valley and the northern Thracian middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins.


hname:
Western Pontic [Puccinellia] solonetz swards

description:
Grassy formations of western Black Sea coastal and inland solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, constituted by [Puccinellia festuciformis] and its subspecies ([Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. convoluta], [Puccinellia festuciformis ssp. intermedia]) or [Puccinellia distans] ([Puccinellia limosa]), in monospecific swards or accompanied by other halophytes including [Hordeum hystrix], [Crypsis aculeata], [Suaeda maritima], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Camphorosma annua], [Salicornia] spp., [Limonium] spp., [Spergularia] spp.


hname:
Western Pontic [Camphorosma annua] hollows

description:
[Camphorosma annua] formations with [Puccinellia limosa], [Aeluropus littoralis], [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Bassia sedoides], [Lepidium crassifolium], [Spergularia media], [Taraxacum bessarabicum] of the Black Sea and lower Danube plain of eastern Romania, and of northern Thrace in the middle Maritsa and Tundzha basins, the Studena River valley, the Veliko Tarnovo, Yambol and Burgas districts.


hname:
Western Pontic [Bassia sedoides] hollows

description:
Rare formations of dry rills of the western Pontic salt steppes of Muntenia, Moldavia and the Danube delta, characteristic of extreme dry conditions, with [Bassia sedoides].


description:
Formations of western Pontic solonetz and solonchak-solonetz soils, with outposts in the northern Thracian basin, composed by [Pholiurus pannonicus] and/or [Plantago tenuiflora], with [Myosurus minimus], [Puccinellia limosa], [Puccinellia distans], [Matricaria chamomilla], [Lepidium ruderale].


description:
Grassy solonetz or solonchak-solonetz formations of the western Black Sea coast and lower Danube plain and of the northern Thracian basin, dominated by [Hordeum hystrix], often accompanied by [Poa bulbosa], [Crypsis] spp., [Trifolium neglectum], [Cynodon dactylon], [Lepidium ruderale].


description:
Communities dominated by Ponto-Pannonic perennial grasses and herbs, or by Ponto-Caspian steppe and semidesert zone annuals and perennials, developed on solonchak or solonchak-solonetz soils of the western Black Sea coastal saltmarshes and of the salt basins of adjacent lowlands.


description:
Scrubby formations of [Halimione verrucifera], [Halocnemum strobilaceum] and [Nitraria schoberi], accompanied by [Artemisia] spp., [Limonium] spp., [Petrosimonia] spp., colonizing saltmarshes and salt basins of western Black Sea coastal areas and of the lower Danube valley.


description:
Communities dominated by low tufted grasses and subshrubs, in particular [Festuca pseudovina] and [Artemisia] spp., occupying higher, drier solonetz ground in salt steppes of the southern periphery of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian and the Volga plateaux, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains, west to the upper Prut basin and east to the Volga-Kama.


description:
Halophilous communities of shady slopes of the Sarmatic steppe region composed of [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], with [Halimione pedunculata], [Aster tripolium], [Bassia sedoides], [Puccinellia distans].


description:
Salt steppes of the Sarmatic region, west to Romanian Moldavia, with [Festuca pseudovina], [Achillea collina], [Artemisia santonicum ssp. patens], [Goniolimon tataricum], [Petrosimonia oppositifolia].


description:
[Festuca pseudodalmatica], [Festuca pseudovina] and [Limonium tomentellum] saline steppes formed on deeply columnar solonetz of loess river terraces of the Ukrainian forest-steppe and steppe zones.


description:
Sarmatic humid meadow communities of the [Puccinietalia], particularly of the [Beckmannion] and [Scorzonero-Juncion gerardii], developed on moderately saline, permanently humid soils.


hname:
Sarmatic [Beckmannia eruciformis] saline meadows

description:
Communities occupying small, permanently humid, weakly saline depressions of the Sarmatic salt-steppes and saltmarshes.


hname:
Sarmatic [Leuzea altaica] saline meadows

description:
Meso-hygrophile hay meadows of Moldavia, developed on weakly saline soils, with [Leuzea salina], [Peucedanum latifolium], [Iris halophila], [Aster sedifolius], [Scorzonera austriaca var. aucronata], [Lotus tenuis], [Taraxacum bessarabicum], [Juncus gerardi], [Aster tripolium ssp. pannonicus], [Plantago schwarzenbergiana], [Limonium gmelinii].


hname:
Sarmatic [Iris halophila] saline meadows

description:
Sarmatic saline meadows formed on alluvial sandy, weakly saline soils, with a high diversity of halophile species, with [Iris halophila], [Camphorosma annua], [Juncus gerardi], [Puccinellia distans], [Atriplex littoralis].


hname:
Sarmatic [Juncus gerardii] saline meadows

description:
Communities of [Juncus gerardi] with [Aster tripolium], [Puccinellia limosa], [Spergularia media], [Lotus tenuis], [Trifolium fragiferum], [Centaurium pulchellum].


description:
Sarmatic formations dominated by [Carex distans], of soils with low humidity and very low salinity.


description:
Communities dominated by grasses, chenopods or sea-lavenders, formed on solonetz or solonchak-solonetz soils in the rills of salt steppes of the Sarmatic region.


description:
Communities dominated by perennial grasses and herbs or by steppe and semidesert zone annuals, developed on solonchak soils of the Sarmatic region.


hname:
Central Eurasian solonchak grassland with [Crypsis]

description:
Sparse solonchak formations of annual grasses of genus [Crypsis] ([Heleochloa]), accompanied by [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]), [Spergularia media] ([Spergularia marginata]), [Camphorosma annua], [Spergularia marina] ([Spergularia salina]), [Salicornia] spp., [Lepidium latifolium], [Chenopodium] spp., [Atriplex] spp., colonizing drying muds of humid depressions of the salt steppes and saltmarshes (c.f. unit E6.21) of Eurasia, from Pannonia to the Far East. In some countries it is a very rare habitat.


description:
Pioneer community of the salt basins of the Pannonic Plain, of Muntenia, the Danube delta, the Dobrogea, the northern Black Sea and Azov Sea coastlands and steppes, characteristic of sandy soils, with [Cyperus pannonicus] ([Acorellus pannonicus]).


description:
Formations of halo-nitrophilous annuals dominated by [Frankenia pulverulenta] colonizing salt muds susceptible to temporary inundation and extreme drying in openings within [Artemisio austriacae-Poetum bulbosae] or [Obionetum pedunculatae] communities of lagoon systems of the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Danube Delta.


hname:
Central Balkan salt steppes and saltmarshes

description:
The flora and vegetation of Central Balkan salt steppes and marshes are intermediate in character, influenced both by Pannonian and Mediterranean salt habitats. The vegetation represents a complex mosaic of diverse herb communities. The most frequently dominant species are [Puccinellia convoluta] or [Puccinellia distans], growing in depressions of saltmarshes, where ephemeral vegetation of annuals [Plantago coronopus], [Myosurus minimus], [Camphorosma monspeliaca] etc. is also typical. On higher parts of the saltmarsh micro-relief [Trifolium subterraneum], [Trifolium nigrescens], [Ranunculus marginatus], [Ranunculus pedatus], [Scilla autumnalis], [Allium guttatum] are typical.


description:
Grasslands with a wooded overstorey that normally has less than 10% cover.


description:
Extensive surfaces of Atlantic regions of nemoral Europe occupied by grassland dotted with widely planted trees, characteristic of the British Isles, where they are usually enclosed, used for cattle or deer grazing.


description:
Grassland dotted with widely planted trees, to the east of the Atlantic zone of nemoral Europe.


description:
A characteristic landscape of the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula in which crops, pasture land or Mediterranean scrub, in juxtaposition or rotation, are shaded by a fairly closed to very open canopy of native oaks, [Quercus suber], [Quercus rotundifolia], [Quercus pyrenaica], [Quercus faginea]. It is an important habitat of raptors, including the threatened Iberian endemic eagle [Aquila adalberti], of the crane [Grus grus], of large insects and their predators and of the endangered Iberian lynx [Lynx pardinus].


description:
Non-coastal land which is dry or only seasonally inundated (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year) with greater than 30% vegetation cover. Tundra is characterised by the presence of permafrost. Heathland and scrub are defined as vegetation dominated by shrubs or dwarf shrubs of species that typically do not exceed 5 m maximum height. Includes shrub orchards, vineyards, hedges (which may have occasional tall trees). Also includes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3 m high, such as occur in extreme alpine conditions. Includes [Salix] and [Frangula] carrs. Excludes coppice (G5.7) and [Alnus] and [Populus] swamp woodland (G1.4).


description:
Vegetated land with graminoids, shrubs, mosses or macrolichens overlying permafrost. European tundras are limited to Spitzbergen and northern Russia. Vegetation with the same species also occurs on boreal mountains and in the low arctic remote from the main permafrost region, notably in Fennoscandia and Iceland; these oroboreal and low arctic habitats are listed under alpine and subalpine grassland E4 or arctic, alpine and subalpine scrub F2.


description:
Tundras of the southernmost tundra belt, characterized by an abundance of medium small and small shrubs, including 1-2 m tall [Alnus fruticosa], 0.5-0.8 m tall [Salix lanata], [Betula nana], [Betula exilis], [Salix reptans], [Salix pulchra], and of dwarf shrubs, in particular, [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Ledum decumbens], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Arctostaphylos alpinus]. They extend south to the wooded taiga belt.


description:
Southern tundras of Europe, comprising Kola tundras in the west, the southern part of the Eastern European tundras from the Kanin peninsula to the Ural piedmont, and the southern part of the Uralo-Vaikatchan tundras.


description:
Tundras of the middle tundra belt, characterized by a thick cover of mosses, formed notably by [Hylocomium splendens], [Aulacomnium turgidum], [Tomentypnum nitens], [Ptilidium ciliare], with dwarf shrubs, particularly [Dryas octopetala], [Cassiope tetragona], [Salix reptans], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], sedges, among which the often dominant [Carex ensifolia]. Drier stands alternate in mosaic fashion with wetter areas dominated by sedges, in particular, [Carex stans], [Eriophorum angustifolium], [Eriophorum scheuchzeri], and grasses, notably [Arctophila fulva], [Dupontia fischeri].


description:
Moss and lichen tundras of the northern Kanin peninsula, Kolguiev island, the northeastern European Petchora tundras, the Kara sea tundras, the southern Yamal peninsula, the southern Gyda peninsula, the southern Taimyr peninsula, in the Ienissei and Piasana basins.


description:
Moss and lichen tundras of the middle Taimyr peninsula, on the southern flanks of the Byrranga Range, and in the Taimyr basin.


description:
Scrub occurring north of or above the climatic tree limit, but outside the permafrost zone. Scrub occurring close to but below the climatic tree limit, where trees are suppressed either by late-lying snow or by wind or repeated browsing.


description:
[Salix] scrub composed of species that rarely exceed 1.5 m in height. Dwarf willow scrub is well developed in boreal and arctic mountains and in subarctic lowlands. In mountains of the nemoral and warm-temperate zones, stands of dwarf willow scrub are of much smaller extent and are charactistic of late-lying snow patches. They occur in the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians and Caucasus, and very locally to the south in the Paeonian mountains, Sierra Nevada, Cordillera Central, Monti Sibillini and Abruzzi. They occur locally in the Scottish Highlands and in the Sudeten.


hname:
Boreo-alpine acidocline snow-patch dwarf willow scrub

description:
Acidophile or acidocline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Creeping species dominate, adapted to the short growth season in areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months. Typical species: [Salix herbacea], [Carex firma], [Dryas octopetala], [Salix retusa], [Aster alpinus] and [Carex sempervirens]. Endemic species are also often found.


hname:
Southeastern Alpine bittercress beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba], [Fagus sylvatica]-[Picea abies] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests of the montane level of the eastern Noric Alps of Styria, with [Poa stiriaca], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Gentiana asclepiadea], [Knautia maxima], [Pulmonaria stiriaca] and elements of the Illyrian beech forests, in particular, [Peltaria alliacea], [Tephroseris longifolia], [Vicia oroboides]. They constitute a transition towards the Illyrian beech forests of the [Aremonio-Fagion] (unit G1.6C).


description:
Enclaved mesotrophic [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of basicline eruptive substrates of the Vosges, with [Anemone nemorosa], [Mercurialis perennis], [Prenanthes purpurea], [Lonicera nigra], [Ribes alpinum], [Dentaria enneaphyllos], [Galium rotundifolium].


description:
Enclaved neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] forests of the Black Forest.


hname:
Northern Hercynian bittercress beech forests

description:
Sub-Atlantic montane [Fagus sylvatica] forests of limestones and volcanic deposits of the Eifel, the Vogelsberg, and the Rhön, above 560-600 m.


hname:
Bohemian Quadrangle bittercress beech forests

description:
Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring hills, with [Cardamine enneaphyllos] ([Dentaria enneaphyllos]), [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]) , [Galium odoratum], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Actaea spicata], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Festuca sylvatica].


hname:
Western Carpathian bittercress beech forests

description:
Neutrophile [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests of the montane zone of the western Carpathians, with [Cardamine glandulosa] ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Galium odoratum], [Salvia glutinosa], [Symphytum cordatum], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Euphorbia amygdaloides], [Glechoma hirsuta].


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba] forests rich in [Tilia] spp., of the Bohemian basin.


description:
Neutrophilous beech forests of medio-European affinities of the hills of the Pannonic plain and its western periphery.


description:
Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus petraea] of the hills of lower Austria, Styria and western Transdanubia, with [Tilia cordata], [Galium sylvaticum], [Stellaria holostea], [Tanacetum corymbosum], [Galium odoratum], [Asarum europaeum ssp. europaeum], [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Lathyrus vernus], [Viola reichenbachiana].


hname:
Pannonic neutrophile collinar beech forests

description:
Neutrophile forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Carpinus betulus] and [Quercus petraea] of mid-Pannonic hills, from the Tornaer Karst and the Bükk in the northeast to the Bakony Hills and the Balaton area in the southwest, accompanied by [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], with an herb layer rich in [Cardamine bulbifera] ([Dentaria bulbifera]), [Carex pilosa], [Carex brevicollis], [Galium odoratum] ([Asperula odorata]), [Oxalis acetosella], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Viola reichenbachiana] ([Viola sylvestris]).


hname:
Pannonic neutrophile montane beech forests

description:
Neutrophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the montane level (700-800 metres) of the northeastern mid-Pannonic Sator, Bükk, Matra, and Börzsöny ranges, sometimes with [Fraxinus excelsior], accompanied by a poorly developed shrub layer with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Sambucus racemosa], [Rosa pendulina] and a ground layer comprising many tall herbs such as [Astrantia major], [Aconitum moldavicum], [Aconitum variegatum ssp. gracile], [Cardamine glandulosa], ([Dentaria glandulosa]), [Polygonatum verticillatum], [Lunaria rediviva]; species characteristic of collinar beech forests, such as [Acer campestre], [Quercus cerris], [Quercus petraea], [Melittis melissophyllum], are absent.


description:
Neutrophile montane beech forests of the southwestern Alps, the Maritime Alps, the Ligurian Alps, the Insubrian, Gardesian and Illyric southern pre-Alps, the northern and central Apennines, with [Trochiscanthes nodiflora], [Geranium nodosum], [Calamintha grandiflora], various [Dentaria] spp.


description:
Thermophile beech forests often rich in box [Buxus sempervirens] and lavender of the warm, calcareous slopes of the southwestern pre-Alps, Haute Provence, Maritime Alps, of the Causses, the eastern Pyrenees, the Aragonese central Pyrenees.


description:
Beech forests with an undergrowth dominated by [Buxus sempervirens].


description:
Beech forests with a more reduced shrub layer and an herb layer characterized by the presence of the restricted southwestern Alpine endemics [Androsace chaixii] and [Fritillaria involucrata].


description:
Beech forests with [Lavandula angustifolia].


description:
Isolated, species-rich beech forest of the Sainte-Baume range of Provence, characterized by the strong representation of evergreen undergrowth, the development of the vegetation strata and the multiple waves of flowering. Among accompanying species are [Taxus baccata], [Ilex aquifolium], [Acer opulifolium], [Viburnum lantana], [Coronilla emerus], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Mycelis muralis], [Lilium martagon], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Helleborus foetidus], [Digitalis lutea].


description:
Thermophile calcicolous forests rich in [Ostrya carpinifolia] and [Fraxinus ornus] of the submontane level of the Ligurian and Gardesian southern pre-Alps, mostly reduced to tall coppice, related to the forests of unit G1.6C321, but with a weakened Illyrian character and a strong dealpine element.


hname:
Moeso-Hellenic montane [Pinus nigra] forests

description:
[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) pine woods of ultra-basic substrates, generally trachytes and andesites, of the mountains of northwestern Greece, Albania and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Mavrovo range, as well as of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Bregalnica basin.


hname:
Illyrian serpentine [Pinus nigra] forests

description:
[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods of serpentines of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina and western and southern Serbia, with [Daphne blagayana], [Rosa pendulina], [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Laserpitium krapfii], [Vicia villosa], [Symphytum tuberosum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Pteridium aquilinum] and the serpentine plants [Asplenium cuneifolium ssp. serpentini], [Campanula servicaria], [Crocus veluchensis], [Stachys scardica], [Helleborus multifidus ssp. serbicus]. They are developed within the Illyrian and Moesian beech forest zones and generally occupy steeper, stonier slopes and lower elevations than the serpentine [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit G3.4C51.


hname:
Illyrian limestone [Pinus nigra] forests

description:
[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods on limestones of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, within the range of Illyrian beech forests, uncommon black pine facies of the calcicole [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit G3.4C6.


description:
[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) woods of dolomites and dolomite rendzinas of the Dinarides of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia, with [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), [Galium lucidum], [Genista januensis], [Aquilegia vulgaris], [Buphthalmum salicifolium], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Carex humilis], [Anthericum ramosum], [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Hepatica nobilis], [Geranium sanguineum], [Helleborus niger ssp. macranthus], [Epipactis atrorubens], [Carex alba]. They are developed within the Illyrian beech forest zone and often occupy somewhat lower elevations than the similar dolomite [Pinus sylvestris] woods of unit G3.4C52.


hname:
Illyrian sub-Mediterranean [Pinus nigra] forests

description:
[Pinus nigra] [s.s]. ([Pinus nigra ssp. nigra]) pine woods on dolomites and limestones of the sub-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion adriaticum] zone of the Dinarides, extending from sea level to about 1400m, and from the Velebit in the north to Montenegro in the south.


description:
Forests of [Pinus dalmatica] of Dalmatian coastal areas, limited to the sub-Mediterranean level of the Biokovo range and the Mediterranean zone of the Peljesac peninsula and of the islands of Brac and Hvar.


description:
[Pinus salzmannii] ([Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii], [Pinus nigra ssp. clusiana], [Pinus nigra ssp. mauretanica]) forests of Spain, the Causses and North Africa.


description:
Isolated [Pinus salzmannii var. cebennensis] woods of the southern edge of the Causses, with an undergrowth typical of supra-Mediterranean white oak forests at the upper limit and of evergreen oak forests at lower altitudes; [Buxus sempervirens] is usually abundant.


description:
Meso- and supra-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica] forests of Pyrenean foothills; they are extensive in the southeastern foothills, with outposts in the central foothills, in Catalonian ranges and, very locally, on the north side of the range (Valley of the Têt, Conflent). The understorey is formed by the cortège of [Quercus ilex] ([Juniperus oxycedrus], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Quercus ilex]) at low altitudes, and by that of [Quercus pubescens] ([Buxus sempervirens], [Juniperus communis], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cornus sanguinea], [Lonicera etrusca]) at higher altitudes.


description:
Isolated [Pinus salzmannii var. pyrenaica] woods of the northern Iberian Range (Soria).


description:
Isolated silicicolous [Pinus salzmannii var. iberica] woods of the Cordillera Central, limited to small enclaves in the Sierra de Gredos and associated ranges, in the Rio Tietar-Rio Alberche area.


description:
Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica] forests of the Southern Iberian Range, occupying extensive areas in the Serrania de Cuenca, the Maestrazgo and associated ranges, mostly on limestones.


description:
Supra- and, locally, oro-Mediterranean [Pinus salzmannii var. hispanica] forests of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, covering vast expanses, mostly on limestones, in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with outposts in the Sierra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada.


hname:
Supra-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests

description:
Forests of [Pinus salzmannii] accompanied by a cortège similar to that of thermophilous oak forests, including [Quercus rotundifolia], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Lavandula latifolia], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Rosmarinus officinalis], [Genista scorpius], [Crataegus monogyna], [Berberis hispanica], [Rosa pouzinii], [Daphne laureola], [Acer granatense], [Paeonia officinalis], of the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, the erra de Baza, the Sierra de Filabres and the calcareous periphery of the Sierra Nevada.


hname:
Oro-Mediterranean Baetic Salzmann's pine forests

description:
Oro-Mediterranean woods of [Pinus salzmannii], more open than those of 42.6361 and occupying very limited areas in the sierras de Cazorla, Segura and Alcaraz, with a shrub layer of [Juniperus sabina] and [Juniperus nana], accompanied by [Ononis aragonensis], [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Daphne oleoides] and [Prunus prostrata].


description:
[Pinus laricio] forests of the mountains of Corsica. The nuthatch [Sitta whiteheadi] is endemic to these forests.


description:
[Pinus laricio var. calabrica] forests of the Sila, the Aspromonte and Etna.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of subcontinental regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of Finland and northwestern Russia, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth rich in [Chamaedaphne calyculata] and [Ledum palustre].


hname:
Boreal bog bilberry Scots pine fen woods

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of sub-Atlantic regions of the boreal western Palaearctic, in particular, of eastern Norway and Sweden, with a shrub-dominated undergrowth formed by ericoid shrubs of genera [Vaccinium] and [Empetrum].


hname:
Boreal neutrocline sphagnum Scots pine fen woods

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] fen woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic, with a sparse tree layer and an undergrowth comprising a combination of ericoid shrub hummocks and wetter lawns and depressions, constituting a highly varied ensemble that may include neutrophile or even basicline species. Sedges, in particular [Carex lasiocarpa] and [Carex rostrata], may be prominent or dominant; the species cortege includes [Andromeda polifolia], [Betula nana], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus], [Pedicularis palustris], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Molinia caerulea], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Drepanocladus badius], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Sphagnum fuscum], [Sphagnum platyphyllum], [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] mire woods of rich fens of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic west to Finland with a brown-moss rich undergrowth formed of herbs, graminids and small shrubs. The species cortège includes [Betula nana], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Salix nigricans] ([Salix myrsinifolia]), [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Juniperus communis], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Angelica sylvestris], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Potentilla erecta], [Pedicularis palustris], [Solidago virgaurea], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex vaginata], [Carex dioica], [Carex caespitosa], [Equisetum palustris], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Campylium stellatum], [Drepanocladus intermedius], [Drepanocladus revolvens], [Hylocomium splendens], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Sphagnum fuscum], [Tomentypnum nitens].


hname:
Boreal spruce and spruce - birch fen and bog woods

description:
Woods of bogs and fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an understorey constituted by carpets of sphagnum or brown mosses associated with sedges or small shrubs.


description:
Woods of bogs and acidic fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with a field layer dominated by [Carex] spp., [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Potentilla palustris], and a ground layer dominated by acidophilous sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum angustifolium], [Sphagnum recurvum] ([Sphagnum fallax]), [Sphagnum magellanicum], [Sphagnum riparium]. The variable species cortège includes [Pinus sylvestris], [Salix] spp., [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Carex canescens], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Carex lasiocarpa], [Carex magellanica], [Carex nigra], [Carex rostrata], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Juncus filiformis], [Equisetum fluviatile], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum girgensohnii].


hname:
Boreal neutrocline sphagnum spruce woods

description:
Woods of neutrocline to basicline fens of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], generally accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an undergrowth rich in herbs, graminids and sphagna. The species cortège includes [Caltha palustris], [Galium palustre], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Pedicularis palustris], [Peucedanum palustre], [Solidago virgaurea], [Agrostis canina], [Carex dioica], [Carex echinata], [Carex vaginata], [Sphagnum centrale], [Sphagnum squarrosum], [Sphagnum subsecundum], [Sphagnum teres], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Calliergon cordifolium], [Calliergon richardsonii], [Drepanocladus exannulatus], [Helodium blandowii], [Mnium] spp.


description:
Low, eutrophic fen woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by [Picea abies], accompanied by [Betula pubescens], with an understorey rich in herbs, dwarf-shrubs, graminids and brown mosses. The species cortège includes [Betula nana], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Carex diandra], [Carex dioica], [Carex limosa], [Carex rostrata], [Carex vaginata], [Carex chordorrhiza], [Scirpus cespitosus ssp. cespitosus] ([Trichophorum cespitosum]), [Equisetum palustre], [Crepis paludosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Geum rivale], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Parnassia palustris], [Potentilla palustris], [Saussurea alpina], [Saxifraga hirculus], [Aulacomnium palustre], [Drepanocladus] spp., [Helodium blandowii], [Hylocomium splendens], [Paludella squarrosa], [Pleurozium schreberi], [Sphagnum warnstorfii], [Tomentypnum nitens].


description:
Woods of wet mineral or parapeaty soils of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with an understorey formed by tall or short herbs, ferns, horsetails and gramineous species, sometimes associated with ericoid shrubs.


description:
Swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with an understorey comprising wet woodland species, often dominated by ferns and herbs, notably, [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Dryopteris expansa], [Oxalis acetosella]; the species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Caltha palustris], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Galium palustre], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Paris quadrifolia], [Ranunculus repens], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melica nutans], [Milium effusum], [Carex canescens], [Luzula pilosa], [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Equisetum arvense], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Gymnocarpium dryopteris], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Bryum] spp., [Calliergon cordifolium], [Sphagnum] spp.


description:
Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey of tall herbs, developed in wet depressions or along watercourses, mire variant of the tall-herb spruce forests of unit G3.A4.


hname:
Boreal sedge-sphagnum spruce swamp woods

description:
Spruce swamp woods of boreonemoral and boreal regions of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata], with a field layer rich in sedges, horsetails, short and tall herbs, developed on nutrient-rich gley substrates with wet fen mull at the surface, and near-surface flowing or stagnant groundwater. [Betula pubescens], [Alnus glutinosa], [Alnus incana] may participate in the tree layer, [Carex] spp., [Filipendula ulmaria], [Equisetum] spp., [Salix] spp., [Calla palustris] may dominate the herb and shrub layer, [Sphagnum] spp. dominate the ground layer; the species cortège includes [Phalaris arundinacea], [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Chamaegrostis canescans], [Geranium sylvaticum], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Rubus chamaemorus], [Menyanthes trifoliata], [Caltha palustris], [Cardamine amara], [Cornus suecica], [Vaccinium myrtillus].


hname:
Boreal heath-horsetail spruce swamp woods

description:
Spruce swamp woods of the boreal region of the western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey dominated by, or rich in, horsetails ([Equisetum] spp.) or horsetails and ericaceous shrubs.


hname:
Boreal northern bilberry spruce swamp woods

description:
Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga zone dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] in the tree layer and an understorey dominated by hygrophile ericoid shrubs, [Vaccinium uliginosum] and [Vaccinium myrtillus], by [Equisetum sylvaticum] and by sphagnum carpets formed by [Sphagnum girgensohnii], [Sphagnum russowii], [Sphagnum angustifolium], developed on oligotrophic, hydromorphic soils with carr-peat or raw humus by lake-shores, on mire margins, in hollows and on slopes. The species cortège includes [Betula pubescens], [Betula nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus], [Polytrichum commune], [Sphagnum fuscum] and, notably in eastern Scandinavia, [Ledum palustre], [Carex globularis].


description:
Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the boreal western Palaearctic dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] in the tree layer, with an understorey dominated by [Rubus chamaemorus] and a species cortège like that of unit G3.D541, developed on oligotrophic soils with a high waterlevel.


description:
Oligotrophic, species-poor spruce swamp woods of the western Palaearctic taiga dominated by [Picea abies] or [Picea obovata] with an understorey dominated by [Equisetum sylvaticum] and [Sphagnum girgensohnii], accompanied by a species cortège that includes [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Carex vaginata], [Linnaea borealis] and many species in common with that of unit G3.D541.


description:
Woods of [Pinus] spp. or [Picea] spp., sometimes mixed with [Betula pubescens], colonizing bogs and fens in the nemoral zone. Conifer-dominated bog woodland occurs mainly in the boreal and boreonemoral zones, but extends into the nemoral, wooded steppe and steppe zones.


description:
Woods or scrubs formed by erect or prostrate members of the [Pinus mugo] complex, namely the tall, single-stemmed [Pinus uncinata], the multi-stemmed, up to 8m tall, [Pinus rotundata], and the multi-stemmed, up to 2m tall, [Pinus mugo], developing on drier buttes and ridges of raised bogs, acid fens and transition moors of the Alps, the pre-Alpine plateaux and valleys, the Jura, the Carpathians, the higher Hercynian ranges and associated hills and depressions, with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Sphagnum] spp. and sometimes [Betula nana].


description:
Cliff and rock communities of the supra- and oro-Mediterranean levels of calcareous Iberian mountains, of the central Apennines and of the calcareous mountains of the large Tyrrhenian islands.


description:
Cliff and rock communities of the supra- and oro-Mediterranean levels of calcareous Iberian mountains.


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Cantabrian Cordillera and a few other northwestern Iberian ranges, with [Asperula hirta], [Asplenium viride], [Erinus alpinus], [Globularia repens], [Hypericum nummularium], [Rhamnus pumilus], [Saxifraga aretioides].


description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of high altitudes of Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges of eastern Andalusia, with [Linaria verticillata], [Potentilla caulescens], [Saxifraga camposii], [Saxifraga erioblasta], [Teucrium rotundifolium], [Silene boryi].


description:
Shady calcareous cliff and rock communities of Valencian mountains.


hname:
Alpine and sub-mediterranean chasmophyte communities

description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Alps and the Carpathians, of lesser satellite ranges and of sub-Mediterranean areas of the northern Tyrrhenian periphery. Dominant species include ferns [Asplenium ruta-muraria], [Asplenium trichomanes], [Asplenium viride], [Cystopteris fragilis], [Gymnocarpium robertianum], vascular plants (e.g.[Saxifraga paniculata]) and mosses.


hname:
Alpine calcareous cliff heliophile communities

description:
Well-lit calcareous cliff and rock communities of the Alps and neighbouring regions, including upper Provence, upper Languedoc, the pre-Pyrenees and Corbières, the Catalonian mountains, with [Potentilla caulescens], [Potentilla clusiana], [Potentilla nitida], [Primula auricula], [Hieracium humile], [Cardaminopsis petraea], [Androsace helvetica], [Minuartia rupestris].


description:
Communities of shady, cool, often moist rockfaces of the Alps and neighbouring regions, of the Carpathians, of the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the British Isles, with many ferns, including [Cystopteris fragilis], [Cystopteris regia], [Asplenium viride], [Asplenium scolopendrium], [Asplenium trichomanes], and with [Carex brachystachys].


hname:
Carpathian calcareous cliff heliophile communities

description:
Rock-crack communities of sunny rock faces of the alpine and subalpine levels of the Carpathians.


hname:
Hellenic eumediterranean calcicolous chasmophyte communities

description:
Calcareous cliff and rock communities of the thermo- and meso-Mediterranean zones of mainland Greece and Albania, up to the [Abies cephalonica] belt, with [Campanula versicolor], [Campanula rupestris], [Sideritis roeseri], [Stachys candida], [Hypericum vesiculosum], [Asperula arcadiensis], [Galium boryanum], [Centaurea pelia], [Alkanna graeca], [Alyssum orientale], [Linaria microcalyx], [Onosma frutescens], [Inula candida], [Centranthus ruber], [Silene congesta], [Teucrium flavum].


description:
Calcareous and ultra-basic cliff and rock communities of Crete, the Aegean archipelagoes, Cyprus, the Mediterranean coastlands of Anatolia and the Levant. They constitute one of the most diverse and endemic-rich groups of cliff communities.


description:
Cliff and chasm communities of Crete, with [Petromarula pinnata], [Galium fruticosum], [Centaurea argentea], [Ebenus cretica], [Verbascum arcturus] ([Celsia arcturus]), [Inula candida], [Eryngium ternatum], [Asperula incana], [Dianthus juniperinus], [Aster canus], [Campanula pelviformis], [Campanula saxatilis].


description:
Relatively widespread cliff and chasm communities of the lowlands and hills of western and central Crete.


description:
Cliff and chasm communities of the arid lowlands and hills of eastern Crete.


description:
Cliff and chasm communities of the high altitudes of Crete.


description:
Cliff and rock communities of Karpathos, with [Teucrium heliotropifolium], [Silene fruticosa], [Galium incurvum], [Inula heterolepis].


description:
Cliff and rock communities of Rhodes, Samos, Ikaria, Lesbos with [Campanula hagielia], [Lactuca leburnea], [Dianthus rhodensis], [Inula heterolepis], [Rosularia serrata], [Sedum creticum].


description:
Cliff and rock communities of the Cyclades, with [Fibigia lunarioides], [Eryngium amorginum], [Amaracus tournefortii], [Campanula amorgina], [Campanula heterophylla], [Helichrysum amorginum].


hname:
Alpic acid dwarf willow snow-patch communities

description:
Dwarf willow ([Salix herbacea]) snow-patches of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarids, the Pelagonides, the Pirin and Rila mountains, occupying areas covered by snow for up to eight to ten months.


hname:
Oroboreal moss-dwarf willow snowbed communities

description:
Acidophilous snow-patch communities of boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, Iceland and the Scottish Highlands dominated by dwarf willows embedded in dense bryophyte carpets.


hname:
Boreo-alpine calcicline snow-patch dwarf willow scrub

description:
Calciphile or calcicline snow-patch and snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains, dominated by dwarf willows. Typical species: [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa], [Salix polaris], [Salix kitaibeliana], [Poa alpina], [Selaginella selaginoides] and [Polygonum viviparum].


hname:
Boreo-Alpic calcicolous espalier willow snowbed communities

description:
Espalier willow communities of calcareous stone fields submitted to relatively long snow-cover of the Alpids and the boreal mountains, with [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa].


hname:
Alpic espalier willow snowbed communities

description:
Espalier willow communities of snow-bound calcareous stone fields of the Alpids, with the net-leaved willow, [Salix reticulata], and the retuse-leaved willow, [Salix retusa], or with [Salix kitaibeliana].


hname:
Alpide [Salix retusa-reticulata] snowbed communities

description:
[Salix reticulata] or [Salix retusa] communities of calcareous stone fields with late-lying snow cover, of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Apennines, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Pelagonides, the Rhodope Mountains and their associated ranges, with [Gentiana bavarica], [Dryas octopetala], [Sesleria varia], [Sesleria rigida var. haynaldiana], [Carex parviflora], [Ranunculus alpestris], [Saxifraga androsacea], [Saxifraga oppositifolia], [Saxifraga sempervivum], [Omalotheca hoppeana] ([Gnaphalium hoppeanum]), [Homogyne discolor], [Veronica alpina], [Veronica aphylla], [Plantago atrata] ([Plantago montana]), [Bartsia alpina], [Anemone narcissiflora], [Achillea schurii].


hname:
Carpathian [Salix kitaibeliana] snowbed communities

description:
Distinctive snow patch communities, endemic to the Eastern Carpathians, in particular, to the Rodnei Mountains, formed by the Carpathian endemics [Salix kitaibeliana] and [Soldanella hungarica ssp. hungarica], with [Luzula alpinopilosa], [Polygonum viviparum], [Oreochloa disticha], [Doronicum clusii], and, more sporadically, the Eastern Carpathian endemics [Poa deylii] and [Lychnis nivalis].


hname:
Scandinavian espalier willow snowbed communities

description:
Espalier willow communities of calcareous stonefields in mountains in heavy-rainfall areas of boreal and arctic Scandinavia dominated by [Salix reticulata], often exclusively, and [Poa alpina], with a sparser participation of, among others, [Salix polaris], [Antennaria alpina], [Pinguicula alpina], [Silene acaulis], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Viola biflora], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Festuca vivipara], [Equisetum variegatum], [Selaginella selaginoides].


description:
Chionophilous communities of boreal and arcto-alpine Palaearctic mountains and of islands of the polar basin dominated by, or rich in, [Salix polaris], associated with mosses and small forbs, developed, at least in the boreal and arcto-alpine regions, on calcareous substrates.


hname:
Fenno-Scandian polar willow snowbed communities

description:
Snowbed communities of the boreal and arcto-alpine mountains of Scandinavia, characteristic of the edges of snowfields on calcareous often stone-littered soils with near-surface ground water or moisture in early spring and little or no solifluction, constituted by dense carpets of mosses and forbs in which [Salix polaris] dominates, often totally; the species cortège includes [Salix reticulata], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Erigeron uniflora], [Omalotheca supina] ([Gnaphalium supinum]), [Minuartia biflora], [Ranunculus pygmaeus], [Saxifraga aizoides], [Saxifraga cernua], [Saxifraga stellaris], [Saxifraga tenuis], [Silene acaulis], [Taraxacum croceum], [Thalictrum alpinum], [Tofieldia pusilla], [Veronica alpina], [Viola biflora], [Carex lachenalii], [Poa alpina f. vivipara] and mosses.


hname:
Spitzbergen polar willow snowbed communities

description:
Snowbed communities of islands of the polar basin, in particular, of Spitzbergen with [Salix polaris], [Luzula confusa], [Pedicularis hirsuta], [Polygonum viviparum] ([Bistorta vivipara]), [Cerastium arcticum], [Dicranum elongatum], [Drepanocladus uncinatus], [Gymnomitrion coralloides], [Anthelia juratzkana], [Cetraria delisei], [Stereocolon alpinum].


hname:
Ponto-Caucasian snow-patch dwarf willow scrub


hname:
Evergreen alpine and subalpine heath and scrub

description:
Small, dwarf or prostrate shrub formations of the alpine and subalpine zones of mountains, dominated by ericaceous species, [Dryas octopetala], dwarf junipers, brooms or greenweeds; [Dryas] heaths of the British Isles.


description:
Very low, single-stratum, carpets of trailing azalea, [Loiseleuria procumbens], prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. or other prostrate ericoid shrublets, accompanied by lichens [Cetraria islandica], [Cladonia] spp., of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, with an outpost in the Balkan Peninsula: Šar planina (Kosovo).


description:
Dwarf alpine heaths of the western Alps dominated by [Loiseleuria procumbens], often accompanied by [Vaccinium] spp., and rich in lichens.


description:
Very low, single-stratum, carpets of prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichens, of windswept, mostly snowfree, localities in the alpine belt of the high mountains of the Alpine system, for the most part [Vaccinium]-dominated facies of the trailing azalea communities, in which [Loiseleuria procumbens] often accompanies [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] or [Vaccinium uliginosum], the latter represented, as in F2.211, F2.24 and F2.2A, by the distinctive low, small-leaved, creeping, mat-forming entity variously referred to as [Vaccinium gaultherioides], [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum], [Vaccinium alpina], [Vaccinium pubescens], [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. pubescens].


description:
Prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichen carpets of windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Alps.


hname:
Carpathian dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

description:
Very local prostrate [Vaccinium] spp. and lichen carpets of high windswept summits and peaks, in the lower alpine belt of the Eastern and Southern Carpathians, dominated by [Vaccinium gaultherioides] ([Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum]) and [Cetraria islandica] with [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Juncus trifidus], [Festuca airoides] and [Cetraria islandica].


hname:
Rhodopide and Balkan dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

description:
Communities of prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichens of the alpine level of the mountains of the Rhodopide system and of the Balkan Range.


description:
Communities of prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichens of the alpine level of the Rila and Pirin mountains.


hname:
Balkan Range dwarf [Vaccinium] wind heaths

description:
[Vaccinium uliginosum] and lichen mats occupying windswept localities in the alpine belt of the Balkan Range, local and fragmented representatives of communities of unit F2.2131 of the Rhodope mountains.


description:
Prostrate [Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum], or rarely [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], and lichen mats of high windswept localities in the Pontic Range.


description:
[Rhododendron] spp.-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and the Himalayan system, often with [Vaccinium] spp., sometimes with dwarf pines.


description:
[Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Alps, often with [Vaccinium] spp., sometimes with [Pinus mugo]. They often alternate in mosaic with units F2.231 and F2.24.


description:
[Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of acid podsols in the Pyrenees, often with [Vaccinium] spp. and alternating in mosaic with units  F2.231 and F2.24.


description:
[Rhododendron ferrugineum]-dominated heaths of the Dinaric alps


description:
Heaths of the subalpine and lower alpine levels (1700-2000 m) of the eastern and southern Carpathian Mountains, common and widespread, but occupying small surfaces, dominated by [Rhododendron myrtifolium] ([Rhododendron kotschyi]), [Vaccinium gaultherioides] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with some regional species such as [Soldanella hungarica ssp. major], [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda], [Melampyrum saxosum], [Campanula abietina] and [Campanula serrata].


description:
[Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the Balkan Range and the Rila.


description:
[Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the central Balkan Range.


description:
[Rhododendron myrtifolium]-dominated heaths of the subalpine belt of the eastern Rila.


description:
Heaths of the Pontic Range, formed, mostly above treeline, by [Rhododendron caucasicum], [Rhododendron smirnovii], [Rhododendron ungernii], [Rhododendron x sochadzeae], sometimes with [Rhododendron ponticum], [Rhododendron luteum].


hname:
Southern Palaearctic mountain dwarf juniper scrub

description:
Usually dense formations of prostrate junipers of the higher levels of southern Palaearctic mountains.


description:
Thermophile [Juniperus nana]-dominated heaths of the upper levels, mostly of the subalpine or equivalent levels, of the Alps, mostly in the central and southern chains, of the northern and central Apennines, the Corsican and Sardinian mountains, the Forez, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Balkan Range, the Rhodopide Mountains, the Moeso-Macedonian Mountains, the Caucasus, the high mountains of the Iberian and Hellenic peninsulas, the Pontic Range, the Taurus, the Himalayan system, the temperate Far Eastern mountains.


description:
[Juniperus sabina] heaths of Iberia, the Alps, the Apennines, the Tell of North Africa, the southeastern Central European mountains, the Pontic Range, the Anti-Taurus, the western Caucasus, Crimea, the Elburz, the Altai.


description:
Oro-Mediterranean [Juniperus sabina] heaths of Iberia north to the Pyrenees, where they are limited to south-facing slopes in the montane and subalpine belt of the central part of the range.


description:
[Juniperus sabina] heaths of the montane level of inner Alpine valleys with sporadic fragmentary occurrence in the alti-Mediterranean subalpine level of the southwestern Alps.


description:
Sporadically distributed formations in the Apuseni Mountains and the southern Carpathians, dominated by [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], accompanied by [Juniperus nana], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and the endemic or near-endemic [Campanula patula ssp. abietina] ([Campanula abietina]), [Campanula serrata] and [Potentilla aurea ssp. chrysocraspeda].


description:
Scattered dwarf shrub formations dominated by [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], of the alpine and subalpine belt of high mountains of northern Anatolia.


description:
Mats of [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] or [Arctostaphylos alpinus] of the alpine, subalpine and locally, montane, belts of the Alps, the Pyrenees, the northern and central Apennines, the Dinarides, the Carpathians, the Balkan Range, the Rhodope Mountains (south to the Slavianka-Orvilos, the Menikion, the Pangeon, the Falakron and the Rhodopi), the Moeso-Macedonian mountains (including Athos), the Pelagonides (south to the Greek Macedonian border ranges Tzena, Pinovon and Kajmakchalan) and Olympus, in the Thessalian mountains, mostly on calcareous substrates.


description:
Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides, with [Rhododendron hirsutum], [Rhododendron intermedium], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and [Erica herbacea], often accompanied by [Clematis alpina], [Daphne striata], [Daphne mezereum], [Globularia cordifolia], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi]. [Rhododendron hirsutum] and, mostly in the Austrian Alps, [Erica herbacea] are the most frequent dominants; other shrubs can locally play that role. [Arctostaphylos] spp. -dominated facies have, however, been been included in unit F2.27.


description:
Forest substitution heaths, treeline fringe formations and alpine heaths or mats dominated by [Rhododendron hirsutum], of calcareous soils in the Alps and the Dinarides. [Rhododendron intermedium], [Rhodothamnus chamaecistus] and [Erica herbacea] may participate in the constitution of the heath, often accompanied by [Clematis alpina] and [Daphne mezereum].


description:
Species-rich montane, subalpine and low alpine heaths of calcareous soils of the Alps and the Dinarids, dominated by [Erica herbacea] ([Erica carnea]), mostly characteristic of the Austrian northern and southern calcareous Alps, south to the Dolomites and the Karawanken, with [Sesleria albicans], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Daphne striata], [Globularia cordifolia], [Globularia nudicaulis], [Polygala chamaebuxus]. Small shrubs other than [Erica herbacea], in particular [Globularia cordifolia], may locally dominate communities. Distinctive formations also exist on siliceous and on serpentine substrates. They are provisionally included in this unit.


description:
Dwarf heaths formed by mats of the woody [Dryas octopetala] in high Palaearctic mountains, in arctic and boreal regions and in isolated Atlantic coastal outposts.


description:
Mats of [Dryas octopetala] of the high levels of the mountains of the western Alpine system, the Jura and the Central Massif, in calcicolous alpine grasslands and on high mountain rocks.


description:
[Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Alps, widespread pioneering communities on calcareous substrates.


description:
[Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Pyrenees and Central Massif, relatively uncommon pioneering communities of calcareous substrates distributed in the Corbières (pic d'Ourthizet), in the eastern and central Pyrenees, and, very locally, on high summits of the Cental Massif ranges of Monts-Dore and Cantal.


description:
[Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the western Jura, mostly above 1300 metres, on, in particular, la D“le, le Reculet, le Creux-du-Van, le Chasseral, le Mont-d'Or, le Suchet, la Dent de Vaulion.


description:
Rare [Dryas octopetala] mats of the high levels of the Apuan Alps, the Pistoiese Apennines (Mandromini), the Central Apennines (Sibillini, Terminillo, Mount Viglio) and the Abruzzian and Campanian Apennines (Monte Cassino, Monte Cairo).


description:
Communities dominated by [Dryas octopetala], scattered in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Carpathians and the Balkan Range.


description:
[Dryas octopetala] mats of calcareous substrates in the subalpine and alpine belts of the western Carpathians.


description:
[Dryas octopetala] communities widespread in calcicolous subalpine and alpine grassland of the Romanian Carpathians, having as endemics [Achillea oxyloba ssp. schurii] ([Achillea schurii]), [Oxytropis carpatica], and [Cerastium transsilvanicum].


description:
Calciphile communities dominated by [Dryas octopetala] of subalpine and alpine grasslands of the Balkan Range, west to the Gethian mountains of eastern Serbia (Suva Planina).


description:
[Dryas octopetala] mats of calcareous substrates of the high levels of the Dinarides and the Pelagonides south to Mount Tzena.


description:
[Dryas octopetala] communities of the Rila, the Pirin, the Slavianka-Orvilos and the Falakron.


description:
One to three metre-tall brush of the Corsican endemic [Alnus viridis ssp. suaveolens], sometimes accompanied by a few [Sorbus aucuparia], [Acer pseudoplatanus] or [Rhamnus alpinus], limited to the moist, cool, north-facing slopes (ubacs) and, locally, to humid torrent galleries on the south-facing slopes (adrets) of the subalpine (1600-2100 m) belt of Corsica.


description:
Willow-dominated communities of higher Eurasian mountains and of the boreal zone, mostly characteristic of the subalpine zone of the higher ranges of the Alpine system and its satellites, where many constitute facies of subalpine shrub and tall herb communities, of the slopes of lesser ranges in the boreal zone, including the Scandinavian mountains, of Iceland and of the northern British Isles (cf. unit E5.5). Vegetation of the alliance [Salicion silesiacae]. Species composition is very variable and endemic species are highly represented here.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated scrub of the mountains of the Alpine system and neighbouring ranges.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane  low scrub of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western great Hercynian ranges, dominated by small shrubby, generally 0.5-2 metre tall, [Salix] species.


description:
Dwarf shrub heaths and espaliers of the alpine and subalpine belts of the Alps, formed by prostrate or near-prostrate [Salix alpina], [Salix breviserrata], [Salix reticulata], [Salix retusa], and occasionally very small forms of [Salix] species characteristic of unit F2.3211; snow patch communities dominated by [Salix reticulata] or [Salix retusa] (unit F2.1211) are excluded.


description:
Tall [Salix]-dominated scrub of the mountains of the subalpine, sometimes alpine and montane, belts of the Alps, the Apennines, the Jura, the western greater Hercynian ranges.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated  scrub of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated  scrub of the Carpathians and the eastern Hercynian ranges of the Sudeten.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated scrub of the Balkan Range, the Dinarides and the Hellenides.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and montane [Salix]-dominated scrubs of the Dinarides.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and montane [Salix]-dominated  scrub of the Balkan Range, dominated by [Salix waldsteiniana] or [Salix silesiaca].


description:
Thickets of shrubby willows of Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope, dominated by [Salix lapponum], [Salix waldsteiniana] or other mountain willows.


description:
Subalpine, alpine and occasionally montane [Salix]-dominated scrub of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus and neighbouring ranges.


description:
Willow-dominated scrub of boreal mountains and mountainous regions, in particular of the Highlands of Scotland, the mountains of Iceland, the boreal mountains of Scandinavia, European Russia, Siberia, northern China, Korea and Japan. Mostly characteristic of a suprasylvatic belt in the lower arcto-alpine or oroboreal zone, they may extend into the taiga belt in exposed locations and edaphic enclaves, and ascend locally into the arcto-alpine zone.


description:
Mixed [Salix aurita], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix repens] and [Salix caprea] scrub, with [Rumex acetosa], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Dryopteris] spp., [Oxalis acetosella], developed on ungrazed ledges, islands and gullies of Shetland, Orkney, Hebrides and the Northern Highlands.


description:
Communities of the subalpine zone, of the tree-limit, and sometimes of the montane zone, of higher nemoral mountains of the western Alpine system and its associated ranges (Carpathians) mainly of alliances [Calamagrostion villosae] and [Trisetion fusci] dominated by tall or medium shrubs, for the most part Rosaceae species (of genera [Rubus], [Sorbus], [Amelanchier], [Potentilla]), [Betula] or tall [Vaccinium], [Salix helvetica], [Salix kitaibeliana] and grasses [Calamagrostis villosa] and [Deschampsia cespitosa] often accompanied by tall herbs characteristic of the subalpine tall herb communities (unit E5.5), or by subalpine heaths, such as the [Juniperus nana]-[Arctostaphylos uva-ursi] heaths.


description:
Thickets of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, dominated by [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Sorbus chamaemespilus], [Sorbus mougeotii], [Sorbus ambigua], [Sorbus austriaca] or other shrubby [Sorbus] species, in particular, tree-limit formations with [Betula carpatica], [Lonicera nigra], [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea]).


description:
Thickets or scrub of the subalpine zone of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Hercynian ranges, usually at the tree-limit, dominated by shrubby or krumholtz birches, in particular, [Betula carpatica], [Betula pubescens], often with [Sorbus aucuparia ssp. glabrata], [Lonicera nigra], [Prunus padus ssp. borealis] ([Padus petraea]).


description:
Mesophile, often luxuriant, shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, characteristic of [Carpinion] forest edges and substitution formations with, among others, [Prunus spinosa], [Carpinus betulus], [Crataegus] spp., [Sambucus nigra], [Rosa] spp., [Viburnum opulus], [Rubus] spp. Included are species-poor [Prunus spinosa] thickets, such as British [Prunus spinosa]-[Rubus fruticosus] scrub and corresponding mainland formations with [Rubus fruticosus], [Rubus elegantispinosus], [Rubus bifrons], [Rubus armeniacus].


description:
[Prunus spinosa], [Carpinus betulus], [Crataegus] spp., [Rosa] spp., [Rubus spp]. communities of the Western European and western and northern Central European mainland east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates.


description:
[Prunus spinosa], [Rubus] spp. communities of the British Isles and other areas of strongly Atlantic climates. [Ulex europaeus], [Hedera helix], [Lonicera periclymenum] and [Pteridium aquilinum] are often present.


description:
Shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, northern Moldavia, Slovakia and Austria, developed on the usually calcareous, dry soils with warm exposure characteristic of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae] and of xeric, calciphilous forms of the [Carpinion], with, among others, [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus mas], [Rhamnus catharticus].


hname:
Atlantic and medio-European blackthorn-privet scrub

description:
Thermophile shrub communities of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, occupying the domaine of the [Carpinion] and northern irradiations of [Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae] communities.


description:
Thermophile shrub communities of the mainland of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe east to Poland, Slovakia, Austria and Slovenia, formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Viburnum lantana], [Cornus mas], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus] spp., [Carpinus betulus] under sub-Atlantic or subcontinental climates.


description:
Thermophile shrub communities of the British Isles and areas of strongly Atlantic climates differing from unit F3.11211 in particular in the scarcity of [Carpinus betulus].


description:
Xero-thermophile scrub communities of Western Europe and western Central Europe, occupying the southern part of the west European range of unit F3.112, within the main range of the [Quercion pubescenti-petraeae], as well as a few highly xerothermic central European sites. [Prunus mahaleb] and [Acer monspessulanum] are characteristic species.


description:
Possibly primary scrub formations of the Hercynian ranges and their vicinity, the Jura, the Alpine periphery and Alpine inner valleys, with [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Cotoneaster tomentosus] and [Amelanchier ovalis] developed on very shallow soils between [Xerobromion] grasslands and open xerothermic oak woods.


description:
Shrub formations characterized by the physiognomically distinctive presence of [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. fluviatilis] or [Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. carpatica], rich in xero-thermophile species, colonizing dry shingle terraces, no longer subjected to flooding, of peri-Alpine water courses.


description:
Thorny heaths of inner Alpine valleys with [Berberis vulgaris].


description:
Northwestern Iberian montane communities with [Berberis vulgaris ssp. cantabrica], [Prunus spinosa], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aria], [Taxus baccata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ribes alpinum], [Ribes petraeum], [Rhamnus alpinus].


description:
[Buxus sempervirens]-dominated variants of units F3.11, F3.22, F3.23 or F3.24 with for example [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Pteridium aquilinum].


description:
Deciduous thickets of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe formed by [Rubus] spp., [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Corylus avellana], [Lonicera periclymenum], [Cytisus scoparius], characteristic of forest edges, hedges and woodland recolonisation developed on soils relatively poor in nutrients, usually acid, mostly under climates with strong Atlantic influence. Substitution communities of the [Quercion robori-petraeae] (c.f. units G1.81-G1.86, parts of G1.87 and of G4.71).


description:
Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by [Rubus] spp., including British [Rubus fruticosus]-[Holcus lanatus] underscrub.


hname:
Alder buckthorn, rowan, honeysuckle thickets

description:
Atlantic deciduous thickets of poor soils of Western Europe and western and northern Central Europe dominated by [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Lonicera periclymenum] or other shrubs, with the exception of brambles (genus [Rubus]), included in unit F3.13, or of brooms (genus [Cytisus]), gorse ([Ulex europaeus]), hazel ([Corylus avellana]), bracken ([Pteridium aquilinum]), separately covered in units F3.14, F3.15, F3.171, E5.31, respectively.


description:
Expanses of broom ([Cytisus scoparius]), a common recolonisation stage of the [Quercion] in the plains and hills of northern and middle Europe, reaching the montane zone in the higher mountains.


description:
[Cytisus scoparius] fields of the lowlands, hills and low mountains of northern, western and central Europe.


description:
Montane [Cytisus scoparius] fields of the Alpine system.


description:
Low deciduous scrub of the Hungarian Central Range, of Pannonic Austria west to the eastern Waldviertel, of southern Slovakia, central Transylvania, Muntenia and Moldavia, dominated by [Prunus fruticosa].


description:
Low deciduous, more or less closed, scrub of the Hungarian Central Range, central Transylvania, the Apuseni mountains, the Eastern Carpathians, the southeastern Weinviertel and northern Bergenland of northern Austria, the southern and southeastern periphery of the Pannonic basin, east to the Chepan, Golo Bardo, Zemenska and Konyiavska hills of western Bulgaria and to the Balkan Range of eastern Serbia and Bulgaria, with [Prunus fruticosa], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Prunus spinosa], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rosa gallica], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Peucedanum alsaticum], [Asparagus officinalis], [Festuca rupicola], [Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum] ([Agropyron pectinatum], [Elymus hispidus] ([Agropyron intermedium]), [Poa angustifolia], [Artemisia campestris], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Salvia nemorosa], [Stachys recta], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Vinca herbacea]. These forest steppe shrub communities have become greatly reduced throughout their range as a result of changes in land use, in particular, following the expansion of agriculture in the lowlands and low hill regions of the Danube basin.


description:
Very low deciduous scrub of Pannonic Austria, in particular the Weinviertel, of the Apuseni mountains, of the Balkan Range of Serbia and Bulgaria, dominated by [Rosa pimpinellifolia] ([Rosa spinosissima]), with [Achillea millefolium] agg., [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Teucrium chamaedrys].


description:
Very rare low deciduous scrubs on shallow rocky soils of limestone or andesite outcrops of the eastern Hungarian Central Range, of the eastern Alpine periphery of Austria and of Slovakia, dominated by [Spiraea media], with [Cotoneaster integerrimus], [Rosa pimpinellifolia], [Prunus fruticosa], [Waldsteinia geoides], [Silene vulgaris], [Carduus collinus], [Doronicum hungaricum], [Carex brevicollis], [Melica altissima], [Melica picta], [Melica ciliata], [Sedum maximum], [Euphorbia cyparissias].


description:
Low deciduous scrubs dominated by [Crataegus] spp. of the flood plain of the Danube basin in Slovakia, Hungary, Muntenia and Oltenia.


description:
Tall sub-Mediterranean deciduous scrub of the Pannonic basin and neighbouring regions, with [Cotinus coggygria], [Amelanchier ovalis], [Cotoneaster tomentosus], [Cotoneaster matrensis], [Pyrus nivalis], [Prunus mahaleb], [Spiraea media], [Sorbus graeca], [Fraxinus ornus].


description:
Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula, substitution communities of the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] (unit G1.A1A), [Fagion illyricum] (unit G1.6C) or [Ostryo-Carpinion adriadicum] (units G1.73, G1.74) climax vegetation woodlands.


description:
Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula dominated, or co-dominated, by [Carpinus orientalis].


description:
Deciduous thickets of the Illyrian and eastern Adriatic region of northeastern Italy and the western Balkan peninsula formed by [Prunus spinosa], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rubus caesius], [Viburnum lantana], any of which may dominate or codominate, and by [Crataegus monogyna], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Rosa] spp., [Acer campestre].


description:
Low scrub of the steppe and southern wooded steppe zones of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, characteristic in particular of microdepressions, dominated by [Caragana frutex], [Spiraea crenifolia], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus fruticosa] or [Crataegus monogyna].


description:
Shrub formations of the southern wooded steppe zone of the Ponto-Sarmatic region, in which [Prunus spinosa] often plays a dominant role, constituting, in particular, natural, stable biocoenoses on degraded chernozems, similar, in appearance and bush-layer composition, to the sub-Atlantic European recolonisation thickets but with an herb layer dominated by steppe species.


description:
Thickets and scrubs of the western Ponto-Sarmatic steppe and wooded steppe zone and of the Thracian steppe zone, composed of a mixture of species of continental and Mediterranean affinities, including [Crataegus monogyna], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Jasminum fruticans], [Carpinus orientalis], [Cotinus coggygria], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Achillea clypeolata], [Asphodeline lutea], [Salvia ringens], [Genista sessilifolia].


hname:
Western Pontic jasmine christ's thorn scrub

description:
[Paliurus spina-christi], [Jasminum fruticans] and [Crataegus monogyna] scrub of the western Pontic region, characteristic of superficial chernozems on calcareous substrates of the coastal regions of the southern Romanian Dobrogea and the northeastern Bulgarian Dobruja, with [Asparagus verticillatus], [Achillea clypeolata], [Asphodeline lutea], [Salvia ringens], [Genista sessilifolia].


description:
[Paliurus spina-christi] thickets and scrub of the rim and hills of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of eastern and southeastern Bulgaria, remnants of flower-rich bushy steppe communities of specific Thracian character, harbouring species of both sub-Mediterranean and Ponto-Pannonic or Central Eurasian affinities, including [Jasminum fruticans], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Paeonia peregrina] ([Paeonia decora]), [Paeonia tenuifolia], [Tulipa aureolinea], [Tulipa urumoffii], [Adonis vernalis], [Adonis flammea], [Adonis aestivalis], [Ranunculus illyricus], [Salvia nutans], [Verbascum phoeniceum], [Milium vernale], [Scandix australis], [Phlomis herba-venti ssp. pungens] ([Phlomis pungens]), [Phlomis tuberosa], which still covered vast expanses at the beginning of the century but which may now be largely extinct in their most developed form.


description:
Thickets of south-facing slopes of the wooded steppe zone of the Moldova Republic, with [Cornus mas], [Cotinus coggygria], [Tilia tomentosa], [Prunus mahaleb], [Staphylea pinnata].


description:
Scrub formations of the mantle of steppe ravine woods (bairaks) of the central and eastern Ponto-Sarmatic steppe regions of the Ukraine, with [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus fruticosa], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Caragana frutex], with [Filipendula vulgaris] ([Filipendula hexapetala]), [Stipa lessingiana], [Verbascum nigrum], [Achillea millefolium], [Melica altissima], [Phleum phleoides], [Stachys recta], [Galium rubioides], [Melampyrum cristatum], [Delphinium elatum], [Asperula glauca], [Coronilla varia].


description:
Thickets of endoreic depressions (closed drainage basins)  of the Ponto-Sarmatic steppe zone, dominated by [Prunus spinosa], with [Rosa gallica], [Spiraea crenata], [Prunus fruticosa], [Rubus caesius], [Prunus tenella] ([Amygdalus nana]), [Caragana frutex].


description:
[Cytisus multiflorus], [Cytisus striatus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus grandiflorus], [Cytisus cantabricus], [Genista florida] and other tall broom fields of the Iberian peninsula, mostly characteristic of the transition between the Atlantic and Mediterranean domaines.


description:
Low, thorny formations of hemispherical shrubs of the coastal thermo-Mediterranean zone of Aegean islands, of mainland Greece and the Ionian islands, of coastal Anatolia and Crete (up to 1000 m a.s.l.), with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Centaurea spinosa], [Satureja thymbra], [Thymus capitatus], [Genista acanthoclada], [Anthyllis hermanniae], [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Stachys spinosa], [Ballota pseudodictamnus], [Ballota acetabulosa], [Erica manipuliflora], [Rhamnus oleoides], [Lithospermum hispidulum], [Fumana arabica], [Fumana thymifolia], [Cistus creticus], [Cistus parviflorus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Teucrium brevifolium], [Teucrium divaricatum], [Teucrium polium], [Calicotome villosa], [Micromeria graeca], [Micromeria juliana], [Micromeria nervosa], [Salvia triloba], [Ononis spinosa], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. italicum], [Phagnalon graecum], [Phlomis fruticosa],much more widespread and diverse than the western Mediterranean formations. The subunits are based on physiognomically significant dominants.


hname:
Aegean thorny burnet ([Sarcopoterium]) phrygana

description:
[Sarcopoterium spinosum]-dominated formations, by far the commonest phrygana facies, widespread in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete, with local outposts in peninsular Greece, the Ionian islands and coastal Anatolia.


description:
Rare, relict formations on coastal sands and gravels of Egina, Attica, Euboea, Skyros, Samos, Lesbos, Khios, Kos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Crete, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, western Anatolia, dominated by the large, silvery hemispherical cushions of [Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa], sometimes accompanied by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] or [Euphorbia acanthoclada].


description:
Phryganas often rich in [Centaurea spinosa ssp. spinosa], mixed with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Satureja thymbra], [Ballota acetabulosa] of Lesbos, extending from the coast to the highest hills in the arid western part of the island; covering a relatively vast expanse, they harbour a highly distinctive flora and fauna as well as remnants of fossil forest.


description:
Formations of the Cyclades, rich in [Centaurea spinosa ssp. cycladum], extending from coastal areas to the highest elevations.


description:
Phryganas of the Aegean region in which [Erica manipuliflora] plays an important role, often associated with [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Genista acanthoclada], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Ballota acetabulosa], [Cistus creticus], [Cistus parviflorus], [Cistus salvifolius], a facies of the [Sarcopoterium] phrygana developing locally, notably in eastern Crete and the Cyclades.


description:
Phryganas of the Aegean region dominated or formed by [Thymus capitatus].


description:
[Genista acanthoclada] formations of the thermo-Mediterranean zone Aegean islands and coasts.


description:
Facies of the Aegean phryganas in which [Satureja thymbra] becomes locally dominant.


hname:
Aegean spiny spurge ([Euphorbia acanthothamnos]) phrygana

description:
[Euphorbia acanthothamnos]-dominated formations of the Aegean.


description:
[Lithospermum hispidulum]-dominated phryganas, limited to southeastern Aegean islands and adjacent Anatolian peninsulas.


description:
[Anthyllis hermanniae]-dominated or -rich phryganas, widespread, in particular in the northern Aegean.


description:
Varied formations of supra- and oro- Mediterranean levels of Crete resulting from the broad contact between phryganas and hedgehog-heaths (unit F5.3), with [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Verbascum spinosum], [Berberis cretica], [Phlomis cretica], [Satureja biroi], [Sideritis syriaca], [Hypericum empetrifolium], [Origanum microphyllum], [Micromeria juliana], [Helichrysum italicum ssp. microphyllum], [Genista acanthoclada] and [Astragalus angustifolius].


description:
Thorny cushion communities of the Thracian wooded steppe zone enclaved between the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmora and the Aegean, with [Sarcopoterium spinosum] and [Astragalus thracicus].


hname:
Thracian thorny burnet ([Sarcopoterium]) phrygana

description:
[Sarcopoterium spinosum]-dominated phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe.


hname:
Northern Thracian collinar [Astragalus thracicus] phrygana

description:
[Astragalus thracicus] phryganas of the Thracian steppe zone of northeastern Greece and Turkey-in-Europe, with local representatives in the xerothermic oak belt of the hills and rim of the Northern Thracian plain (East Rumelian plain) of southeastern Bulgaria, in particular, in the Bakadzicita hills of the Yambol Tundzja basin and in the foothills of the eastern Rhodopes.


description:
Cushion-forming thermo-Mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Mediterranean areas of the Levant, north and west to the Gulf of Alexandrette, with local outposts in the Gulf of Antalaya and in Cyprus; they occupy large areas in the lowlands, ascending locally into the hills and, in Lebanon, to 1300 m in the mountains.


description:
Cushion-forming thermo-mediterranean summer-deciduous, often thorny, sclerophyllous formations of Cyprus, mostly characteristic of the central plains, of semisteppic batha appearance, outpost of the continental formations of units F7.342 to F7.345, and like them of Irano-Turanian affinities, formed by [Sarcopoterium spinosum], [Thymus capitatus] ([Coridothymus capitatus]), [Lithodora hispidula] ([Lithospermum hispidulum]), [Onosma fruticosum], [Galium suberosum].


description:
Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of the northern Thracian plain of Bulgaria.


hname:
Dacian [Geranium macrorrhizum] beech ravine forests

description:
Forests of [Fagus sylvatica] accompanied by [Carpinus betulus], and [Fraxinus ornus] in the tree layer, [Corylus avellana] in the scrub layer, [Geranium macrorrhizum], [Arabis procurrens], [Doronicum columnae], [Silene heuffelii], [Helleborus purpurascens], [Asplenium scolopendrium] in the herb layer, on the calcareous screes of gorges of the western Southern Carpathians.


description:
Ravine forests of the Pontic Range, the Caucasus, Crimea, the Hyrcanic region.


description:
[Tilia] spp.-dominated forests and woods of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral and boreal zones. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit G1.A2, riverine forests in unit G1.2 and G1.3.


description:
Rare [Tilia]-dominated stands of nemoral western and central Europe, within the range of [Fagus sylvatica], often [Tilia]-dominated facies of lime-rich oak-hornbeam forests. They are distributed, in particular, in the Bohemian basin, in southern Scandinavia and in the British Isles.


description:
[Tilia]-dominated forests of the northern nemoral zone and of enclaves in the southern boreal zone of Fennoscandia, the Baltic States and Russia, east to the Volga, outside of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and mostly of [Carpinus betulus]. [Tilia cordata] may be accompanied by [Quercus robur], [Acer platanoides], [Populus tremula], [Picea abies], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Euonymus europaeus], [Daphne mezereum], [Galium odoratum], [Anemone nemorosa] and boreal herbs.


description:
[Tilia]-dominated forests of eastern Central Europe and the southern nemoral zone of Russia, east of the range of [Fagus sylvatica] and, for the most part, of that of [Carpinus betulus], and west of the Volga, with [Quercus robur], [Acer platanoides] and [Ulmus montana].


description:
Forests of the nemoral zone of Russia, east of the Volga, with an eastward trend of diminishing [Quercus robur] and augmenting [Tilia cordata], and an often luxuriant shrub layer comprizing, in particular, [Corylus avellana]. Many, or most, are dominated by lime and listed here rather than under unit G1.A16 .


description:
[Tilia cordata]-dominated forests of the oak-hornbeam-lime forest complex occupying the central part of the Tauric chain of southern Crimea.


description:
Forests and woods dominated by [Ulmus] spp. or [Acer] spp. of dry, sometimes humid but non-riparian, stable soils of the nemoral zone. Ravine forests, on screes or colluvions, dominated by these species are listed in unit G1.A2, riverine forests in unit G1.2.


description:
[Ulmus minor] ([Ulmus carpinifolia], [Ulmus campestris]) or [Ulmus procera] woods of base- and nutrient-rich, often ruderal, terrain, dispersed along the western seaboard of Western Europe and in warm, dry, subcontinental areas of Central Europe, usually rich in species of southern affinities.


description:
Nitrophile [Ulmus minor] or [Ulmus procera] woods of the western seaboard of the European continent, from northern France to Poland, distributed, in particular, in the Paris Basin, in the maritime dunes of the Netherlands and Belgium, on the dikes of the Dutch fluviatile district and on the cretaceous low Meuse hills, sporadically also in suburban forests, parks and green spaces throughout its range.


description:
[Ulmus minor] woods of the coasts of Normandy, Brittany and Vend‚e.


description:
Woods of the British Isles, mostly of the [Fraxinus]-[Acer]-[Mercurialis] type, invaded and dominated by suckering elms of the [Ulmus minor] group ([Ulmus carpinifolia], [Ulmus procera]); postcultural small-leaved elm groves are included.


description:
[Ulmus minor] woods of dry, warm stations in regions of subcontinental climate of Central Europe, mostly secondary colonists of agricultural land on loess, marls, degraded chernozems or alluvial terrain, distributed in particular in southern German dry enclaves, in peri-Pannonic areas and in Bulgaria.


description:
Non-riparian, non-ravine [Ulmus glabra] or [Ulmus laevis]-dominated formations of northern and central Europe.


hname:
Mixed deciduous woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas

description:
Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests limited mainly to the mountains bordering the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.


description:
Mixed summer-green broad-leaved forests of the Pontic Range of northern Anatolia and the Stranja-Istranca of Thrace, with outlyers in the eastern Balkan Range.


description:
Species-rich mixed forests of mountains of the western Pontic Range and the mountains of the western and southwestern Black Sea region, including the eastern Balkan Range, the Stranja-Istranca, typically with a varied, multispecific shrub layer and herb layer comprising many Euxinian elements.


hname:
Peatmoss montane inner Alpine spruce forests

description:
Montane inner Alpine [Picea abies] forests of peaty soils, rich in [Sphagnum] spp. and with [Equisetum sylvaticum], [Listera cordata] and [Dryopteris dilatata].


description:
[Picea abies] forests of the montane and collinar levels of the inner basin of the Slovakian Carpathians, formed along the Proprad River valley between the High Tatras and the Low Tatras and subjected to a climate of high continentality.


description:
Subalpine [Picea abies] forests of high ranges of the central and eastern sections of the Hercynian arc, from the Harz to the Bohemian Quadrangle.


hname:
Subalpine spruce forests of the Bayerischer Wald

description:
Acidophilous [Picea abies] forest of the granitic domes of the Bayerischer Wald and the Böhmerwald, with [Abies alba], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Homogyne alpina], [Soldanella montana], [Calamagrostis villosa].


hname:
Subalpine spruce forests of the Harz and Erzgebirge

description:
Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Harz (above 750 m), the Thüringer Wald and the Erzgebirge.


description:
Spruce forests of the higher elevations of the Sudeten (Krkonose or Riesengebirge, Orlicke Hory, Jeseniky).


description:
Outlying [Picea abies] formations of the Apennines, the southern Dinarides, the Balkan Range and the Rhodope Mountains, at the southern limit of the range of the species and mostly south of its continuous range. [Pinus sylvestris] may be present, and undergrowth species may include [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Urtica dioica], [Rubus idaeus], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Poa nemoralis], [Daphne oleoides], [Calamagrostis arundinacea] and [Fragaria vesca].


description:
[Picea abies] forests of the  Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and Rhodope ranges and of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains.


description:
Very local [Picea abies] forests of the Aegean-facing southernmost ridge of the main Rhodope ranges in extreme northern Greece, constituting part of the Kara-Dere Forest.


description:
[Picea abies] forests of the Rhodope Mountains, forming an extensive subalpine belt on Vitosha, Rila, Pirin and the Rhodopes; the isolated forests developed on the Aegean flank of the Iztocni-Rodope are listed in unit G3.1E11.


description:
[Picea abies] forests of the Moeso-Macedonian mountains, in particular, of the 
Osogovska Planina of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia and Bulgaria.


description:
Relict woods of spontaneous [Picea abies] of the northern Apennines (Passo del Cerreto, Emilia-Romagna; Foce del Campolino sull'Abetone, Tuscany).


description:
Isolated subalpine and high montane [Picea abies] forests of the Ljubisnja range of Montenegro, developed on both siliceous and calcareous substrates, at altitudes comprised between 1150 and 1850 m on  on sunny slopes (adrets) and between 1100 and 1900 m on shaded slopes (ubacs). They are species-rich on limestones with a cortège of medio-European affinities, except for the presence of [Laserpitium marginatum].


description:
Very local subalpine [Picea abies] forests of the Pelagonides, particularly of the southern Sar Planina of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, with smaller stands farther south in the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, and in Albania.


description:
Rare and local [Picea abies] forests of the western and central Balkan Range.


description:
Spontaneous [Picea abies] formations occupying outlying altitudinal or edaphic enclaves within the range of more predominant vegetation types, in particular the montane levels of the outer Alps, the Carpathians, the Dinarides, the Jura, the Hercynian ranges, the subalpine levels of the Jura, the western Hercynian ranges and the Dinarides.


description:
Restricted [Picea abies] forests of subalpine affinities of the Jura, comprising truly subalpine formations of the Haut-Jura, well developed but of small extent because of relatively low altitude and competition with [Pinus uncinata] formations, tall herb spruce forests as well as cold station or "ice cellar" formations similar to those of the northern outer Alps.


description:
[Picea abies] forests of the Black Forest, characteristic of the subalpine level and of edaphic enclaves and cold stations, rich in [Bazzania trilobata], with [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Listera cordata], [Lycopodium annotinum].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of sub-boreal and northern nemoral central and eastern Europe, with isolated stations in the Hercynian system.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the plains of northern Germany, northern Poland and the northern nemoral Sarmatic region, with [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Calluna vulgaris], [Andromeda polifolia], [Myrica gale].


hname:
Inland northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of nemoral and boreonemoral eastern Europe and of inland sites in the Baltic lowlands of northern central Europe.


hname:
Coastal northern bilberry Scots Pine mire woods

description:
[Pinus sylvestris] formations of dunal depressions of the southern and southeastern Baltic coasts, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Erica tetralix], [Deschampsia flexuosa].


description:
[Pinus sylvestris] formations of bogs and transition mires of the Hercynian system, best represented in the Bohemian Quadrangle, with rare outposts farther west to the Vosges, with [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Andromeda polifolia].


description:
Peri-Hercynian [Pinus sylvestris] formations of mires with species-poor undergrowth, comprising [Vaccinium myrtillus], usually dominant, [Calamagrostis villosa], [Sphagnum girgensohnii].


description:
Isolated relict Scots pine mire woods of the Balkan peninsula, often with [Picea abies] and [Betula pubescens] and a sometimes species-rich cortège of fen, bog or transition mire species, including sphagna and cottonsedges.


description:
Scots pine mire wood of the Han-Kram range in southern Bosnia, in the Illyrian beech forest zone, with [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens] and [Salix pentandra], accompanied by [Frangula alnus], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Salix caprea], [Salix cinerea], [Sphagnum] spp., [Carex] spp., [Molinia caerulea], [Agrostis canina].


description:
Scots pine mire woods of the western Rhodope of Bulgaria and of western and eastern Serbia, with occasional [Picea abies] and [Betula pubescens]; the accompanying cortège is related to that of acid fens and transition mires; [Eriophorum latifolium], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] characterize constituting communities.


description:
[Pinus sylvestris]-dominated mire woods of the wooded steppe and steppe zones of western Eurasia, in particular of the Ukraine, with [Betula pendula], [Ledum palustre], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Salix] spp., [Chamaedaphne calyculata], [Carex pauciflora], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Sphagnum] spp.


description:
[Picea abies] woods rich in sphagnum and other wetness indicators, occupying fens or swamps at the periphery of raised bogs, as well as waterlogged soils in acidophilous spruce woods, frequent particularly in the montane and subalpine levels of hills and mountains of the high-precipitation areas of the Alpine periphery and in the lowlands at the edge of the spruce wood region of the boreal zone.


description:
Montane and subalpine peaty soils [Picea abies] forests of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Jura, the great Hercynian ranges, and, very locally, the Dinarides, often dense, carpeted with sphagnum and mosses, accompanied occasionally by [Abies alba], and with an understorey of [Sorbus aucuparia], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Blechnum spicant], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Homogyne alpina] and [Listera cordata].


description:
Peaty soils [Picea abies] or [Picea abies]-[Pinus sylvestris] forests of northern central and eastern Europe, south of the main, boreal and boreonemoral, area of continuous natural lowland occurrence of spruce, with [Listera cordata], [Moneses uniflora], [Sphagnum girgensohnii], and, in drier places, [Maianthemum bifolium], [Oxalis acetosella].


description:
[Picea abies] formations colonizing raised bogs of the nemoral region of Eurasia, with [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium oxycoccos], [Eriophorum vaginatum], [Sphagnum magellanicum] and other sphagna.


description:
Plantations of exotic conifers or of European conifers out of their natural range, or of native species planted in clearly unnatural stands, typically as monocultures in situations where other species would naturally dominate.


description:
Plantations of Palaearctic conifers within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in other relevant subdivisions of unit G3.


hname:
Native fir, spruce, larch, cedar plantations

description:
Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genera [Abies], [Picea], [Larix] or [Cedrus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3.


description:
Plantations of Palaearctic conifers of genus [Pinus] within their broad biogeographical area of occurrence, but outside of the conditions described under "reforestation" in the relevant subdivisions of unit G3.


description:
Formations rich in white-flowered [Cytisus multiflorus] of the western Meseta, the (mostly western) Cordillera Central, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon and the western Cantabrian mountains, in which [Cytisus multiflorus] is either the only tall broom or is an important component of broom fields also containing yellow-flowered [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla], [Genista florida ssp. florida], [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens], [Cytisus scoparius] and others.


hname:
Northwestern Iberian [Genista florida] fields

description:
Formations rich in [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla] of the oro-Cantabrian region, the sierras of southern Galicia and Leon, the Serra da Estrela, the northern Iberian range, with [Cytisus cantabricus], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus striatus], [Genista obtusiramea], [Adenocarpus complicatus].


description:
Formations rich in [Cytisus striatus] or [Cytisus ingramii] of the western Cordillera Central and of Galician hills and plateaux, with [Genista florida ssp. polygaliphylla], [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus multiflorus] or [Ulex europaeus].


hname:
Central Iberian [Genista florida] fields

description:
Formations rich in [Genista florida ssp. florida] of the Cordillera Central and the Southern Iberian Range with [Cytisus scoparius], [Cytisus multiflorus], [Cytisus striatus], [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens], [Adenocarpus hispanicus].


hname:
Upper Cordilleran [Genista cinerea] fields

description:
Formations dominated by [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerascens] of higher elevations of the Cordillera Central.


description:
Formations rich in [Cytisus striatus] or [Cytisus scoparius] of the Cordillera Central and the Montes de Toledo with [Genista florida ssp. florida] or [Chamaespartium tridentatum].


description:
Formations of [Cytisus reverchonii], [Cytisus grandiflorus], [Adenocarpus decorticans] of the supra-Mediterranean zone of Andalucian mountains.


description:
Broom fields of peninsular Italy and of the large Tyrrhenian islands.


description:
Formations of the very large [Genista aetnensis], endemic to the western Mediterranean and of considerable biogeographical interest, with a distribution limited to Sicily and Sardinia. The species has been introduced on Vesuvio, where it also forms extensive stands.


description:
Canary Island formations with [Teline] spp., [Micromeria] spp., [Adenocarpus foliolosus] developed in particular in the humid montane zone where they replace heaths on sunnier exposures.


description:
Broom formations of the hills of the Balkan peninsula, in regions of transition between Central European and Mediterranean influences.


description:
Shrub communities of nemoral affinities, in which [Ericaceae] are dominant or at least prominent. Such heaths are best developed on acid soils in the Atlantic zone and also in sub-Atlantic Europe.


description:
Wet or humid ericoid-shrub dominated heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, developed on peaty or semipeaty soils, waterlogged for at least part of the year, sometimes temporarily inundated, and usually moist even in summer.


description:
Wet heaths of the northern Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaine and of boreal enclaves in the southern Atlantic and sub-Atlantic domaine. They mostly comprise wet and humid heaths of anmoors, gleypodsols and thin peats of the British Isles, the Germano-Baltic plains and neighbouring Hercynian hills, northern and northwestern France, southern Scandinavia, dominated by [Erica tetralix] or [Calluna vulgaris], sometimes in association with [Scirpus cespitosus] or [Molinia caerulea], usually accompanied by non-peatbuilding sphagna, in particular, [Sphagnum compactum], [Sphagnum molle], [Sphagnum tenellum]. They also include peaty heaths of more southern regions, in western France, the periphery of the Paris Basin and northwestern Iberia, mostly developed in the central, most humid, part of depressions, often in contact with somewhat less humid formations of unit F4.12.


description:
Humid and meso-hygrophile heaths of gley-podsols and semi-peaty soils of the northwestern Iberian peninsula, Atlantic France, the Paris Basin and its periphery, extreme southern England, dominated by [Erica tetralix] or [Erica ciliaris], with [Erica scoparia], [Erica ciliaris], [Calluna vulgaris], [Ulex minor], [Ulex gallii] or [Genista anglica]. They may, in particular, form transition belts between peaty heaths of unit F4.11 and dry heaths of unit F4.2.


description:
Degraded facies of wet heaths, humid heaths and swamp-heaths of the Atlantic and sub-Atlantic zones, dominated by [Molinia caerulea]. Includes heaths on drained open peatlands.


description:
Heaths on siliceous, podsolic, rarely- or never-waterlogged soils in moist Atlantic and sub-Atlantic climates of the plains and low mountains of Western and Central Europe.


description:
Submontane, or sometimes lowland or coastal, heaths rich in [Vaccinium] spp., usually with [Calluna vulgaris], [Nardus stricta], [Luzula campestris] and [Genista] spp., of the northern and western British Isles, of the North Atlantic islands, of Fennoscandia, of the Hercynian ranges and the lower levels of the Alps, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica. Secondary stands originating after deforestation of pine and oak acidophilous forests also belong to this unit.


description:
Low altitude heaths of boreomontane affinities developed under euoceanic climates along the coasts of low Arctic and northern temperate North Atlantic islands and of boreal and arctic Scandinavia, generally characterized by the prominence of [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Vaccinium uliginosum] or [Vaccinium vitis-idaea].


description:
[Vaccinium]-dominated, [Vaccinium]-rich and [Empetrum]-rich heaths of boreomontane affinities characteristic of northern and western uplands of Britain and of western and southern Scandinavia, with extensions in the Germano-Baltic plain, particularly in Jutland, Poland, southern Finland and the Baltic States. [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum], [Empetrum nigrum], [Empetrum hermaphroditum], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi], [Pleurozium schreberi] and [Hylocomium splendens] are strongly represented among the associates of [Calluna vulgaris].


description:
Montane or submontane [Calluna]-[Vaccinium] heaths of the Hercynian ranges of northern and middle Western and Central Europe and of their surrounding regions. They mostly include secondary heaths of the beech level of the Vosges, of the Black Forest, of the Ardennes and the Eifel, of the mid-German Hercynian ranges, of the Bohemian Quadrangle, including the Erzgebirge (Metallic Mountains), the Sudeten, the Bohemian Forest (Sumava) and the Czecho-Moravian Hills, of the Massif Central and, locally, the Morvan, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], [Vaccinium uliginosum] and montane lycopodes ([Diphasiastrum] spp.). They also comprise partly primary and sometimes threatened local formations of extrasylvatic areas, in particular the [Calluna vulgaris] heaths enclaved in alpine and subalpine [Pinus mugo] scrub and acidophilous grassland complexes of the high slopes and plateaux of the Giant Mountains (Sudeten), or the [Calluna vulgaris], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea] heaths of the Brocken summit in the Harz with [Anemone micrantha] and [Hieracium alpinum].


description:
[Vaccinium] spp. heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Alps with, [Calluna vulgaris], [Artemisia alba], [Silene otites], [Campanula spicata] and other thermophile species.


description:
[Vaccinium]-rich heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Pyrenees and the Cordillera Cantabrica.


description:
[Vaccinium myrtillus]-[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] and [Vaccinium]-rich [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the Carpathians.


hname:
Submontane western Carpathian bilberry-cowberry heaths

description:
[Vaccinium myrtillus]-[Vaccinium vitis-idaea] heaths of the collinar and montane levels of the western and northern Carpathians of Moravia, Slovakia, Poland, with [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Melampyrum pratense], [Melampyrum sylvaticum], [Calamagrostis arundinacea].


hname:
Montane eastern Carpathian bilberry-ling heaths

description:
[Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the beech and spruce levels of the eastern Carpathians, most widespread in the Apuseni mountains, rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus] and [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], with [Lycopodium clavatum], [Genista sagittalis], [Bruckenthalia spiculifolia], [Campanula abietina], [Campanula serrata], [Scorzonera rosea], [Viola declinata], [Nardus stricta], [Potentilla erecta], [Hieracium pilosella], [Anthoxanthum odoratum], [Agrostis capillaris], [Festuca rubra].


description:
Low [Calluna vulgaris] heaths often rich in [Genista] spp., [Armeria vulgaris], [Jasione montana], [Saxifraga granulata], [Teucrium scorodonia] mostly of the Germano-Baltic, but extended south- and eastwards to the Pannonic lowlands. Similar formations occurring in British upland areas, montane zones of high mountains of the western Mediterranean basin and high-rainfall Adriatic influenced areas are included. Vegetation of the alliance [Genistion pilosae] is present.


description:
Heaths of the northern Germano-Baltic plain and neighbouring regions, in Denmark, southern Sweden, Germany, northern Poland and the Netherlands north of the Rhine, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Genista pilosa] and, in the west, [Genista anglica], and with a species cortège that reflects boreal influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of [Empetrum nigrum] or [Vaccinium] spp. These formations have their main area of occurrence in northwestern Germany, Jutland and the Netherlands in Friesland, the Drente, and the Hoge Veluwe, extending northward to northern Jutland and coastal Halland, eastward to the Prignitz and to Poland. Outliers occupy restricted surfaces in the Hercynian upper Rhine hills, the Rhine Valley and middle Franconia.


description:
Relatively thermophile, subcontinental [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of Central Europe, in central and southern Germany, eastern France, the Czech Republic, Austria, with [Genista germanica], [Genista tinctoria], [Chamaespartium sagittale] ([Genista sagittalis]), [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, in peri-Alpine habitats, [Lembotropis nigricans] ([Cytisus nigricans]), [Chamaecytisus supinus] ([Cytisus supinus]), [Polygala chamaebuxus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea]. They have their main area of distribution in the Thuringian and Franconian ranges, the Upper Palatinate hills, the Danube-Isar hills, the Swabian Alb, the Baar plateau, the eastern Black Forest, the Rhenano-Burgondian hills, the foothills of the Bayerischer Wald, the hills and low mountains of the Bohemian uplands, in the Bavarian and Austrian Danube basin, in the southeastern foothills of the Alps, in Carinthia and Styria; they irradiate northward, in thermophilous enclaves, in the Elbe basin.


description:
Heaths of the southwestern Germano-Baltic plain, in the Netherlands, south of the Rhine, Belgium and northwestern France, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris], with [Genista anglica], [Genista pilosa] and a species cortège that reflects Atlantic influences, marked, in particular, by the frequent presence of [Erica cinerea].


description:
[Erica cinerea]-dominated heaths of the southern Netherlands and Belgium, facies of the [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths of unit F4.223. They represent a transition to the northern Atlantic heaths of unit F4.25.


description:
Species-poor [Calluna vulgaris] lowland and hill heaths of England, limited to base-poor substrates in areas of local relative contintality.


description:
Thermophile [Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the montane zone (beech forest level) of the Central Massif, the Pyrenees and the southwestern Alps, with [Genista anglica], [Genista pilosa], [Vaccinium myrtillus] and, often, [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi].


description:
Sub-boreal heaths of the Netherlands and northern Germany, occupying enclaves within the range of heaths of unit F4.22, rich in [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Vaccinium vitis-idaea], or in [Empetrum nigrum], characteristic, in particular, of the Hoge Veluwe, Drente and Friesland.


description:
Heaths of the southern periphery of the Pannonic basin and the lower montane level of the Dinarides, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Erica herbacea], [Genista germanica ssp. heteracantha], [Genista pilosa], [Juniperus communis], [Prunella laciniata], [Hieracium murorum] ([Hieracium silvaticum]), [Serratula tinctoria], [Nardus stricta], [Carex pilulifera].


description:
[Calluna vulgaris] heaths of the fluvioglacial terraces that constitute the high plains of the Po river system, with [Genista pilosa], [Genista tinctoria], [Cytisus scoparius], [Polygala chamaebuxus].


description:
[Calluna vulgaris]-[Chamaespartium sagittale] ([Genista sagittalis]) heaths of the southwestern Alps, the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Jura, the Bavarian plateau and the southeastern Carpathians.


description:
Heaths of calcareous or somewhat calcareous substrates, and of low-precipitation continental enclaves, in particular, in Hercynian hills and on Pleistocene inland dunes, of Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, southern Scandinavia, with southern representatives in the northern Dinarides of Croatia, with [Calluna vulgaris], [Euphorbia cyparissias], [Cruciata glabra], [Peucedanum oreoselinum], [Prunella vulgaris], [Juniperus communis], [Carex caryophyllea], [Carex ericetorum], [Carex humilis], [Koeleria pyramidata].


description:
Formations rich in [Erica umbellata], or sometimes [Erica aragonensis], of the meso-Mediterranean and occasionally thermo-Mediterranean zones of the western parts of the Iberian peninsula, intermediate between heath and maquis.


description:
Formations constituted by the local endemic [Erica andevalensis] on soils rich in heavy metals of the rio Odiel basin in western Andalusia.


description:
Low, open heaths of northern hyper-Atlantic Europe, north of the range of gorses, dominated by [Calluna vulgaris] and [Erica cinerea].


description:
Heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes.


description:
Crowberry heaths (unit F4.227) of the relict wandering dunes of Drente and southern Friesland, with [Empetrum nigrum], [Salix arenaria], [Lophochloa cuspidata], [Pseudoscleropodium purum], [Hylocomium splendens].


hname:
Dry sandy heaths with heather and [Genista]

description:
Sub-Atlantic [Calluna]-[Genista] heaths colonizing Germano-Baltic fluvioglacial inland dunes, other than those of F4.261; their composition can be specified by use of codes of unit F4.22.


description:
Heaths of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira.


description:
Low and medium-tall ericaceous formations of the cloud belt of the Canary Islands.


description:
Humid low heaths of high elevations of Tenerife (Anaga) and La Gomera (Incherada), with [Erica scoparia ssp. platycodon].


description:
Low and medium-tall stages of the [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya] and [Ilex canariensis] formations (tall forest-like formations are listed as G2.7).


description:
Sometimes fairly tall, 2-3 metre high, [Erica arborea], [Myrica faya], [Erica scoparia], [Laurus azorica], [Clethra arborea] and [Pteridium aquilinum] heaths of the cloud zone of Madeira.


description:
[Erica cinerea var. maderensis]-dominated heaths of the highest peaks of Madeira.


description:
[Erica azorica], [Myrica faya] and [Laurus azorica] heaths of the lower altitudes of the Azores.


hname:
Upland Azorean [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] heaths

description:
Heath facies of the [Erica azorica] and [Juniperus brevifolia] "upper woods" of the Azores.


description:
[Calluna vulgaris], [Daboecia azorica] and [Thymus caespititius] communities of the highest altitudes of the Azores (1200-1500 m).


hname:
Maquis, arborescent matorral and thermo-Mediterranean brushes

description:
Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with a closed or nearly closed canopy structure, having nearly 100% cover of shrubs, with few annuals and some vernal geophytes; trees are nearly always present, some of which may be in shrub form. Shrubs, sometimes tall, of [Arbutus], [Cistus], [Cytisus], [Erica], [Genista], [Lavandula], [Myrtus], [Phillyrea], [Pistacia], [Quercus] and [Spartium] are typical. Included is pseudomaquis, in which the dominants are mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs.


description:
Successional and plagioclimax evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous vegetation of mediterranean or warm-temperate humid affinities with a more or less dense, broken or low arborescent cover and with a usually thick, high evergreen shrub stratum. Arborescent matorral derives mostly from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (G2) or is intermediate between them and maquis (F5.2); some derives from thermophilous deciduous (G1.7) or conifer (G3.7) forests.


description:
Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean arborescent matorral organized around evergreen oaks. Dense, low, coppice-like Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean woods of evergreen oaks.


description:
[Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. transtagana] formations of maritime sands of southwestern Portugal; they should usually be listed under unit B1.63.


hname:
Phoenician and Lycian juniper arborescent matorral

description:
Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus phoenicea] s.l.


description:
[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. phoenicea]-dominated formations occupying steep rocky slopes of the meso-Mediterranean and, locally, thermo-Mediterranean or lower supra-Mediterranean zones, particularly developed on crests and spurs of the mountains bordering the Ebro depression, in calcareous mountains of Valencia, in the southwestern Alps and Provence, in Sardinia, in Sicily, in Puglia, in southern Greece, in North Africa. Remarkable, generally uncommon, stands of old, tall trees may take on an almost woodland appearance.


description:
[Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia]-dominated formations of coastal sands, alluvions and abrupt shores. Many are dunal and can be coded under unit B1.63.


hname:
Grecian and stinking juniper arborescent matorrals

description:
Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus excelsa] or [Juniperus foetidissima].


description:
Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus excelsa], derived from unit G3.93.


description:
Arborescent matorrals of Greece, Anatolia and the Near East, dominated by [Juniperus foetidissima], derived from unit G3.94.


description:
Mediterranean formations dominated by [Juniperus communis].


hname:
Syrian juniper ([Juniperus drupacea]) arborescent matorral

description:
Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus drupacea], limited to the Peloponnese and Asia Minor, derived from forests of unit G3.95.


hname:
Spanish juniper ([Juniperus thurifera]) arborescent matorral

description:
Arborescent matorral dominated by [Juniperus thurifera] of Spain, southern France, Corsica and North Africa, derived from forests of unit G3.92. Geographical divisions can be retained by appending the suffixes of units G3.92 to F5.136.


description:
Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean sclerophyllous brush and scrub dotted by pines. Mixed dominance can be indicated by combination of codes.


description:
Arborescent matorrals dominated by [Pinus pinaster ssp. pinaster].


description:
[Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations with brooms, heathers and lavenders of siliceous soils, generally rather eroded and oligotrophic of the meso- and, locally, supra-Mediterranean zones of the Meseta, the Iberian Range and its satellites, the eastern Cordillera Central and southern Galicia and Leon.


description:
[Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations of southern Andalusia, developed in siliceous or peridotite ranges in association with local Baetic floras.


description:
Localized meso- and thermo-Mediterranean [Cistus ladanifer]-dominated formations of siliceous or decalcified soils and subhumid climates of the Tyrrhenian hinterland (crystalline Provence, Valencia), often with heath elements.


description:
Western Mediterranean formations of small or medium [Cistus] spp., most characteristic of the siliceous soils of the meso-Mediterranean zone, but also widely occurring in the thermo-Mediterranean zone and in the siliceous supra-Mediterranean zone. Formations dominated by different [Cistus] species are included as subunits, with the exception of: formations of mostly calciphile [Cistus] species (e.g. [Cistus albidus], [Cistus clusii]) and of indifferent species accompanied by strongly calciphile floras are classified as unit F6.1; formations of entirely thermo-Mediterranean species (e.g. [Cistus bourgaeanus], [Cistus palhinhae], [Cistus heterophyllus]) and of widespread species associated with co-dominant thermo-Mediterranean species are classified as unit F5.5.


description:
Formations dominated by [Cistus monspeliensis], widespread in the Mediterranean region; homogeneous fields form in particular after fires.


description:
Formations dominated by [Cistus salvifolius], equally widespread, though less often dominant, in the entire Mediterranean region.


description:
Formations dominated by [Cistus populifolius], often taller, mainly of cooler, moister, shadier, siliceous or serpentine stations of the meso-Mediterranean zone of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula, in particular of Portugal, Extremadura, the Sierra Morena, the Montes de Toledo, the Iberian Range system, the mountains of Andalusia Occidental, entering in several areas into the supra- or thermo-Mediterranean zones and extending north locally to northern Iberia and Languedoc.


description:
Formations dominated by [Cistus laurifolius], often also of medium height, widespread on siliceous or decalcified soils in meso- and supra-Mediterranean Iberia and northwestern Africa, particularly in the [Quercus pyrenaica] realm, extending to the montane zone of the Pyrenees, and locally to sub-mediterranean areas of the southern Central Massif and the southwestern Alps.


description:
Formations dominated by [Cistus psilosepalus] of moist, lime-free soils of the western half of the Iberian peninsula, usually associated with southern heath elements, within the Atlantic influence, frequently located in depressions and gullies.


description:
Formations of southern and eastern Iberia, southern France, western Sicily and Mediterranean North Africa dominated by [Cistus crispus].


description:
[Cistus incanus] (including [Cistus incanus ssp. corsicus] and [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus]) formations of the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, peninsular Italy and Mediterranean North Africa.


description:
Silicicolous formations with [Cistus albidus]. Most [Cistus albidus] formations have a pronounced garrigue character and should be listed under 32.4; however, some may be accompanied by a cortège so typical of silicolous maquis that they are better retained here.


description:
Usually varied west-Mediterranean maquis rich in [Lavandula stoechas], accompanied by [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp., brooms ([Genista] spp., [Cytisus] spp. i.a.). The subspecies of [Lavandula stoechas] can be used to characterize regional groups of communities otherwise differing by the assembly of accompanying species.


description:
Formations with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas] of northeastern Iberia, France, Italy and the west Mediterranean islands.


description:
Formations of central Iberia with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. pedemontana].


description:
Formations of western Iberia with [Lavandula stoechas ssp. luisieri] or [Lavandula stoechas ssp. sampaiana].


description:
Sparse, low silicicolous western Mediterranean maquis of [Helichrysum] spp., [Cistus] spp., [Erica] spp. physiognomically similar to calcicolous garrigues.


description:
Low, west-Mediterranean maquis dominated by leguminous shrubs ([Cytisus], [Teline], [Genista], [Adenocarpus], [Calicotome spinosa]).


description:
Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub thickets of the periphery of the range of Mediterranean sclerophyllous scrublands. They include, in particular, shrub formations of the Balkan and Italian peninsulas intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak (Southeastern sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets), resulting from the degradation of thermophilous deciduous woodland G1.7, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including [Quercus coccifera], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Quercus trojana], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Buxus sempervirens], [Berberis cretica], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus spinosa], [Rosa] spp., similar Iberian formations with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Ilex aquifolium], French and Italian formations with [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus ilex], formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) and [Pistacia palaestina].


description:
Shrub formations intermediate between Mediterranean maquis and schibljak (Southeastern sub-Mediterranean deciduous thickets), resulting from the degradation of the [Ostryo-Carpinion] of the Helleno-Balkanic peninsula, distributed in particular in northern Greece, in the Maritsa, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and Vardar valleys of Bulgaria and the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the Lake Ohrid basin of Albania, along the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria, and in the eastern Adriatic hills of Albania, Yugoslavia and Croatia, with a mixture of evergreen and deciduous bushes including [Quercus coccifera], [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus excelsa], [Quercus trojana], [Carpinus orientalis], [Ostrya carpinifolia], [Pistacia terebinthus], [Pistacia atlantica], [Berberis cretica], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Pyrus spinosa], [Buxus sempervirens], [Phillyrea media], [Prunus spinosa], [Prunus lusitanica], [Laurus nobilis], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Jasminum fruticans], [Crataegus monogyna], [Crataegus pycnoloba], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Rosa sempervirens], [Rubus ulmifolius].


description:
French and Italian mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations dominated by [Quercus pubescens] and [Quercus ilex].


description:
Mixed sclerophyllous evergreen and deciduous shrub formations of Iberia, with [Amelanchier ovalis], [Prunus lusitanica], [Ilex aquifolium].


description:
Formations of Mediterranean Asia Minor and the Levant dominated by mixed deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees, in particular, [Quercus coccifera] ([Quercus calliprinos]) and [Pistacia palaestina].


description:
Thickets and scrub of Spanish broom, [Spartium junceum], widespread in mediterranean and sub-mediterranean areas of western Europe.


description:
Shrub formations characteristic of the thermo-Mediterranean zone. Included here are those formations, for the most part indifferent to the siliceous or calcareous nature of the substrate, that reach their greatest extent or optimal development in the thermo-Mediterranean zone, typically with abundant [Pistacia lentiscus], [Myrtus communis], [Phillyrea] spp., [Erica manipuliflora], [Styrax officinalis], [Genista fasselata], [Euphorbia dendroides], [Calicotome villosa] and [Sarcopoterium spinosum]. Also included are the numerous, strongly characterized, thermophile formations endemic to the south of the Iberian peninsula, mostly thermo-Mediterranean but sometimes meso-Mediterranean; in their great local diversity they are a western counterpart of, and sometimes approach in appearance, the mostly eastern Mediterranean phryganas F7.


hname:
Thermo-Mediterranean brushes, thickets and heath-garrigues

description:
Lentisc-dominated or lentisc-rich scrub and related formations with [Olea europaea var. sylvestris], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Rhamnus] spp. and [Rhamnus lycioides] subspecies, [Myrtus communis], [Rubia] spp., [Asparagus] spp., [Phillyrea] spp., [Osyris] spp., [Bupleurum] spp., various oaks ([Quercus ilex], [Quercus coccifera] and other species), [Calicotome] spp., [Laurus nobilis], [Helichrysum italicum] and other species widespread in the whole thermo-Mediterranean zone (except the arid Iberian Southeast: unit F5.55). A few extremely distinctive habitats formed by facies of these formations, distributed throughout large portions of their range, are separated under units F5.52-F5.54. Other characteristic habitats are classified as subunits of this unit according to the dominant species.


description:
[Myrtus communis]-dominated thickets. Particularly noteworthy formations occur in the Balearics ([Clematidi-Myrtetum]), in southern Iberia, in Sardinia, in the Aegean, in the eastern Mediterranean coastal regions, in North Africa. Myrtle thickets can in favourable situations reach a height of a few metres, grading into arborescent matorral (unit F5.124).


description:
[Quercus coccifera] thickets of the Mediterranean basin rich in thermo-Mediterranean elements, in particular, [Pistacia lentiscus], [Chamaerops humilis], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. lycioides], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides], [Asparagus albus], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Bupleurum gibraltarium].


description:
[Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea media]-dominated thermo-Mediterranean brushes; they constitute facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean scrub, in particular of the southern Iberian [Asparago-Rhamnion] and of the Aegean [Ceratonio-Rhamnion], notably on Samothrace and Rhodes; they also constitute remarkable coastal formations on Minorca, based on the endemic [Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii], and in Valencia.


description:
Thickets of [Phillyrea media var. rodriguezii] of wind-beaten coastal areas of Minorca.


description:
Thickets of [Phillyrea angustifolia], [Pistacia lentiscus], [Quercus coccifera], [Rhamnus lycioides ssp. oleoides var. angustifolia], [Rhamnus alaternus] of fixed dunes of Valencia. They are almost extinct, surviving only in the Dehesa de la Albufera. The code should be used in conjunction with unit B1.64.


description:
[Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea latifolia]-dominated facies of mixed thermo-Mediterranean thickets of the westerm Mediterranean basin, with the exception of the coastal [Phillyrea] thickets of Minorca and Valencia.


description:
[Phillyrea angustifolia] or [Phillyrea latifolia]-dominated formations of the eastern Mediterranean basin.


description:
Thermo-mediterranean formations in which [Asparagus] spp. and/or [Rhamnus] spp., in particular [Rhamnus lycioides], predominate.


description:
Formations dominated by [Osyris alba] or [Osyris tripartita].


description:
[Styrax officinalis]-dominated formations of thermo- and meso-mediterranean areas of the eastern Mediterranean basin.


description:
[Buxus balearica] formations of coastal regions of Andalusia, bordering the Sea of Alboran, and of the Balearics.


description:
Formations of the semievergreen shrub [Quercus fruticosa] ([Quercus humulus]), endemic of southern and southwestern Iberian and the Moroccan Tang‚rois; they are located in southern Portugal, western Andalusia and in the lower elevations of the western Rif, at around 500 m (j. Kbir, j. Zem-zem, j. Khezana).


description:
Scrub dominated by tall, spiny species of [Genista].


description:
[Corema album]-dominated formations of the southwestern coasts of the Iberian peninsula. Most of them are dunal and can be listed under unit B1.64, completed by this code. They often constitute the hem of juniper woodland or thickets.


description:
Formations rich in thermo-mediterranean elements dominated by prostrate or low shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Juniperus phoenicea]. Many of them are dunal and can be listed under unit B1.64, completed by this code. See also unit F5.5B.


description:
[Artemisia arborescens] scrub of the Tyrrhenian islands and peninsular Italy, the Iberian peninsula, Mediterranean North Africa, the southern Balkans, Greece and Crete, Mediterranean Asia Minor.


description:
[Anthyllis barba-jovis] scrub of thermo-Mediterranean rocky coastal slopes often associated with coastal phrygana and [Euphorbia dendroides] formations, of eastern Spain, Provence, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Adriatic coast of the Balkan peninsula, mainland Greece and Crete.


description:
Local low thermo-Mediterranean formations of calcareous coasts of Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the west Mediterranean mainland of Europe and Africa, dominated by leguminous subshrubs of [Dorycnium] or [Coronilla].


description:
Species-rich formations of the arid depression between the Sierras de Gador, Filabres and Alhamilla, with [Euzomodendron bourgaeanum], [Coris hispanica], [Koelpinia linearis].


description:
Coastal Murcio-Almerian formations with [Teucrium gnaphalodes], [Teucrium baltasari], [Sideritis pusilla ssp. pusilla] and [Sideritis pusilla ssp. flavovirens], [Launaea nudicaulis].


description:
Mediterranean formations dominated by retamas ([Lygos] spp.) or by large, non-spiny thermo-mediterranean brooms of genera [Cytisus] and [Genista], limited to the Iberian peninsula, the Balearics, mediterranean North Africa, Sicily and its associated islands, the Cilento coast of Campania.


description:
[Lygos sphaerocarpa] formations of the Iberian peninsula and Mediterranean North Africa.


description:
[Lygos monosperma] formations of the southwestern Iberian peninsula and coastal Mediterranean North Africa.


description:
Tall, open formations dominated by or rich in the endemic [Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa], with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Chronanthus biflorus], [Ptilostemon hispanicus], and, sometimes, [Lavandula lanata], [Catananche caerulea], [Teucrium polium], [Salvia candelabrum] or [Satureja graeca], of the lower meso-Mediterranean slopes of hills facing the Guadalquivir depression of eastern Andalusia.


description:
Formations of the arid Iberian Southeast dominated by the endemic [Genista valentina], accompanied by [Lygos sphaerocarpa] or, in the Sierra de Cartagena area, [Calicotome infesta ssp. intermedia].


description:
Formations of the coast of the Sea of Alboran and of the arid Iberian southeast dominated by the endemic [Genista spartioides ssp. retamoides].


description:
Open formations of abrupt, hot, sunny slopes of the sierras de Ojen, Mijas (Unidad Blanca), southern Andalusia characterized by the presence of the striking, tall endemic broom [Genista haenseleri], associated with [Phlomis purpurea ssp. purpurea], [Ulex parviflorus ssp. willkommii], [Genista umbellata ssp. equisetiformis], [Thymus capitatus], [Teucrium fruticans].


description:
Formations characterized by the presence of the usually dominant, non-spiny broom [Genista ramosissima] of southeastern Spain and North Africa.


description:
Retama fields formed in coastal regions and on maritime sands of southern Sicily, North Africa and eastern Spain by [Lygos raetam ssp. gussonei], [Lygos raetam ssp. duraiei] and [Lygos raetam ssp. sarcocarpa], close relatives of the widespread retam, [Lygos raetam ssp. raetam], of the desert and subdesert regions.


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean formations of volcanic rocks and sands of Stromboli and Vulcano dominated by the very tall Eolian endemic broom [Cytisus aeolicus], with the Tyrrhenian insular endemic [Centaurea aeolica].


description:
Thermo-Mediterranean formations dominated by the Tyrrhenian endemic [Genista ephedroides], often on steep rocky substrates, restricted to a few localities on western and northern Sardinian headlands, on the island of Zannone, Circeo National Park (Latium), on the north coast of Sicily, on the Eolian and Ponsian islands and along the Cilento coast (Campania).


description:
Formations characterized by the remarkable, tall Ibiza endemic [Genista dorycnifolia], accompanied by the eastern Iberian [Chronanthus biflorus] ([Cytisus fontanesii]).


description:
North African scrub formed by the tall [Genista spartioides ssp. pseudoretamoides].


description:
Western Mediterranean formations, for the most part limited to the lower meso-mediterranean and thermo-mediterranean zones of the western Iberian peninsula, with outposts in western Morocco, dominated by gorse ([Ulex] spp., [Stauracanthus] spp.) of thermo-Mediterranean affinities, or by the spiny, globular broom [Genista hirsuta], accompanied by a cortège of plants characteristic of the meso- and thermo-mediterranean cistus maquis (F5.23), thermo-mediterranean scrub (F5.51) or, occasionally, meso-mediterranean garrigues (F6.1). Other thermo-mediterranean gorse formations will be found among the more specialised extreme southern Iberian endemic communities listed under F5.55, F5.58, F5.59, F5.5A-F5.5C.


description:
[Ulex argenteus ssp. argenteus]-dominated or -rich formations of low slopes of the Serra da Monchique and neighbouring areas of Algarve and southwest Alentejo, usually with [Cistus ladanifer]. The gorse is endemic to the area.


description:
Cushion-heaths of [Ulex densus] formed in substitution stages of the [Melico-Cocciferetum] on dry, calcareous coastal hills of the Tejo and Estremadura regions of central-western Portugal; the gorse is endemic to the area.


hname:
North African [Stauracanthus boivinii] gorse-heaths

description:
African formations dominated by [Stauracanthus boivinii], distributed in the thermo- and lower meso-Mediterranean zone of the vicinity of the Straits of Gibraltar and the southern shores of the Sea of Alboran.


description:
Open scrub formed by [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum] or [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), highly adapted to the extreme aridity and oligotrophy of fossil dunes and other deep, fixed sands with very low water table of coastal areas of the western Mediterranean basin and the subtropical Atlantic, particularly developed in the southwestern Iberian peninsula.


description:
Xero-psammitic scrub of the coasts of the Gulf of Cadiz, between the estuaries of the rios Guadalete, Guadalquivir and Tinto, particularly characteristic of the Coto Donana ("monte blanco"), in which [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum] and [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]) are accompanied by, in particular, [Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica], [Armeria velutina] and [Thymus tomentosus] and, in the wide transition zone with the "monte negro", by [Ulex australis] and [Erica scoparia]. The "monte blanco" is an important habitat for several threatened or rare vertebrates, including [Lynx pardellus], [Genetta genetta], [Felis sylvestris], [Dama dama], [Aquila adalberti].


description:
Somewhat transitional xero-psammitic scrub of inland sands of the Guadalquivir valley with [Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Halimium viscosum], [Genista hirsuta], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Cistus crispus] and elements of thermo-Mediterranean brushes.


description:
Very local xero-psammitic scrub of the Algarve coast with
[Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Lavandula stoechas ssp. lusitanica], [Armeria macrophylla] and the extremely narrow endemic [Ulex argenteus ssp. subsericeus].


description:
Xero-psammitic scrub of sands of the Atlantic coast of Portugal with
[Stauracanthus genistoides ssp. genistoides], [Halimium halimifolium], [Halimium commutatum], [Cistus libanotis] ([Cistus bourgaeanus]), [Helichrysum italicum] and [Corema album].


description:
Xero-psammitic scrub of coastal sands of Tyrrhenian islands and Italy, dominated by [Halimium halimifolium].


description:
Low brush and garrigue formations of the dolomitic tableland, karsts, sands and terra-rosas of the vicinity of Cape San Vicente, with dwarf [Juniperus phoenicea ssp. lycia], [Cistus palhinhae], [Ulex argenteus ssp. erinaceus], rich in endemics.


description:
Closed formations of heather, gorse and halimium constituting the extensive "monte negro" of the Coto Doñana; alternating with the xerophile "monte blanco" (unit F5.5A1), they occupy deep, sandy, oligotrophic soils with a water table close to the surface; their composition includes an admixture of thermo-Mediterranean and Atlantic heath species together with local endemics. Particularly characteristic in the Guadalquivir area, they are locally represented north to the Sado-Tago river area of coastal Portugal.


description:
Formations of higher ground with the endemic gorse [Ulex australis], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista triacanthos], [Erica umbellata], [Halimium halimifolium], [Cistus salvifolius].


description:
Formations of semi-peaty edges of freshwater lagoons and depressions where the winter and spring water table reaches the surface, with [Ulex minor var. lusitanicus], [Erica ciliaris], [Erica scoparia], [Calluna vulgaris], [Genista anglica], [Molinia caerulea], [Pteridium aquilinum], [Cistus salvifolius].


description:
Evergreen sclerophyllous or lauriphyllous shrub vegetation, with an open canopy structure and some bare ground, usually with many winter annuals and vernal geophytes. Low shrubs of [Cistus], [Lavandula], [Rosmarinus] and [Stoechas] are usually present, and there may be some larger shrubs and scattered trees. Garrigue is found mostly in the Mediterranean, Macaronesian and Pontic regions, where it typically derives from degradation or regrowth of broad-leaved evergreen forests (G2), but it extends into deciduous forest areas in the supra-Mediterranean zone and sub-Mediterranean zones and into steppe areas in Anatolia. Includes scrubby land with mainly herbaceous vegetation and a large component of unpalatable non-vernal monocots ([Asphodelus], [Urginea]) and thistles, provided that shrub cover exceeds 10%.


description:
Shrubby formations, often low, on mostly calcareous soils of the meso-mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula, France, Italy and the large western Mediterranean islands, notably the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta. Included here are those formations that reach their optimal development within the meso-mediterranean zone although they often enter the thermo- or supra-mediterranean levels.


description:
Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively closed and tall, dominated by [Quercus coccifera] with no, or little, [Pistacia lentiscus] or other thermo-Mediterranean shrubs, very widespread in the meso-Mediterranean zone of the Iberian peninsula and southern France.


description:
Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, usually relatively tall, dominated by [Rosmarinus officinalis].


description:
Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin, mostly meso-Mediterranean, but often also thermo- or supra-Mediterranean, dominated by the low, calciphilous [Cistus albidus] or [Cistus clusii], or occasionally by indifferent species, usually accompanied by a more varied flora than that of the silicicolous cistus maquis, though sometimes capable of forming dense cistus fields. These can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations.


description:
Shrubby formations of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by bushy or robust perennial [Euphorbia] species.


hname:
Western prostrate juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) garrigues

description:
Meso-Mediterranean garrigues of the western Mediterranean basin dominated by [Juniperus oxycedrus] or other low, shrubby junipers.


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by or rich in [Cistus] species. Dense cistus fields can be identified by use of digit 1 in the fourth decimal place, digit 2 being reserved for more varied formations.


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by bushy or robust perennial [Euphorbia] species.


hname:
Eastern prostrate juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) garrigues

description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by low, shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus], [Juniperus communis] or [Juniperus phoenicea].


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in [Lavandula stoechas] or, occasionally, [Lavandula angustifolia].


hname:
Eastern garrigues dominated by sage and other labiates

description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Lavandula] and [Rosmarinus]).


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the tall or very tall [Teucrium fruticans].


description:
Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Phlomis fruticosa]. Very degraded habitats occupied by almost monospecific fields of this species can be listed under E1.C.


hname:
Eastern [Salvia] and [Stachys] garrigues

description:
Fairly tall garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by shrubs or woody perennials of genera [Salvia] (e.g. [Salvia triloba], [Salvia argentea], [Salvia eichlerana], [Salvia pomifera]), [Stachys] (e.g. [Stachys cretica]) or others.


description:
Low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf shrubs or perennials of genera [Thymus] (e.g. [Thymus capitatus], [Thymus teucrioides], [Thymus atticus], [Thymus sibthorpii], [Thymus striatus], [Thymus comptus]), [Teucrium] (e.g. [Teucrium polium]), [Sideritis] (e.g. [Sideritis syriaca], [Sideritis clandestina]), [Micromeria] (e.g. [Micromeria juliana], [Micromeria graeca]), [Phlomis] (e.g. [Phlomis cretica], [Phlomis floccosa], [Phlomis lanata]) or others.


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Paliurus spina-christi].


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by the abundance of broom-like shrubs of genera [Genista], [Chamaecytisus], [Teline] or others.


description:
Garrigues of Crete dominated by [Ebenus cretica].


hname:
Eastern curry-plant [Helichrysum] and other composite garrigues

description:
Usually low, open garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genera [Helichrysum], [Phagnalon] ([Phagnalon graecum]), [Scorzonera].


description:
Mesomediterranean garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by the heather [Erica manipuliflora].


hname:
Cyprus strawberry tree ([Arbutus]) garrigues

description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland characterized by their richness in low bushes of [Arbutus andrachne].


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by [Globularia alypum].


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland dominated by small or dwarf shrubs of the genera [Helianthemum] or [Fumana].


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland rich in shrubs of genus [Thymelaea] (e.g. [Thymelaea tartonraira]).


description:
Garrigues of the eastern Ionian, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastlands and hinterland, dense and often tall, sometimes very tall, dominated by [Bupleurum fruticosum].


description:
Low formations of [Ziziphus spina-christi], [Ziziphus lotus], [Acacia albida], [Capparis spinosa], [Rhamnus palaestina], [Rhus tripartita] of the Levant and southern Anatolia.


description:
Shrubby formations, often low, of the meso- and occasionally supra-Mediterranean zones of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula from Istria to southern Albania. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except high maquis (F5.2) with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp.


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Quercus coccifera], of limited distribution.


description:
[Rosmarinus officinalis]-dominated communities of the Dalmatian coast and its islands, in particular, Hvar, Brac, Solta, Vis.


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus monspeliensis] or [Cistus salvifolius].


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus].


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus salvifolius].


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Cistus monspeliensis].


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by the spiny cushions of [Euphorbia spinosa] or by non-spiny often woody-stocked, clump-forming species of [Euphorbia].


hname:
Illyrian prostrate juniper ([Juniperus oxycedrus]) garrigues

description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by low, shrubby [Juniperus oxycedrus] or [Juniperus phoenicea].


hname:
Illyrian garrigues dominated by sage and other labiates

description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula of which the main components are labiate shrubs or robust perennials (except [Rosmarinus]), in particular [Salvia officinalis].


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Paliurus spina-christi], characteristic, in particular, of Inner Istria, of Ravni Kotari, of the lower reaches of the Neretva and of Herzegovina. [Punica granatum] is a frequent component.


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by leguminous shrubs, in particular by [Calicotome villosa], [Genista sericea var. rigida], [Genista sylvestris ssp. michelii].


hname:
Illyrian garrigues dominated by [Helichrysum] and other composites

description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands and hills of the Balkan peninsula formed by dwarf, shrubby composites of genus [Helichrysum] and related genera, in particular, [Scorzonera].


description:
Garrigues of the Adriatic lowlands of the Balkan peninsula dominated by [Erica manipuliflora] or sometimes [Erica multiflora].


description:
Shrubby formations of the Mediterranean enclaves of the Black Sea coasts, in Crimea, southern Bulgaria, Turkey-in-Europe and northern Anatolia, as well as of the Mediterraneo-steppic zone of southern Thrace. Included here are all sclerophyllous formations, regardless of substrate, except high maquis (F5.2) with [Erica arborea] and [Arbutus] spp. and Phryganas (F7).


description:
Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean southern Crimea, with, in particular, [Cistus incanus ssp. incanus] ([Cistus tauricus]).


description:
Sclerophyte shrub communities of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of Anatolia, with [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Arbutus andrachne], [Arbutus unedo], [Erica arborea], [Jasminum fruticans], [Myrtus communis], [Laurus nobilis].


description:
Sclerophyte shrub communities of the Mediterraneo-steppic Evros-Merich-Maritsa and Ergene river basins of southern Thrace and of Mediterranean enclaves along the Black Sea coast of the Stranja and of Turkey-in-Europe, with [Cistus incanus ssp. creticus], [Cistus salvifolius], [Jasminum fruticans], [Phillyrea latifolia], [Quercus coccifera], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Asparagus verticillatus], [Paliurus spina-christi], [Anemone pavonina]. They extend northward to Harmanli on the Maritsa, and to Varna on the Black Sea coast.


description:
Low shrub vegetation with an open canopy, of the Canary Islands, Azores and Madeira.


description:
Low shrub formations with pronounced Mediterranean affinities formed as a degradation stage of thermophilous deciduous woodland (G1.7) or sometimes of evergreen [Quercus] woodland (G2.1) in the supra-Mediterranean belt of the Mediterranean region. Included here are only those formations that are characteristic of the supra-Mediterranean level; formations, particularly of the lower supra-Mediterranean, that are closely related to meso-Mediterranean communities have been included under F6.1, F6.2, F6.3 or F6.4.


description:
Montane formations dominated by [Lavandula angustifolia] ("[Lavandula vera]") with [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea], [Buxus sempervirens] (both sometimes co-dominant), [Astragalus purpureus], [Onobrychis supina], [Satureja montana], [Artemisia alba], [Catananche caerulea], [Aphyllanthes monspeliensis], [Thymus vulgaris] characteristic of great surfaces of the supra-Mediterranean level of southwestern Alps of France, also occurring on the southern flanks of the Pyrenees in northern Spain.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean garrigues or grasslands of the southwestern Alps, Haute Provence, the southern Central Massif, the Corbières and the eastern Pyrenees dominated by [Genista cinerea ssp. cinerea], including the broom-rich facies of the French lavender garrigues and the White Quercy broom-fields.


description:
Low frutescent or suffrutescent formations of the supra-Mediterranean levels of the Iberian Meseta and its surrounding mountains and of northern Spain and southern France, rich in small labiate shrubs of genera [Thymus], [Teucrium], [Salvia], [Satureja], [Sideritis], [Lavandula], accompanied by leguminous shrubs ([Genista scorpius], [Genista pilosa], [Genista pseudopilosa], [Genista cinerea ssp. speciosa], [Coronilla minima], [Dorycnium pentaphyllum ssp. pentaphyllum]) and various grasses ([Stipa] spp., [Brachypodium] spp.). In the north they often have an important, sometimes predominant, grass element and their impoverished shrub component is sometimes reduced to an almost monospecific [Thymus] formation; southwards, they become progressively more dominated by a richer constellation of shrub species.


description:
[Buxus sempervirens] thickets of the supra-Mediterranean zone, occurring as facies within several formations of southern France such as true-lavender garrigues (unit F6.61) and supra-Mediterranean steppic grassland complexes (unit E1.5), in northeastern Spanish ranges, in isolated stations of the Apennines and in Corsica.


description:
Characteristically supra-Mediterranean garrigues of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands. In the supra-Mediterranean level of Italy and the large central Mediterranean islands, the substitution stages of the thermophile deciduous forests are mostly grasslands or shrubby grasslands, hedgehog heaths, deciduous shrubs, semimaquis or occasionally embryonic garrigues that differ little from those of the mesomediterranean level. A few formations, in particular with labiates of genera [Thymus], [Teucrium], [Salvia], [Lavandula] and others, with [Helichrysum] spp. or with [Euphorbia] spp., may warrant separate listing under this heading.


description:
Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs or subshrubs.


hname:
Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean shrub garrigues

description:
Formations of the supra-Mediterranean level and sub-Mediterranean areas of the Balkan peninsula dominated by sclerophyllous shrubs, impoverished irradiations of the communities of units F5.22 and F6.2, in particular unit F6.21. Included are, notably, the [Phillyrea latifolia] and [Quercus coccifera] thickets or scrubs of the middle Struma-Strimon and Mesta-Nestos valleys of Bulgaria, when monodominated by these species, as well as some [Buxus sempervirens]- or [Juniperus oxycedrus]-dominated formations of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] region of northern Greece, southern Albania and the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia; most of the communities that include them also comprise, however, a substantial admixture of deciduous species and thus belong to unit F5.3.


hname:
Balkan peninsula supra-Mediterranean subshrub garrigues

description:
Formations of the supra-Mediterranean [Ostryo-Carpinion aegeicum] zone of the southern Balkan peninsula, in particular, of northern Greece and the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, dominated by subshrubs associated with supra-Mediterranean dry grassland elements and generally forming a mosaic with such grasslands; they include, notably [Satureja montana] grassy, stony scrubs and [Genista nissana] heaths.


description:
Garrigues occupying gypsum-rich soils of the Iberian peninsula, usually very open and floristically characterised by the presence of numerous gypsophilous species, among which [Gypsophila struthium], [Gypsophila hispanica], [Centaurea hyssopifolia], [Teucrium libanitis], [Ononis tridentata], [Lepidium subulatum], [Herniaria fruticosa], [Reseda stricta], [Helianthemum squamatum]. They are often rich in thymes ([Thymus]), germanders ([Teucrium]), rockroses ([Helianthemum]), composites ([Centaurea], [Jurinea], [Santolina]), [Frankenia].


description:
Low garrigues dotted with occasional tall bushes, developed on gypseous soils which are often covered by a crust of lichens, generally rich in [Centaurea hyssopifolia] and often in [Gypsophila struthium], [Lepidium subulatum], [Thymus zygis] or [Jurinea pinnata]. They are limited to the meseta and eastern Andalusia.


description:
Formations of the central meseta of Spain dominated by, or rich in, [Centaurea hyssopifolia].


description:
Formations of eastern Andalusia (Armeria, Granada) dominated by, or rich in, [Centaurea hyssopifolia], [Jurinea pinnata] or [Gypsophila struthium].


description:
Formations of the central Duero with [Linum suffruticosum] and [Lepidium subulatum].


description:
Open low garrigues of eroded gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, with [Gypsophila hispanica].


description:
Open formations of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region dominated by, or very rich in, [Gypsophila hispanica], the most widespread northeastern gypsum scrub component.


description:
Formations of [Helianthemum squamatum] of gypsiferous hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, often very homogeneous.


description:
Formations of somewhat deeper calcaro-gypsiferous soils of hills of the Ebro basin and of the upper Turia region, rich in [Ononis tridentata].


description:
Low, open thyme, germander and rockrose garrigues colonizing poorly developed gypsiferous soils of the arid southeast of the Iberian peninsula (Alicante and Murcia). Characteristic elements are [Teucrium libanitis] ([Teucrium verticillatum]), [Teucrium polium], [Teucrium pumilum], [Teucrium carthaginense], [Thymus longiflorus], [Thymus antoninae], [Helianthemum lavandulifolium] ([Helianthemum racemosum]), [Helianthemum squamatum], [Gypsophila hispanica], [Gypsophila struthium], [Astragalus alopecuroides]. Grasses ([Lygeum], [Stipa], [Brachypodium]), wormwood ([Artemisia]) and Chenopodiaceae may be locally prominent.


description:
Salt-tolerant shrub formations of dry ground in low-precipitation areas of the mediterranean zone, in particular, the Iberian peninsula and Sicily, and of the Macaronesian Islands.


description:
Shrubby formations of [Zygophyllum fontanesii], [Chenoleoides tomentosa], sea-heath, saltworts and seablites of the vicinity of the coasts of the Canary Islands.


description:
Formations of [Chenoleoides tomentosa], [Suaeda vermiculata], [Frankenia laevis], [Zygophyllum fontanesii], [Polycarpaea nivea], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex glauca] and [Limonium] spp. forming a halophile belt in the littoral zone of the larger Canary Islands and, with somewhat modified composition, of the islets.


description:
Formations of [Zygophyllum fontanesii] of sandy stone fields and black sands of the coastal zone of the Canary Islands.


hname:
Canary Island [Salsola longifolia] dry scrubs

description:
Formations of [Salsola oppositifolia] ([Salsola longifolia]) of dry coastal areas of the Canary Islands.


description:
Shrubby formations of [Suaeda vera] of the Selvagens, with [Limonium papillatum var. callibotryum].


description:
Nitrophilous scrubby formations typically of dry soils and arid climates, often greyish-white and semidesert-like, sometimes including taller, denser scrub. They are most frequent in the eastern Iberian peninsula, where characteristic shrubs include [Peganum harmala], [Artemisia herba-alba], [Lycium intricatum], [Capparis ovata] and the Chenopodiaceae [Salsola vermiculata], [Salsola genistoides], [Salsola verticillata], [Suaeda pruinosa], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex glauca], [Camphorosma monspeliaca], [Anabasis articulata] and [Haloxylon articulatum]. In the eastern Mediterranean species like [Artemisia arborescens], [Piptatherum miliaceum], [Smyrnium apifolium], [Atriplex halimus], [Ruta chelepensis] and [Anagyris foetida] are typical.


description:
Interior, extensive and varied, halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the Ebro basin, comprising both dry ground sisallares proper, as well as various more hygrophile communities of edges of salt lagoons.


description:
Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of La Mancha, in the central Iberian peninsula, formed of communities related to those of the Ebro.


description:
Local halo-nitrophilous scrubs of the coasts of Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics.


description:
Halo-nitrophilous scrubs, matojares and related communities, of the arid zone of southeastern Spain, forming, with pre-desert scrubs (unit F5.55) and localized gypsum scrubs (unit F6.73), the unique vegetation of this highly distinctive region.


description:
Halo-nitrophilous scrubs of southwestern Sicily, with [Salsola verticillata], [Suaeda pruinosa], [Reaumuria vermiculata], [Capparis ovata] and the endemics [Limonium opulentum] and [Herniaria fontanesii ssp. empedocleana].


description:
Formations of woody glassworts and seablites of Iberian interior salt basins.


description:
[Suaeda pruinosa] ([Suaeda fruticosa var. brevifolia]) formations of Iberian interior salt basins.


description:
[Arthrocnemum glaucum] formations of Iberian interior salt basins.


description:
Thorny cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by [Sarcopoterium spinosum] on calcareous substrates, including terra rossa, rendzina or sand, typically on hills near the coast; there is often a significant participation of annuals.


description:
Cushion formations of the Levant and southern Anatolia dominated by [Thymus capitatus] ([Coridothymus capitatus]), typically forming a sparse plant cover poor in annuals, on calcareous substrates.


description:
Cushion formations of the Levant dominated by labiates, in particular, [Salvia triloba] or [Satureja thymbra], typically developed on calcareous rocky substrates and red soils.


description:
[Lithospermum hispidulum]-dominated phryganas of southeastern Anatolia and the Levant.


description:
Primary cushion heaths of the high, dry mountains of the Mediterranean region and Anatolia, with low, cushion-forming, often spiny shrubs, in particular of genera [Acantholimon], [Astragalus], [Erinacea], [Vella], [Bupleurum], [Ptilotrichum], [Genista], [Echinospartum], [Anthyllis], and various composites and labiates; secondary, zoogenic cushion heaths of the same regions, either downslope extensions of the high-altitude formations, and dominated by the same species, or specifically montane or steppic, often [Genista]-dominated in the Mediterranean region. Excluded are cushion-heaths of thermo-Mediterranean lowlands (F7.1, F7.2 and F7.3).


description:
[Echinospartum horridum] formations of dry slopes of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the southern Pyrenees; accompanying the dense, spiny cushions are [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Buxus sempervirens], [Ononis fruticosa], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia] and [Pinus sylvestris].


description:
Formations of the Cordillera Central and adjacent areas dominated by diverse forms of [Echinospartum].


description:
Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Gredos (Spain) dominated by the endemic [Echinospartum lusitanicu ssp. barnadesii].


description:
Oro-Mediterranean heaths of the Sierra de Bejar and Peña de Francia (central Spain) dominated by [Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis].


description:
Relict heaths of highly xeric upper supra-Mediterranean and oro-Mediterranean stations of the Serra da Estrela (Portugal) dominated by [Echinospartum ibericum ssp. pulviniformis].


description:
Secondary [Echinospartum lusitanicum]-[Genista hystrix] hedgehog-heaths developed on skeletal soils of the supra-Mediterranean zone of the western Cordillera Central and surrounding areas.


description:
Highly developed hedgehog formations of the Sierra Nevada with [Erinacea anthyllis], [Vella spinosa], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis] ([Astragalus boissieri]), [Ptilotrichum spinosum], [Bupleurum spinosum], [Genista baetica]. Associated dwarf suffrutescent formations of high slopes and crests.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean (lower xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 1700-2000 m altitudinal range, often rich in [Bupleurum spinosum], with [Vella spinosa], [Erinacea anthyllis] or [Echinospartum boissieri].


description:
Oro-Mediterranean (higher xeroacanthic) hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2000-2300 m altitudinal range, with [Vella spinosa], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Ptilotrichum spinosum], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis].


description:
Upper oro-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths occupying mainly the 2300-2600 m altitudinal range, with [Erinacea anthyllis], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis], [Juniperus nana] and [Juniperus sabina ssp. humilis].


description:
Dwarf suffrutescent formations of windswept crests and slopes on very superficial soils.


description:
Formations of base-rich siliceous soils at 2600-2900 m with [Sideritis glacialis], [Arenaria pungens], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis].


description:
Formations of white-tomentose dwarf cushions developed on calcareous soils (Trevenque, Dornajo, Dilar) with [Andryala agardhii], [Erodium boissieri], [Scabiosa pulsatilloides], [Santolina elegans], [Globularia spinosa], [Pterocephalus spathulatus], [Helianthemum pannosum].


description:
[Genista baetica]-dominated hedgehog-heaths, often with [Juniperus nana] and [Genista purgans], of siliceous soils.


description:
Oro-Mediterranean and montane hedgehog-heaths of other Iberian ranges and of southern France.


description:
Oro-Mediterranean [Erinacea]-dominated and related hedgehog-heaths.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths of the Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges and of the southern Iberian Range, dominated by [Erinacea anthyllis] and/or by [Vella spinosa], [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. nevadensis], [Bupleurum spinosum], [Ptilotrichum spinosum], developed in particular in the sierras de Segura, de Cazorla, de Alcaraz, Tejeda, Harana, Magina, de Baza, La Sagra, de Gador, Maria and on a few summits of the Serrania de Ronda.


description:
[Erinacea anthyllis]-dominated hedgehog-heaths of the Iberian Range (Teruel, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Soria), often in altitudinal contact with [Genista pumila] formations.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths with [Genista hispanica ssp. hispanica] and/or [Erinacea anthyllis] of the Maestrazgo, eastern spur of the Iberian Range under maritime influence.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths with [Genista lobelii ssp. longipes], [Erinacea anthyllis], [Vella spinosa] of the sub-Baetic Aitana and Mariola ranges in the arid southeast.


description:
Formations with [Daphne oleoides ssp. hispanica] of the mountains of the arid souteast.


description:
Oro-Mediterranean, and sometimes supra-Mediterranean, formations of dwarf white-tomentose, cushion-forming suffrutescents of the high sub-Baetic and Baetic ranges; characteristic are [Andryala agardhii], [Convolvulus boissieri], [Hippocrepis squamata ssp. eriocarpa], [Pterocephalus spathulatus] and [Thymus granatensis].


description:
Formations of the Sierras de Cazorla, Segura, Alcaraz, Taibilla of the high Guadalquivir basin (Andalucia), with [Erodium cazorlanum], [Scorzonera albicans].


description:
Formations of the sierras Tejeda, Almijara, la Torrecilla, Harana, Baza, la Sagra, Cazulas, Lapeza and of the Serrania de Ronda with [Anthyllis vulneraria ssp. argyrophylla], [Anthyllis tejedensis], [Helianthemum viscidulum].


description:
Formations of the Sierra de Magina with [Helianthemum pannosum ssp. frigidulum], [Lithodora nitida] and [Viola cazorlensis].


description:
Formations of the sierras Maria and Maimon with [Centaurea baetica], [Sideritis stachydioides], [Alyssum cadevallianum].


description:
Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths colonizing superficial, eroded soils and windswept stations of calcareous Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, comprising many cushion plants and generally physiognomically dominated by the large hemispherical shrubs of [Echinospartum boissieri].


description:
Formations of the Sierra de Alcaraz, sometimes including [Erinacea anthyllis].


description:
Formations of the 1300-1900 m altitudinal range in the Sierra de Gador, often with [Erinacea anthyllis] or [Ulex parviflorus].


description:
Formations developed in the 800-1400 m altitudinal range of other Baetic and sub-Baetic ranges, often, in the higher mountains, immediately below [Erinacetalia] communities.


description:
Uncommon hedgehog-heaths with [Erinacea anthyllis] and [Anthyllis montana], and related cushion plant formations, colonizing windswept stations with skeletal soil of the Mediterranean mountains of northeastern Spain (Montsant, Llaveria, Cardo, Maestrazgo septentrional, Beceite; Montserrat; Bergueda, Solsones).


description:
Mostly supra-Mediterranean hedgehog garrigues and heaths physiognomically dominated by small, hemispherical [Genista] spp.


description:
Cushion-heaths dominated by [Genista hispanica ssp. occidentalis] or [Genista hystrix ssp. legionensis], often with [Erica vagans], [Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ssp. crassifolia] or [Lithodora diffusa], characteristic of the Pyreneen-Cantabrian system, where they may occur from the collinar to the subalpine level.


description:
Heaths dominated by the cushions of [Genista sanabrensis], with [Erica umbellata] and [Calluna vulgaris], occupying crests of southern Galicio-Leonese mountains at about 1800 m (cf. F4.2431).


description:
Cushion heaths dominated by [Genista pumila ssp. pumila] of windswept plateaux and crests of the Meseta and of the northern and southern Iberian Range.


description:
Meseta hedgehog-heaths with [Genista scorpius], rich in cushion-forming small shrubs.


description:
Unarmed [Genista pseudopilosa]-dominated hedgehog-heaths with [Erinacea anthyllis] and other cushion plants of the sierras de Alcaraz and Segura.


hname:
[Genista lobelii] and [G. pulchella] cushion-heaths

description:
[Genista lobelii] and [Genista pulchella] hedgehog-heaths of windswept hilltops of southeastern France.


description:
Local meso- and supra-Mediterranean [Astragalus] formations of the Spanish Meseta.


description:
Supra-Mediterranean [Astragalus granatensis ssp. granatensis] ([Astragalus boissieri]) formations of pastoral runs of the left bank of the middle Duero (Soria, Segovia) and of the highlands of Atienza (Guadalajara).


description:
Meso- and supra-Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths with [Astragalus clusii] ([Astragalus tumidus]) of the southern Meseta, from La Mancha to the Baetic hills of eastern Andalusia (Orce, Sagra, Baza, Maria), with [Paronychia aretioides], [Genista pumila ssp. mugronensis], [Genista scorpius].


description:
Cushion-forming communities of high altitudes and wind-exposed plateaux of the Balearics, dominated by [Teucrium subspinosum].


description:
Cushion-forming communities of the high altitudes of the Sierra Tramuntana of Mallorca, rich in endemics, among them [Teucrium subspinosum], [Teucrium asiaticum], [Pastinaca lucida], [Thymelaea velutina] and [Paeonia cambessedesii].


description:
Cushion-forming communities of wind-exposed plateaux and hills of Menorca with [Cistus creticus] and [Teucrium subspinosum var. spinescens].


description:
Expanses of small, compact bushes with [Astragalus sirinicus ssp. genargenteus], [Rosa serafinii], [Anthyllis hermanniae], [Thymus herba-barona], [Cerastium boissieri], [Genista salzmannii], [Genista corsica], [Berberis aetnensis], [Prunus prostrata] and [Daphne oleoides], of Sardinian and Corsican mountains.


description:
Lava-colonising hedgehog-heaths of Mount Etna formed by cushions of [Astragalus granatensis ssp. siculus], with [Berberis aetnensis], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Genista aetnensis], [Adenocarpus bivonae], [Viola aethnensis].


description:
Hedgehog-heaths formed by [Astragalus] spp. or [Genista] spp., of the mountains of the southern Italian peninsula and Sicily, except Etna.


hname:
Helleno-Balkanic sylvatic milk-vetch ([Astragalus]) hedgehog-heaths

description:
Hedgehog-heaths occupying situations peripheral to the main range of the alti- and oro-mediterranean hedgehog-heath communities of high Hellenic mountains (units F7.49 and F7.4A), mostly dominated by [Astragalus angustifolius], characteristic, in particular, of zoogenous clearings within the forest belt of southern Greek mountains and of regions of irradiation of Mediterranean communities within the hills and mountains of the Moesian zone and Serbia.


hname:
Southern Hellenic montane hedgehog heaths

description:
Hedgehog-heath facies of mostly secondary grassland-scrubland communities replacing [Abies cephalonica] forests in the 1500-1800 m altitudinal range of Peloponnese mountains, in particular, Taygetos, Parnon and Kyllini, and of southern mainland Greek mountains, including the southern Pindus and the Thessalian mountains, composed of [Stipa pulcherrima] and [Morina persica], with bushes and cushion-shaped perennials including [Astragalus angustifolius], [Daphne oleoides], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Berberis cretica], [Anthemis montana], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Prunus cocomilia].


description:
[Astragalus angustifolius] hedgehog-heaths, mostly secondary, scattered, mostly in the xerothermic oak belt, in the mountains of northern Greece and in regions of Mediterranean influence of the mountains and hills of the central Balkan peninsula, in particular, in the northern Pindus, in the Pelagonides, in the Moeso-Macedonian Ranges, in the Rhodope Mountains and in the foothills of the Balkan Range. [Thymus striatus], [Satureja montana], [Artemisia alba], [Agropyron pectiniforme], [Rhodax canus], [Teucrium chamaedrys], [Teucrium montanum], [Sideritis montana], [Festuca thracica], [Hyacinthella leucophaea], [Sternbergia colchiciflora], [Asphodelus albus], [Adonis flammea] participate in the [Astragalus] communities.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths developed on relatively humus-rich rendziniform soils at or above treeline, in the 1700-2200 m altitudinal range of high Greek mountains; hedgehog-heath facies of associated grasslands; similar, impoverished formations descending into the forest belts of the same mountains, with the exception of those of the Peloponnese, where they are replaced by distinctive formations, listed under F7.48.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths of the Taygetos, Kyllini, Chelmos, Parnassus, Vardousia, Giona and calcareous central and northern Pindus, dominated by the large hemispherical tussocks of the tragacanths [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus], and/or [Astragalus parnassi], and with [Marrubium velutinum], [Marrubium cyllenaeum], [Juniperus hemisphaerica], [Daphne oleoides], [Eryngium amethystinum], [Sideritis clandestina], [Cirsium hypopsilum] ([Cirsium cylleneum]).


description:
[Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] heaths of the southern Peloponnese.


description:
[Astragalus parnassi ssp. cylleneus] and [Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] heaths of Kyllini and Chelmos.


description:
[Astragalus creticus ssp. rumelicus] and/or [Astragalus parnassi ssp. parnassi] heaths of high mountains of the mainland of Greece.


description:
[Astragalus angustifolius] heaths of high Greek mountains, with [Marrubium thessalum] or [Marrubium velutinum ssp. haussknechtii].


description:
Cushion formations of high Greek mountains not dominated by thorny, tussock-forming species of [Astragalus].


description:
Shrubby formations of the high mountains of the Peloponnese, of the southern mainland Greek mountains and of the Thessalian Olympus system, colonizing the altitudinal range immediately above that occupied by the communities of F7.49, as well as stony slopes with shallow soil, loose screes and humus-deficient soils within the main 1700-2200 m range of these communities. Included are true spiny hedgehog-heaths, cushiony formations of dwarf suffrutescents and bush-dominated facies of stripped grasslands. [Astragalus angustifolius], [Acantholimon androsaceum], [Astragalus lacteus], [Convolvulus cochlearis], [Rindera graeca], [Aster alpinus], [Globularia stygia], [Minuartia stellata], [Erysimum pusillum], [Thymus teucrioides], [Alyssum kionae], [Paronychia kapela], [Thymus hirsutus], [Anthyllis aurea], [Achillea ageratifolia], [Sideritis scardica], [Linum flavum], [Thymus boissieri] and [Sesleria coerulans] are characteristic.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths of high mountains of Crete, in the 1500-2500 m altitudinal range, with [Astragalus creticus ssp. creticus], [Astragalus angustifolius], [Acantholimon androsaceum], [Atraphaxis billardieri], [Berberis cretica], [Chamaecytisus creticus], [Daphne oleoides], [Prunus prostrata], [Euphorbia acanthothamnos], [Verbascum spinosum], [Sideritis syriaca], [Satureja spinosa], [Asperula idaea], [Rhamnus prunifolius], [Pimpinella tragium], [Acinos alpinus].


description:
Isolated, endemic-rich, mostly summital hedgehog-heaths of calcareous mountains of Aegean islands and Mount Athos.


hname:
Southern Hellenic [Genista acanthoclada] hedgehog-heaths

description:
Formations dominated by hemispherical shrubs of [Genista acanthoclada] of the middle levels (about 800-1200 m) of mountains and plateaux of the Peloponnese.


description:
[Astragalus sempervirens ssp. sempervirens], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. muticus], [Astragalus sempervirens ssp. cephalonicus] formations of the southern Alps, the eastern Pyrenees, Iberia, the Apennines and Greece, transitional between the alpine and subalpine heaths of unit F2.2 and the true Mediterranean hedgehog-heaths of unit F7.4.


description:
Open formations dominated by broom-like plants of the montane zone (above 1900 m) of the Canary Islands, with many endemic species.


description:
Formations of Tenerife with [Spartocytisus supranubius], [Adenocarpus viscosus var. viscosus], [Descurainia bourgaena], [Pterocephalus lasiospermus], [Erysimum scoparium], [Scrophularia glabrata], [Nepeta teydea], [Echium wildpretii], [Echium auberianum], [Cheirolophus teydis], [Plantago webbii], [Sideritis cretica], [Argyranthemum teneriffae], [Pimpinella cumbrae], [Arrhenatherum calderae].


description:
Formations of La Palma with [Adenocarpus viscosus var. spartioides], the very rare [Genista benehoavensis] and [Descurainia gilba], [Pterocephalus porphyranthus], [Viola palmensis], [Echium wildpretii], [Echium gentianoides], [Micromeria lasiophylla ssp. palmensis].


description:
Summital community of the Chionistra, in the Troodos group, developed above the tree limit, at about 1900-1950 m above sealevel, with [Berberis cretica], [Sorbus aria ssp. cretica], [Rosa canina ssp. dumalis], [Juniperus foetidissima] and tragacanthic shrubs, in particular, [Astragalus echinus], [Alyssum troodii], [Teucrium cyprium], [Nepeta troodi], [Satureja troodii]. Other highly restricted endemics include [Onosma troodi], [Scorzonera troodea].


description:
Tragacanthic communities of the Taurus, the Antitaurus, the Amanus, the Aegean ranges of western Anatolia, the Lebanon mountains, Mount Hermon, the Jebel Druz and the mountains of northern Sinai, with rich communities dominated by numerous species of genera [Astragalus] and [Acantholimon], acccompanied by, among others, [Berberis cretica], [Daphne oleoides].


description:
Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of western central Eurasia, west to eastern Bulgaria and central Anatolia.


description:
Endemic [Astragalus aitosensis] ([Astragalus arnacantha], [Astracantha aitosensis]) formation of Bulgaria, restricted to a few sites of the xerothermic oak belt, on steep, south-facing slopes of the Aitoska hills, southeastern spur of the Balkan Range onto the Northern Thracian plain.


description:
Hedgehog-heaths of hills, plateaux and mountains of the steppe and substeppe zones of central Anatolia.


description:
Xerophytic scrub formations of the lower slopes of the Canary Islands and Madeira, rich in succulents, in particular cactiform or dendroid spurges [Euphorbia] spp., rosette-forming [Aeonium] spp. and composites.


description:
Xerophytic scrub of the Canary Islands. Varied types include stem succulents, leaf succulents and woody sclerophyllous shrubs.


hname:
Western Canary Island spurge communities

description:
Open, varied formations of arid, stony slopes of the lower, 0-700 m, level of the western and central Canarian islands, characterised by the abundance of fleshy-stemmed, aphyllous, or small-leafed species, in particular [Euphorbia] spp., [Senecio kleinia], [Periploca laevigata], [Cneorum pulverulentum], [Messerschmidia fruticosa], [Echium giganteum], [Convolvulus floridus], [Allagopappus dichotomus], [Rhamnus crenulata], [Rubia fruticosa], [Argyranthemum] spp., [Artemisia canariensis], [Sonchus leptocephalus], [Asparagus arborescens], [Rumex lunaria], [Micromeria] spp., [Paronychia canariensis]. They constitute a Macaronesian representation of the coastal desert formations of northwest Africa (which are outside the scope of this classification).


description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the cactiform spurge [Euphorbia canariensis] and [Aeonium percarneum].


description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by the tree-like spurges [Euphorbia aphylla], [Euphorbia obtusifolia], [Euphorbia balsamifera], [Euphorbia atropurpurea], [Euphorbia bravoana], [Euphorbia regis-jubae], [Euphorbia bourgaeana], [Euphorbia berthelotii].


description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands dominated by [Senecio kleinia] ([Kleinia neriifolia]), [Sonchus] spp. or other composites.


description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands in which the forest relict [Dracaena draco] is present.


description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with [Neochamaelea pulverulenta] ([Cneorum pulverulentum]).


description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands with [Plocama pendula].


hname:
Western Canary Island saxicolous formations

description:
Xerophytic scrub communities of the Canary Islands colonizing hard rock faces, lava flows and ravine walls within the xerophytic zone of the western and central Canary Islands.


hname:
Western Canary Island saxicolous labiate communities

description:
Canary Island communities of small ligneous plants colonizing hard, dry rocks with [Micromeria] spp., [Lavandula canariensis], [Lavandula pinnata], and the fern [Cheilanthes catanensis] ([Cosentinia vellea], [Notholaena vellea]).


description:
Willow scrub of montane rivers and arroyos of the Cordillera Cantabrica, with the endemic [Salix cantabrica] and with [Salix elaeagnos ssp. angustifolia], [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra ssp. discolor].


description:
Small or medium-sized willow scrub of meso-Mediterranean and, locally, supra-Mediterranean, zones of central Iberia (Castellano-Leonese sectors, Extremadura), characterized by the presence of the Iberian endemic [Salix salvifolia] and [Salix x secalliana], together with [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix x matritensis], [Salix neotricha], [Salix purpurea ssp. lambertiana], [Salix triandra ssp. discolor]; they line, mostly on siliceous sandy soils, small oligotrophic rivers with strong seasonal amplitude, or form behind the taller curtain of the [Populo nigrae-Salicetum neotrichae] along large water courses of argilous base-rich soils.


description:
Willow scrub of stream courses of extreme southern Europe and the Maghreb, characterized by the presence of the southwestern Mediterranean and North African [Salix pedicellata].


description:
Willow scrub of southwestern Iberian stream courses, fringing, in particular, humid [Quercus canariensis] forests in conjunction with rhododendron-alder galleries (unit G1.132), dominated by [Salix pedicellata] and [Salix salvifolia ssp. australis].


description:
[Salix pedicellata] scrub of stream courses of Sardinia.


hname:
Oleander, chaste tree ([Vitex agnus-castus]) and tamarisk galleries

description:
Thickets and galleries of [Nerium oleander], [Vitex agnus-castus] or [Tamarix] spp. of the southern parts of the Palaearctic domaine.


description:
[Nerium oleander] cordons and screens, often with [Tamarix] spp., [Vitex agnus-castus], [Dittrichia viscosa], [Saccharum ravennae], [Arundo donax], [Rubus ulmifolius], most typical of temporary water courses, but also lining small and sometimes large rivers, marking springs and areas of high water table in southern and eastern Iberia, very locally in eastern Provence, Liguria and Corsica (Saint-Florent), in southern Italy, Sardinia and Sicily, in southern and western Greece, the Aegean and Ionian archipelagoes, in Crete, in Albania, in the eastern Mediterranean, in North Africa, including northern Saharan regions, and in Mesopotamia. They are particularly abundant in the south and east of Iberia, in Sicily, in the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean region and in North Africa.


description:
[Vitex agnus-castus] formations of temporary water courses and other humid sites within, mostly, the thermo-Mediterranean zone. They occur, though uncommonly, in Mediterranean southern and eastern Spain and in the Balearics; they are local and rare in eastern Provence, the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, Puglia, the gulf of Taranto, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and the Maltese Islands. They are frequent in Greece, particularly along the Ionian coasts, where they can constitute dense thickets, uncommon again in the Aegean archipelagoes and Crete. They extend to the southern Balkans, Crimea, Mediterranean Asia Minor, Anatolia and North Africa, including the northern Saharan regions.


description:
Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana], [Tamarix canariensis], [Tamarix parviflora], [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix dalmatica], [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana], [Tamarix boveana], associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Mediterranean basin, of the mediterranean coasts of the Black Sea, of the thermo-Atlantic coasts and lowlands of southwestern Europe and of the Macaronesian Islands.


description:
[Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana] or [Tamarix canariensis] thickets of watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats in Iberia, southern and western France, peninsular Italy, the Balearics, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, the Maltese Islands and mediterranean North Africa. The accompanying flora comprises [Scirpus holoschoenus], [Saccharum ravennae], [Arundo donax], [Brachypodium phoenicoides], [Piptatherum miliaceum], [Asparagus acutifolius], [Equisetum ramosissimum], [Rubia peregrina], [Rubia longifolia], [Rubia angustifolia], [Dittrichia viscosa].


description:
Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix gallica], [Tamarix africana], [Tamarix canariensis], of the Canary Islands and Madeira.


description:
[Tamarix canariensis] and [Tamarix africana] galleries and thickets of the lower zone of the Canary Islands, lining the low part of barrancos and occupying the deltas of greater water courses. They are particularly abundant in the eastern desert islands, Lanzarote and, mostly, Fuenteventura, where they constitute one of the principal ligneous habitats for the fauna. They have also important representatives along the north coast of Tenerife and on Gran Canaria (Charca de Maspalomas, La Aldea).


description:
[Tamarix gallica] thickets of the lowlands of Madeira.


description:
[Tamarix parviflora], [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix dalmatica], [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana] and [Tamarix hohenackeri] thickets of lowland watercourse galleries, humid depressions and slightly saline coastal flats of Greece and its islands, of the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia, of Albania, of Cyprus, of southern Crimea, of mediterranean Asia Minor and of the Levant.


description:
Thickets of [Tamarix boveana], [Tamarix canariensis] or, sometimes, [Tamarix gallica] of the Mediterranean basin, accompanied by typical salt marsh flora, in particular, [Arthrocnemum fruticosum], [Arthrocnemum glaucum], [Suaeda brevifolia], [Halimione portulacoides], [Atriplex halimus], [Atriplex hastata], [Limonium lactibracteatum], [Limonium eugeniae], [Limonium cossonianum], [Limonium angustibracteanum], [Limonium sinuatum], [Inula crithmoides].


description:
Rare and vulnerable formations of the Ibero-African [Tamarix boveana], alone or associated with [Tamarix canariensis], characteristic of arid areas of eastern Iberia, limited to a few stations in the Iberian Southeast (Murcia, Almeria, Alicante), the Ebro depression (Salada de Chiprana), the Ebro delta and Mallorca (Alcudia).


description:
Formations of [Tamarix canariensis], sometimes with [Tamarix gallica], characteristic of strongly saline sites of Iberia and the European shores of the western Mediterranean, in particular, of Iberian interior saline depressions (La Mancha) and of coastal areas of the Iberian Arid Southeast.


description:
[Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix hampeana], [Tamarix dalmatica] stands of the strongly saline part of Greek and east Mediterranean coastal marshes.


description:
Formations of [Tamarix] spp., including [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix pallasii], [Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), [Tamarix tetrandra], [Tamarix octandra] i.a., associated with river banks, wet areas and coastal localities of the Irano-Turanian floristic region and its irradiation areas within the steppe and cold desert zones of Eurasia, in particular, of the Pontic basin, of Central Eurasia, of East Asia, of Inner Anatolia, northern Iran and Afghanistan, of northern Mesopotamia.


description:
Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the Pontic steppe region of western Eurasia.


hname:
Western Pontic fresh water [Tamarix smyrnensis] stands

description:
Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] and/or [Tamarix tetrandra] on weakly saline sands of fresh water steppe streamsides of the western Pontic region, including river systems such as those of the lower Danube and the Maritza-Tunja basins.


hname:
Western Pontic coastal [Tamarix smyrensis] stands

description:
Shrub communities of [Tamarix smyrnensis], [Tamarix ramosissima] and/or [Tamarix tetrandra] occupying weakly saline marine sand dunes of western Black Sea coastal areas.


hname:
Central and eastern Pontic tamarisk stands

description:
Formations of [Tamarix smyrnensis] ([Tamarix ramosissima] auct.), of stream sides and coastal localities of the northern and eastern Black Sea lowlands, within the range of central and eastern Pontic steppes.


description:
Low, spiny, almost monospecific fringes formed by the Ibero-African shrubby spurge [Securinega tinctoria] on the outer edge of temporary or permanent water courses of great seasonal amplitude in the southwestern quadrant of the Iberian peninsula (Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena, Extremadura, southwestern Andalusia, southern Portugal). Among the few associated plants, are the lianas [Bryonia cretica], [Tamus communis] and the endemic [Clematis campaniflora]. [Pyrus bourgaeana] may transgress from neighbouring communities.


hname:
Lauriphyllous galleries of the Cordillera Oretana

description:
Supra- and upper meso-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the Montes de Toledo (Cordillera Oretana), constituted by the lauriphyllous [Prunus lusitanica] and [Viburnum tinus]. They line water courses on the inner edge of alder galleries of unit G1.131, which they sometimes entirely replace.


hname:
Bog-myrtle - willow scrub of the Cordillera Oretana

description:
Tall scrub of Montes de Toledo streams, with [Frangula alnus], [Salix atrocinerea], [Salix salvifolia] and [Myrica gale].


description:
Riparian stands of invasive shrubs, for example [Amorpha fruticosa], recorded from Romania and Croatia, and [Reynoutria japonica] (= [Fallopia japonica]) (Japanese Knotweed), which invades watercourses and roadsides.


description:
Woody vegetation forming strips within a matrix of grassy or cultivated land or along roads, typically used for controlling livestock, marking boundaries or providing shelter. Hedgerows differ from lines of trees (G5.1) in being composed of shrub species, or if composed of tree species then being regularly cut to a height less than 5 m.


description:
Hedges planted with species not native in the vicinity. They may be exotics such as [Ligustrum ovalifolium] or European species outside their native range.


hname:
Highly-managed hedgerows of native species

description:
Regularly clipped hedges composed of native species that were planted as a hedge.


hname:
Species-rich hedgerows of native species

description:
Hedgerows composed mainly of native species, with on average at least five native woody species per 25 m length, excluding undershrubs such as [Rubus fruticosus] or climbers such as [Clematis vitalba] or [Hedera helix]. In western Europe, many such hedges are thought to be medieval in origin.


hname:
Species-poor hedgerows of native species

description:
Hedgerows composed mainly of native species, not neatly clipped or obviously planted as a hedge, with on average less than five woody species per 25 m length, excluding undershrubs such as [Rubus fruticosus] or climbers such as [Clematis vitalba] or [Hedera helix].


description:
Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial woody climbers, mostly cultivated for fruit or flower production, either intended to have permanent cover of woody plants when mature, or else for wood or small tree production with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime.


hname:
Shrub plantations for whole-plant harvesting

description:
Includes shrub nurseries. Excludes tree nurseries and plantations of Christmas trees (G5.7).


hname:
Shrub plantations for leaf or branch harvest

description:
Includes tea [Camellia sinensis] plantations, and osier [Salix viminalis] beds grown for basket-making.


description:
Plantations of [Camellia sinensis], widespread in southeastern mainland China, Formosa, on Formosa, southern Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, more limited elsewhere in the Palaearctic, in particular, in the eastern Pontic range of Turkey, in the Caucasian periphery of Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan, in northern Iran, in the Azores on Sao Miguel.


description:
Beds of [Salix viminalis] grown as high quality willows for basket work, and also cultivated beds of other species of willow (e.g. red osier – [Salix rubra]).


hname:
Shrub plantations for ornamental purposes or for fruit, other than vineyards

description:
Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial woody climbers other than grapevines, cultivated for fruit or flower production. They include, among others, berry-bearing bushes of [Ribes] and [Rubus].


description:
Plantations of dwarf trees, shrubs, espaliers or perennial ligneous climbers, other than vineyards and tea plantations, cultivated for fruit or flower production, with an avocation of permanent shrubby cover. They include, among others, espaliers of various Rosaceae plantations and berry shrub patches.


description:
Plantations of grapevine [Vitis vinifera].


description:
Vineyards that have preserved their characteristic accompanying flora (often species-rich communities of arable weeds), generally lightly treated.


description:
Vineyards usually cleared of their herb layer (ploughed), intensively treated, often covering large areas.


description:
Woodland and recently cleared or burnt land where the dominant vegetation is, or was until very recently, trees with a canopy cover of at least 10%. Trees are defined as woody plants, typically single-stemmed, that can reach a height of 5 m at maturity unless stunted by poor climate or soil. Includes lines of trees, coppices, regularly tilled tree nurseries, tree-crop plantations and fruit and nut tree orchards. Includes [Alnus] and [Populus] swamp woodland and riverine [Salix] woodland. Excludes [Corylus avellana] scrub and [Salix] and [Frangula] carrs. Excludes stands of climatically-limited dwarf trees (krummholz) < 3m high, such as occur at the arctic or alpine tree limit. Excludes parkland and dehesa with canopy less than 10%, which are listed under sparsely wooded grasslands E7.


description:
Woodland, forest and plantations dominated by summer-green non-coniferous trees that lose their leaves in winter. Includes woodland with mixed evergreen and deciduous broadleaved trees, provided that the deciduous cover exceeds that of evergreens. Excludes mixed forests (G4) where the proportion of conifers exceeds 25%.


hname:
Riparian and gallery woodland, with dominant alder, birch, poplar or willow

description:
Riparian woods of the boreal, boreo-nemoral, nemoral and submediterranean and steppe zones, with one or few dominant species, typically [Alnus], [Betula], [Populus] or [Salix]. Includes woods dominated by narrow-leaved willows [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Salix viminalis] in all zones including the mediterranean. Excludes riverine scrub of broad-leaved willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra] (F9.1).


description:
[Salix] spp. scrub or arborescent formations, lining flowing water and submitted to periodic flooding, developed on recently deposited alluvion. Willow brushes are particularly characteristic of rivers originating in major mountain ranges. Shrubby willow formations also constitute an element of lowland and hill riverine successions in all major biomes, often making the belt closest to the water course. Taller arborescent willow formations often constitute the next belt landwards in riverine successions of lowland western nemoral, eastern nemoral and warm-temperate humid forest regions, and a large part of the less diverse riverine systems of the steppic, mediterranean and cold desert zones. Vegetation of alliance [Salicion albae], species [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens], [Lycopus europaeus], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Phalaroides arundinacea] and [Urtica dioica]. May be affected by the invasive alien species [Solidago canadensis], [Aster novi-belgii], [Aster novi-anglii], [Impatiens glandulifera].


description:
Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Salix x rubens], with, in the east, [Populus nigra], developed on ground submitted to a regular regime of inundation along western Eurasian nemoral lowland, hill or submontane rivers, including those of the British Isles, of nemoral Western Europe, south to Euro-Siberian Iberia, of Central Europe, within the range of medio-European, Illyrian, Dacian and Getic deciduous forests, north to the Baltic States, south to the lower and middle courses of rivers of the Alpine, northern Dinaric and Carpathian periphery, of Eastern Europe in the upper basin of the Dniepr system, in particular the basins of the Prypiat, the Berezina, the Dniepr, the Desna, the upper basin of the Don and the Khoper, the upper basin of the Volga system, in particular the basins of the Oka, the Tana, the Volga, the Kama, the Bielaia.


description:
Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Salix x rubens], lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic middle Europe, outside of the main native range of [Populus nigra], which may nevertheless appear sporadically, or as a naturalised alien.


description:
Arborescent galleries of tall [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Salix x rubens], [Populus nigra] and sometimes [Populus alba], lining lowland, hill or submontane rivers of nemoral and boreonemoral Eastern Europe and of eastern and southeastern Central Europe, including eastern Germany, the Baltic States, Poland, the Czech Repubic, Slovakia, the nemoral parts of Danubian and Balkan states, nemoral Belarus, the Ukraine and Russia, east to Bashkiria.


description:
Arborescent willow formations bordering watercourses of mediterranean regions of western Eurasia, willow-dominated belt or facies of the poplar-ash-elm forests.


description:
Riparian forests of the Mediterranean basin dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] or their relatives.


hname:
Central Iberian [Salix neotricha] galleries

description:
Arborescent willow galleries dominated by [Salix neotricha] accompanied by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Populus nigra] and sometimes [Populus alba], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Frangula alnus], [Sambucus nigra], [Ulmus] spp., forming as the ligneous vegetation closest to the water along the middle and lower course of large rivers of little seasonal amplitude in the meso- and supra-Mediterranean foothills of the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Iberian Range and neighbouring regions.


hname:
Eumediterranean white and crack willow galleries

description:
[Salix alba]-, [Salix fragilis]- or [Salix x rubens]-dominated facies of Mediterranean riverine poplar-ash-elm forests developed along rivers of lowland Iberia, southern France, Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, Greece, the Mediterranean islands, Cyprus and Mediterranean Asia Minor; the accompanying cortège does not differ from that of poplar- or ash-dominated facies.


hname:
Olive-leaved and ashy willow riparian woods

description:
Woods of arborescent willows, physiognomically dominated by [Salix atrocinerea] or [Salix cinerea], forming, in thermo-, meso- or supra-Mediterranean areas, on the banks of slow water courses; similar woods occupy soggy depressions (F9.2 [Salix] carr and fen scrub)


description:
Riparian woods of [Salix atrocinerea] of central and eastern Iberia, with [Salix neotricha], [Salix salvifolia], [Frangula alnus], [Populus tremula], [Fraxinus angustifolia] and many lianas and brambles ([Rubus] spp.).


description:
Riparian woods formed almost exclusively by [Salix atrocinerea], with a few [Fraxinus angustifolia], numerous lianas and brambles ([Rubus] spp.) and an abundance of [Thelypteris palustris] in the undergrowth, characteristic of the southwestern Iberian peninsula.


description:
Riparian woods of [Salix atrocinerea] of Sardinia.


hname:
Italo-Hellenic ashy willow riparian woods

description:
Riparian woods of [Salix cinerea] of Italy and Greece.


description:
Riparian communities forming mostly in ravines and gullies within the laurel forest belt of the Canary Islands and characterized by the presence of the tall endemic, [Salix canariensis]. The best preserved are found in the barranco de Los Cernicalos of Gran Canaria, in the caldera de Taburiente of La Palma and in the barranco del Infierne of Tenerife.


description:
Willow-dominated riverine woods of the steppe, wooded steppe, cold semidesert and desert zones of Eurasia and of their associated steppic and desert mountain ranges.


hname:
Pannonic willow and poplar-willow galleries

description:
Riverine woods of the Pannonic basin formed by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and often [Populus alba] or [Populus nigra], which may at times dominate, in particular, in Vojvodina.


description:
Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes and wooded steppes of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins.


description:
Riverine woods dominated by [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Populus nigra], of the floodplains, valleys and basins of the lower Danube, its tributaries and delta of southern and eastern Romania, northeastern Bulgaria and Moldova, with [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pennsylvanica], accompanied by [Tamus communis], [Amorpha fruticosa], [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Lycopus exaltatus], [Polygonum hydropiper].


description:
Higrophile, neutrophile gallery woods of low mountain rivers of the [Fagion moesiacum] and [Fagion dacicum] zones, in particular of Serbia and the southern and eastern Carpathians of Rumania, notably the Apuseni mountains, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Alnus incana], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus glabra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], and [Carex remota] in the herb layer.


hname:
Ash - alder woods of fast-flowing rivers

description:
Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks replacing the peri-Alpine [Alnus incana] galleries in hills of middle Europe away from the direct influence of alpine rivers and north to Denmark and southern Sweden.


description:
Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of hill and lowland regions of western, northern and central Europe.


description:
Alder or ash-alder galleries of the banks of fast-flowing nonalpine rivers and large brooks of western, central and northwestern Europe. They are usually codominated by [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Acer pseudoplatanus], accompanied by [Acer platanoides], [Ulmus glabra], [Ulmus laevis]. [Prunus padus] is frequent in the undergrowth, shrubs include [Ribes rubrum], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Corylus avellana]; the herb layer comprises [Stellaria nemorum], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Aconitum vulparia], [Allium ursinum], [Geum rivale], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Ranunculus platanifolius], [Urtica dioica], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Primula elatior], [Lamium galeobdolon] or [Filipendula ulmaria], [Luzula sylvatica]. The gallery may be enclosed within other forests or reduced to a thin line of alders along rivers traversing pastureland.


description:
Ash-alder-spruce galleries of the banks of fast-flowing rivers and large brooks of northeastern Central Europe.


hname:
Submontane Hercynian stream ash-alder woods

description:
Herb-rich [Alnus glutinosa]- or [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa]- dominated galleries of more montane affinities than those of the [Stellario-Alnetum], paralleling the [Alnetum incanae] in mountainous country away from the Alps and the main Carpathian ranges, in particular in and around the great Hercynian ranges of the Bohemian Quadrangle, north to the Silesian lowlands. [Alnus incana] is sometimes present; common in, or characteristic of the undergrowth are [Stellaria nemorum], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Crepis paludosa], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Rubus idaeus], and, in some of the local variants, [Astrantia major], [Aruncus sylvestris].


description:
Woods of [Alnus glutinosa] and [Fraxinus excelsior] developed on alluvial soils along the middle and lower course of streams and rivers of pre-Carpathian hills, accompanied by [Frangula alnus] and [Ulmus laevis], with [Stellaria nemorum], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Matteuccia struthiopteris], [Carex remota], [Carex brizoides], [Equisetum maximum] and rich in [Fagetalia] and [Querco-Fagetea] species.


description:
Eastern, central and, locally, western European [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa] woods of valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing rivers, with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs.


hname:
Central European slow river floodplain woods

description:
Central European riverine and floodplain woods of valleys of lowland, often small, slow and even-flowing rivers, usually dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and/or [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with [Picea abies], [Quercus robur], [Fagus sylvatica], with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs. They may extend far into the floodplain, becoming progressively richer in [Quercus robur] and [Carpinion] species away from the stream or from low-lying areas.


hname:
Central European slow river ash-alder woods

description:
[Alnus glutinosa]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests of large valleys of lowland slow and even-flowing Central European rivers, south to the Illyrian region, often extensive, and capable of occupying floodplains well beyond the riparian gallery, progressively richer in [Quercus robur] and [Carpinion] species towards the exterior. The undergrowth includes, besides [Prunus padus], [Humulus lupulus], [Rubus idaeus], [Rubus caesius], [Ribes nigrum], [Ribes rubrum], [Sambucus nigra], [Aegopodium podagraria], [Peucedanum palustre], [Glyceria maxima], [Iris pseudacorus], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex riparia], [Phalaris arundinacea], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Cirsium palustre].


description:
[Alnus glutinosa]-[Alnus incana]-[Picea abies] riverine woods developed along streams crossing poorly drained depressions and flats in mountainous regions of the Bohemian Quadrangle and neighbouring regions, with [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rubus idaeus], [Frangula alnus], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Caltha palustris], [Viola palustris], [Carex sylvatica], [Chaerophyllum hirsutum], [Oxalis acetosella].


description:
Wet [Quercus robur], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Alnus glutinosa] woods of the upper Oder basin of northern Moravia, with an undergrowth composed of an admixture of riverine, oak-hornbeam and acidophilous species, among which [Carex brizoides], often dominant, [Festuca gigantea], [Impatiens noli-tangere], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Circaea lutetiana], [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Carex remota], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Maianthemum bifolium], [Rubus caesius], [Lamium galeobdolon], [Oxalis acetosella].


description:
[Alnus glutinosa] or [Fraxinus excelsior]-[Alnus glutinosa]-[Ulmus] riparian woods on eutrophic, moist soils of alluvial terraces, levees and floodplains of the lower courses of rivers of Atlantic and sub-Atlantic regions of the British Isles and the western seaboard of the European mainland, with [Salix cinerea] and [Urtica dioica], often rich in tall herbs, in particular [Cirsium oleraceum], [Eupatorium cannabinum], [Epilobium hirsutum], [Dipsacus pilosus], [Symphytum officinale], [Aconitum napellus] and creepers [Humulus lupulus], [Solanum dulcamara], [Calystegia sepium]; [Ribes rubrum], [Iris pseudacorus], [Equisetum telmateia], [Equisetum fluviatile] are locally characteristic; tall sedges, in particular [Carex acutiformis] and [Carex paniculata] dominate some of the wettest communities. Typical sub-communities of British [Alnus glutinosa-Urtica dioica] woodland are included, as are drier [Sambucus nigra] sub-communities in situations where they are adjacent. Formations of this unit are now rare, having for the most part been replaced by poplar plantations.


hname:
Ponto-Pannonic tall herb ash-alder woods

description:
Marshy riverine woods of [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Fraxinus pallisiae] of the Pannonic plain, of neighbouring Illyrian hills and mountains, and of the northwestern Black Sea lowlands of the lower Danube, Prut, Dniestr, Dniepr and Don basins, with [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Cornus sanguinea] in the shrub layer and [Lycopus europaeus], [Oenanthe aquatica], [Carex acutiformis], [Polygonum hydropiper], [Rubus caesius] in the herb layer.


hname:
Eastern Baltic slow river floodplain woods

description:
Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central Europe and northwestern Sarmatic Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, in eastern Poland, northern and western Belarus and the Baltic States, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with [Betula] spp. and [Picea abies].


hname:
Eastern Baltic enchanter's nightshade ash-alder woods

description:
Riverine forests of slow, often small, lowland streams of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by sometimes very tall [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Acer platanoides], [Carpinus betulus], [Prunus padus], [Ulmus glabra], [Picea abies] and a luxuriant tall-herb undergrowth including [Urtica dioica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Cirsium oleraceum], [Circaea alpina], [Lysimachia vulgaris].


hname:
Eastern Baltic slow river spruce-birch-alder woods

description:
Riverine forests of northeastern Central and northern Eastern Europe, east to the upper reaches of the Vistula, Neman, Dvina and other Baltic river basins, dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Picea abies], with [Fraxinus excelsior], [Betula pendula], [Betula pubescens], [Ulmus glabra], [Tilia cordata].


description:
Riverine forests of slow and even-flowing, large or small, lowland streams of Sarmatic Eastern Europe, in the basins of the Dniepr, the Don and the Volga-Kama, dominated by [Fraxinus excelsior] and [Alnus glutinosa], with [Prunus padus], sometimes with [Betula] spp. and [Picea abies], with a rich undergrowth of tall herbs and shrubs, including [Urtica dioica], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia vulgaris].


description:
Riparian alder or ash-alder woods of collinar and montane streams of the northern Iberian peninsula, with a pronounced medio-European influence marked in particular by the presence of [Fraxinus excelsior] (and not [Fraxinus angustifolia]). They are characteristic of streams originating in the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Cordillera, the Northern Galician mountains and the Catalonian ranges. The canopy may include [Ulmus glabra], [Quercus robur] and tall willows; the undergrowth contains [Sambucus nigra], [Corylus avellana], [Cornus sanguinea], [Rubus caesius], [Carex pendula], [Carex remota], [Festuca gigantea], [Bromus ramosus], [Lathraea clandestina], [Circaea lutetiana], [Hypericum androsaemum], [Solanum dulcamara], [Valeriana pyrenaica], [Lysimachia nemorum], [Saxifraga hirsuta], [Galanthus nivalis], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris dilatata], [Osmunda regalis], [Equisetum telmateia].


description:
Northern Galician and western Cantabrian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries, with [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana].


description:
Relict near-natural [Alnus glutinosa] galleries of the Eume basin, with the rare ferns [Trichomanes speciosum] ([Vandenboschia speciosa]) and [Culcita macrocarpa].


description:
Northern Galician and western Cantabrian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries, with [Carex acuta ssp. broteriana] and with a cortège that is somewhat impoverished compared to that of the galleries of unit G1.21411.


description:
Eastern Cantabrian and western Pyrenean [Alnus glutinosa] galleries.


description:
Eastern Pyrenean and Catalonian [Alnus glutinosa] galleries.


hname:
Mixed oak - elm - ash woodland of great rivers

description:
Diverse riparian forests of the middle courses of great rivers, inundated only by large floods. Hardwood trees with dominant [Fraxinus], [Ulmus] or [Quercus] spp. with a very typical spring herb aspect.


description:
Fully developed, very tall, multi-layered, highly diverse riparian forests of oaks, ashes, elms, limes, maples, alders, poplars, cherries, apple, willows of the middle and lower courses of large medio-European river systems, in particular, the Rhine, the Danube, the Emst, the Elbe, the Saale, the Weser, the Oder, the Loire, the Rhone-Saone systems. Their highly complex structure is formed of eight strata to which participate up to 50 species of trees and shrubs. The upper arborescent stratum includes [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus glabra], [Populus alba], [Populus tremula], [Populus canescens], [Populus nigra], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Acer platanoides], [Salix alba], [Alnus glutinosa], [Prunus avium], the lower arborescent stratum [Malus sylvestris], [Tilia cordata], the sub-arborescent shrub layer [Alnus incana], [Prunus padus] and [Crataegus monogyna]. There are very varied high and low shrub layers and numerous lianas, [Clematis vitalba], [Tamus communis], [Humulus lupulus], [Hedera helix] and [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris]. Most diverse, structurally, floristically and faunistically, of all European ecosystems, and closest in that respect to tropical communities and to the warm temperate forests of the Pleistocene, the great fluvial forests of Europe are reduced to a few highly vulnerable examples, located mainly within the Rhine, Danube and Elbe systems.


description:
Fragments of oak-elm-ash forests of large medio-European river systems, very altered and with greatly reduced species richness.


hname:
Southeast European ash - oak - alder forests

description:
Mixed riverine forests of Ponto-Pannonic and sub-Mediterranean regions of southeastern Europe, usually dominated by [Quercus robur] and/or [Fraxinus angustifolia], with varying admixtures of [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Salix alba], [Populus alba].


description:
Mixed hardwood riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins and adjacent areas, within the [Carpinion betuli illyricum] region, dominated by [Quercus robur] or, with longer periods of inundation, [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Alnus glutinosa].


description:
Riverine forests of the Illyrian region, in the Sava and Drava basins, with irradiations in the karst region of northeastern Italy and in the western Balkan peninsula, characteristic of areas with long inundation, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], associated with [Alnus glutinosa] in high groundwater depressions away from the water course. [Quercus robur] and [Ulmus minor] participate in the major tree layer. The undergrowth is characterized by an abundance of [Leucojum aestivum], the presence of [Cardamine pratensis ssp. dentata], [Urtica radicans] and, in the alder-ash stands, [Frangula alnus], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Valeriana dioica]. Particularly wet areas harbour [Hottonia palustris], [Hydrocharis morsus-ranae] and other standing water species.


description:
[Populus tremula]-dominated swamp woods of the eastern European and western Siberian northern steppe zone subject to continental climate conditions, where they occupy pods, inundated  circular depressions forming closed drainage basins.


hname:
Wet-ground woodland of the Black and Caspian Seas

description:
Most hygrophilous communities of the mixed mesic Euxino-Hyrcanian forests (units G1.A71, G1.A74). They may include, in particular, [Fraxinus angustifolia] galleries, as well as dense [Alnus barbata] forest stands occupying areas of black damp or swampy soils on coastal alluvial plains, with [Fraxinus angustifolia] and an understorey of [Rubus hirtus], [Smilax excelsa] and other climbers and shrubs, notably of Rosaceae.


description:
Broadleaved woodland on wet acid peat, dominated by [Betula pubescens] or rarely [Alnus glutinosa], sometimes with an admixture of conifers or shrubby [Salix] species. [Sphagnum] spp. are normally prominent in the ground vegetation.


description:
Forests of [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] on peaty, humid and very acid soils, colonizing bogs of reduced peat building activity and acid fens of the boreal, sub-boreal and nemoral zones, very locally of the wooded steppe and steppe zones, with [Molinia caerulea], [Vaccinium] spp., [Empetrum nigrum], [Trientalis europaea], [Eriophorum vaginatum] and many sphagna e.g. [Sphagnum fallax], [Sphagnum magellanicum], mosses and liverworts.


description:
Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral, mostly sub-boreal, western Palaearctic in which bog species, in particular [Eriophorum vaginatum] and [Vaccinium oxycoccos], are prominent.


description:
Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which [Molinia caerulea] is accompanied by a cortège of acid fen species, in particular, [Carex rostrata], [Carex nigra], [Carex echinata], [Juncus acutiflorus], [Agrostis canina], [Narthecium ossifragum], [Calamagrostis canescens] and by ericoid shrubs, in particular [Vaccinium uliginosum]. Depending on water level, regime of inundation, history of ligneous colonization and nature of the initial stage, the undergrowth may be dominated by [Molinia caerulea], by sedges [Carex] spp., by rushes [Juncus] spp., by [Scirpus cespitosus] or by ericoid shrubs, resulting in a number of rather distinctive habitats. Conifers, mostly [Picea abies], may participate in the canopy of boreal, northeastern nemoral, Hercynian sub-boreal and pre-Alpine communities; [Pinus sylvestris] has its westernmost relict stations in northwestern stands. Fennoscandian formations have a number of northern species, in particular [Calamagrostis purpurea], [Cornus suecica], [Empetrum] spp., [Rubus chamaemorus].


description:
Sphagnum-rich [Betula pubescens] or [Betula carpatica] woods of the boreal and nemoral western Palaearctic in which the presence of species characteristic of subhumid mineral soils indicate a transition towards acidophilous birch and oak woods; [Salix cinerea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Luzula sylvatica], [Oxalis acetosella], [Deschampsia flexuosa] may be prominent, next to [Molinia caerulea]. Conifers, mostly [Picea abies], may participate in the canopy of boreal and sub-boreal communities.


description:
Marshy [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated woods and scrubs of the Palaearctic region, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth.


description:
Forests dominated by beech [Fagus sylvatica] in western and central Europe, and [Fagus orientalis] and other [Fagus] species in southeastern Europe and the Pontic region. Many montane formations are mixed beech-fir or beech-fir-spruce forests, which are listed under G4.6


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] and, in higher mountains, [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on acid soils of the medio-European domaine of central and northern Central Europe, with [Luzula luzuloides], [Polytrichum formosum] and often [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Calamagrostis villosa], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Pteridium aquilinum] and other species from sub-alliance [Luzulo-Fagenion].


hname:
Medio-European collinar woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the lesser Hercynian ranges and Lorraine, of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, the Jura and the Alpine periphery, of the western sub-Pannonic and the intra-Pannonic hills, not or little accompanied by spontaneous conifers, and generally with an admixture of [Quercus petraea], or in some cases [Quercus robur], in the canopy.


hname:
Western Hercynian collinar woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus petraea], of the western lesser Hercynian ranges, of Lorraine and of the collinar level of the western greater Hercynian ranges, in particular of the Black Forest, forming a western group of communities with a cortège rich in Atlantic species, characterized in particular by the presence of [Teucrium scorodonia].


hname:
Hercyno-Jurassian collinar woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus petraea], of the Neckar, the Spessart, the Rh”n, the Swabio-Franconian Forest, of the collinar level of the Thüringian Forest and of the Swabian and Franconian Jura, forming a subcontinental ensemble of communities poor in Atlantic species, and characterized, in particular, by the frequent prevalence of [Poa chaixii].


hname:
Peri-Alpine collinar woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], or [Fagus sylvatica] and [Quercus robur] of the collinar level of the northern Alpine periphery.


hname:
Western sub-Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of the eastern Alpine periphery, in the hills of western Transdanubia, with a canopy that sometimes contains [Castanea sativa], a generally poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in [Cyclamen purpurascens], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Melampyrum pratense], [Vaccinium myrtillus], [Calluna vulgaris], [Calamagrostis arundinacea], [Galium rotundifolium] and a moss cover generally rich in [Dicranum scoparium] with an abundance of [Leucobryum glaucum].


hname:
Pannonic collinar woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous [Fagus sylvatica] forests of Pannonic hills, mixed with [Betula pendula] and [Quercus petraea], with a poorly developed shrub layer, an herb layer rich in [Luzula luzuloides], [Deschampsia flexuosa], [Hieracium silvaticum], [Monotropa hypopitys], [Pyrola] spp., and without [Cyclamen purpurascens] or [Galium rotundifolium], a rich moss cover comprising [Polytrichum] spp., [Dicranum scoparium], [Leucobryum glaucum], [Hylocomium proliferum].


hname:
Medio-European montane woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the submontane, montane and high montane levels of the greater Hercynian ranges, from the Vosges and the Black Forest to the Bohemian Quadrangle, of the Thüringian Forest, of the Jura, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau.


hname:
Hercyno-Alpine montane woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high montane levels of the eastern greater Hercynian ranges, the Thüringian Forest, the Swabian and Franconian Jura, the Alps, where they are mostly expressed in the eastern Alps, and, in a dry version, in some parts of the western intermediate Alps, the Carpathians and the Bavarian Plateau, including, in particular, the remarkable near-natural montane woodrush beech forests of the Bayerischer Wald.


hname:
Western medio-European montane woodrush beech forests

description:
Acidophilous forests of [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica] and [Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica], [Abies alba] and [Picea abies] of the montane and high montane levels of the Vosges, the Black Forest, the Odenwald, the French and Swiss Jura, accompanied by sub-Atlantic species and characterized in particular by the presence of [Digitalis purpurea], less developed and generally more transformed by exploitation than those of unit G1.6121.


hname:
Early-stage natural and semi-natural woodlands and regrowth

description:
Early stages of woodland regrowth or newly-colonizing woodland composed predominantly of young individuals of high-forest species that are still less than 5 m in height. Includes young native woodland replanted with indigenous trees and naturally-colonizing stands of non-native trees.


description:
Early stages of deciduous tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species.


description:
Early stages of mixed tall forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species.


description:
Early stages of conifer forest regrowth or colonization composed predominantly of young individuals of tall forest species.


description:
Parts of raised bogs colonised by shrubs or small trees of [Pinus rotundata], [Pinus sylvestris var. turfosa], [Picea abies], [Betula pubescens], [Betula carpatica], eventually leading to bog woods of units G3.D or G3.E.


description:
Woodland treated as coppice without standards. Plantations with a dominant canopy of young trees that are still less than 5 m in height. Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small-tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including short-rotation [Salix] beds for biomass production, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries.


description:
Regrowth stages of woodland treated in coppice without standards.


description:
Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved deciduous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.


description:
Early stages of plantations of dwarf broadleaved evergreen trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.


description:
Early stages of plantations of dwarf coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.


hname:
Early-stage mixed broadleaved and coniferous plantations

description:
Early stages of plantations of dwarf mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, including tree nurseries.


hname:
Trees planted for early whole-tree harvesting

description:
Plantations of dwarf trees or shrubs cultivated for wood or small tree production, with a regular whole-plant harvesting regime, including, among others, osier beds, Christmas tree crops, tree nurseries.


description:
Land that recently has supported deciduous or coniferous woodland after the trees have been clear-felled or burnt. Includes woodland with successional vegetation dominated by tall herbs, grasses or shrubs, provided that these will soon be overtopped by a tree canopy.


hname:
Recently felled areas, formerly broadleaved trees

description:
Recently felled broadleaved woods, in lowlands, uplands and mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii].


hname:
Recently felled areas, formerly coniferous trees

description:
Recently felled coniferous woods, mostly in mountain areas. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii].


hname:
Recently felled areas, formerly mixed broadleaved and coniferous trees

description:
Recently felled mixed broadleaved and coniferous woods. First successional phases are characterised by the communities of alliances [Atropion] and [Carici piluliferae-Epilobion angustifolii].


description:
Short-lived herbaceous communities colonizing recent clearings.


description:
Communities of acid soils with raw humus, composed of [Epilobium angustifolium], [Digitalis purpurea], [Digitalis grandiflora], [Senecio sylvaticus], [Calamagrostis epigejos], [Carex pilulifera].


description:
Formations of mull soils, with [Arctium nemorosum], [Atropa bella-donna], [Bromus ramosus], [Hypericum hirsutum], [Fragaria vesca], [Stachys alpina], [Digitalis lutea].


description:
Formations of [Salix caprea], [Sambucus nigra], [Sambucus racemosa], [Sorbus aucuparia], [Rubus] spp. succeeding the herbaceous formations in the regrowth of clearings.


hname:
Inland unvegetated or sparsely vegetated habitats

description:
Non-coastal habitats with less than 30% vegetation cover (other than in crevices of rocks, screes or cliffs) which are dry or only seasonally wet (with the water table at or above ground level for less than half of the year). Subterranean non-marine caves and passages including underground waters and disused underground mines. Habitats characterised by the presence of permanent snow and surface ice other than marine ice bodies.


hname:
Terrestrial underground caves, cave systems, passages and waterbodies

description:
Natural caves, cave systems, underground waters and subterranean interstitial spaces. Caves and their associated waters harbour varied, but paucispecific, communities of animals, fungi and algae that are restricted to them (troglobiont organisms), or are physiologically and ecologically capable of conducting their entire life cycle within them (troglophile organisms), or are dependent on them for part of the life cycle (subtroglophile organisms). Underground waters not associated with caves (stygon) and interstitial spaces harbour distinctive faunas.


description:
The exterior part of caves, including the twilight zone where light penetrating from the outer world is sufficient to permit human vision. In Western Carpathians vegetation of alliance [Erysimo wittmanii-Hackelion deflexae] occurs, with species such as [Campanula rapunculoides], [Cortusa matthioli] and [Hackelia deflexa].


description:
The interior part of caves, lacking light, with or without troglobiont or troglophile organisms. Excludes dark underground passages (H1.3).


hname:
Bare inland basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs

description:
Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic, including basalts, gabbros, dolerites, andesites, ultramafites (serpentines, peridotites).


hname:
High altitude and arctic basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs

description:
Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks, cliffs and nunataks of non-desert arctic regions and of the nival, or aeolian, level of mountains of the Palaearctic.


hname:
Mountain basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs

description:
Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the alpine to montane levels of high mountains of the mediterranean, nemoral, boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised alpine chasmophyte communities.


hname:
Boreo-nemoral and boreal basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs

description:
Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of the boreonemoral and boreal zones of the Palaearctic, harbouring specialised boreal fissure communities.


hname:
Nemoral low altitude basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs

description:
Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the nemoral zone of the Palaearctic.


hname:
Mediterranean basaltic and ultra-basic cliffs

description:
Basic or ultra-basic non-calcareous rocks and cliffs of lowlands, hills and low mountains of the Mediterranean region.


hname:
Temperate serpentine and basaltic cliff communities

description:
Ultra-basic serpentinic rocks of the Balkan peninsula and Central Europe. They belong to the most dry and warm habitats. Typical species are [Halacsya sendtneri], [Potentilla mollis] and ferns [Asplenium cuneifolium], [Notholaena marantae], [Asplenium trichomanes]. In high-mountain cliffs of southeast Europe [Silene serbica], [Jovibarba heuffelii var. kopaonikensis], [Edraianthus jugoslavicus var. subalpinus], [Festuca panciciana], [Sedum serpentini] occur. The frequency of endemic species is quite high.


hname:
Mediterranean serpentine and basaltic cliff communities


description:
Inland cliffs of the Canary Islands, Madeira and the Azores, extremely rich in endemic species of both plants and animals, including vertebrates (the endangered [Pterodroma madeira]). The genus [Aeonium] is particularly representative.


description:
Very wet, dripping, overhanging or vertical rocks of hills, mountains and Mediterranean lowlands.


description:
Wet inland cliffs of Mediterranean regions, with a specialised vegetation formed by [Adiantum capillus-veneris], mosses, [Borago pygmaea], [Pinguicula grandiflora ssp. coenocantabrica], [Pinguicula hirtiflora], [Samolus valerandi], [Hypericum hircinum], [Dittrichia viscosa], [Ficus carica], [Blackstonia perfoliata], [Carex distans] and others.


description:
Wet inland cliffs of middle European hills and mountains. They are often colonised by unique plant assemblages, the components of which are, however, equally characteristic of other habitats; notable among such species are [Saxifraga paniculata], [Alchemilla glabra], [Viola palustris], [Phegopteris connectilis], [Aurinia saxatilis], [Dianthus nitidus].


description:
Wet cliffs, often with luxuriant vegetation. Typical plants are fern [Adiantum capillus-veneris] and mosses [Eucladium verticillatum], [Cratoneuron commutatum]. On open wet rock algae are also frequent.


hname:
Almost bare rock pavements, including limestone pavements

description:
More or less level surfaces of rock exposed by glacial erosion, by weathering processes, or by aeolian scouring, bare or colonized by mosses, algae or lichens. The hard rock surface may be exposed or partially covered by erosional rock debris, in particular, those produced by frost weathering, heaving, thrusting or cracking. Included are rock surfaces in karst landscapes, rock dome tops, whaleback, roche moutonné, flyggberg and rock basin formations of periglacial areas, golec and felsenmeer formations, level surfaces of dykes and old lava flows. Vascular plant communities may colonize cracks and weathered surfaces.


description:
Bare or sparsely vegetated more or less level surfaces of rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic exposed by erosion or weathering processes, physiognomically dominated by hard rock surfaces or indigenous erosional rock debris.


description:
More or less level surfaces of calcareous rock of lowlands, hills and mountains of non-desert regions of the Palaearctic, including karstic pavements, lapi‚s, with their clints and grikes.


description:
Rocks and outcrops colonized by pioneer communities, especially of [Crassulaceae]. The substrates are mostly siliceous, occurring in the alpine or montane levels of higher mountains of the nemoral zone. The communities are dominated by succulent [Sempervivum arachnoideum ssp. arachnoideum], [Sempervivum arachnoideum ssp. tomentosum], [Sempervivum montanum ssp. montanum], [Sempervivum montanum ssp. stiriacum], [Sempervivum wulfenii], [Jovibarba arenaria], [Sedum montanum], [Sedum anglicum ssp. pyrenaicum], [Sedum sexangulare], [Sedum album], [Sedum annuum], [Saxifraga aspera], accompanied by [Silene rupestris], [Scleranthus polycarpos], [Veronica fruticans], [Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus], [Viola tricolor ssp. saxatilis], by small crucifers, lichens and mosses.


hname:
Bare weathered rock and outcrop habitats


hname:
Sparsely vegetated weathered rock and outcrop habitats

description:
Rocks and outcrops colonised by pioneer communities, especially of [Crassulaceae]. Vegetation of the alliance [Sedo-Scleranthion biennis]. Substrates are mostly siliceous, occurring in the upland and montane levels of the nemoral zone. The communities are dominated by succulent [Sempervivum], [Jovibarba] and [Sedum] species accompanied by [Silene rupestris], [Erophila verna], [Scleranthus polycarpos], [Veronica fruticans], [Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus], [Viola tricolor ssp. saxatilis], by small crucifers, lichens and mosses [Polytrichum piliferum] and [Racomitrium canescens].


description:
High mountain zones and high latitude land masses occupied by glaciers or by perennial snow. They may be inhabited by algae and invertebrates.


description:
Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins characteristic of areas subjected to a shorter inundation period than those of occupied by the forests of unit G1.22311, dominated by [Quercus robur], with [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Genista tinctoria], [Leucojum aestivum], [Carex remota] and sometimes large expanses of [Carex brizoides] in pure colonies.


description:
Riverine forests of the Sava and Drava basins developed on the highest ground, dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Carpinus betulus], with [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Alnus glutinosa], [Acer campestre], [Carex remota], [Carex strigosa], [Carex brizoides], often in large colonies that may dominate the herb layer.


description:
Mixed riverine forests of Pontic and sub-Mediterranean regions of the Balkan and Hellenic peninsulas, in particular, the Mauries forest of northern Greece, the riverine forests of the Maritsa and the Tundzha, the longos forests of coastal Bulgaria, and riverine forests of the sub-Mediterranean Dinaride system, usually dominated by [Quercus robur] and/or [Fraxinus angustifolia], with varying admixtures of [Ulmus minor], [Ulmus laevis], [Carpinus betulus], [Acer campestre], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Salix alba], [Populus alba].


description:
Rare mixed riparian forests of northern Greece, dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus angustifolia], represented, in particular, by the remarkable Mouries forest in the Kilkis prefectorate.


description:
Regularly inundated forests of Pontic coastal lowland rivers, in particular the Kamchija and the Batova, and of the shores of Lake Arkutino in the Ropotamo Reserve, with [Fraxinus oxycarpa], [Ulmus minor] ([Ulmus foliacea]), [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Carpinus betulus] and lianas [Smilax excelsa], [Periploca graeca], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis sylvestris], [Calystegia sepium], [Humulus lupulus], [Hedera helix].


description:
Inland longos forests of the Maritsa and Tundzha river systems, drier, of poorer species composition and fewer lianas than the coastal longos forests of unit G1.22322; they harbour the rare, local endemic [Colchicum diampolis] and the Pheasant, [Phasianus colchicus], native to this region.


description:
Mixed riverine forests of the Adriatic façade of Albania, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], with [Quercus robur] and, in some formations [Alnus glutinosa], [Populus alba], [Ulmus minor] or, in others, [Ulmus procera], [Acer campestre], [Carpinus orientalis], [Laurus nobilis], [Quercus coccifera], and with [Calystegia sepium], [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Hedera helix], [Crataegus monogyna], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Tamus communis], [Rosa sempervirens], [Smilax aspera], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rubus nemoralis], constituting species-rich, multi-facies formations of very high biological value.


description:
Riverine forest of Lake Scutari, with [Quercus robur ssp. scutariensis] and [Periploca graeca].


description:
Riverine forest of the Mirna Valley in Istria, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Quercus robur], with [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Salix alba], [Carpinus betulus], [Frangula alnus], [Acer campestre], [Corylus avellana], [Euonymus europaeus], [Staphylea pinnata], [Lonicera caprifolium], [Pyrus pyraster], [Rubus caesius], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Carex remota], [Rumex sanguineus], [Lycopus europaeus], [Cerastium sylvaticum], [Primula vulgaris], [Helleborus dumetorum ssp. atrorubens], [Lathyrus vernus].


description:
Riverine gallery forests of the Pannonic region, characteristic of the Danube basin, north to the lower Morava, of the Tisza basin and of the Danube-Tisza interfluve. They are dominated by [Quercus robur] and [Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. pannonica], sometimes with [Ulmus laevis], [Alnus glutinosa], [Carpinus betulus] and, in the wettest parts, [Populus alba]. The shrub layer includes [Acer campestre], [Acer tataricum], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Corylus avellana], [Ulmus minor]. The herb layer is dominated by [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], [Carex riparia], [Urtica dioica], [Urtica kioviensis] in the wetter belt ("[Fraxino pannonicae-Alnetum]"), by [Deschampsia cespitosa], [Veratrum album], [Polygonatum latifolium], [Symphytum officinale] otherwise.


description:
Riverine forests of [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Ulmus minor] and [Ulmus effusa] of the great floodplains of the lower Danube, with [Cornus sanguinea], [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Crataegus monogyna] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lysimachia nummularia], [Glechoma hederacea], [Convallaria majalis] in the herb layer.


description:
Relict forests of the alluvial plain of the Po and its main tributaries, remnants of the greatest fluviatile system of Europe. They are formed by meso-hygrophile, mesotrophic, multi-layered, oak-ash-hornbeam-dominated communities ([Carpinion betuli]: [Polygonato multiflorae-Quercetum roboris]), with facies richer in ashes, willows and, mostly, alders, in the wettest areas ([Alno-Padion]). Constituent trees include [Quercus robur], [Quercus cerris], [Fraxinus excelsior], [Fraxinus ornus], [Carpinus betulus], [Ulmus minor], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Acer campestre], [Acer pseudoplatanus], [Prunus padus], [Prunus avium], [Alnus glutinosa], [Salix alba], [Corylus avellana], [Sorbus torminalis], [Sorbus domestica], the shrub layers are formed, in particular, by [Ruscus aculeatus], [Cornus mas], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus laevigata], [Crataegus monogyna], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Rubus fruticosus], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Rubus caesius], [Ribes uva-crispa], [Sambucus nigra], [Daphne mezereum], [Viburnum lantana], [Mespilus germanica], [Lonicera xylosteum], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Prunus spinosa], [Rosa canina], [Euonymus europaeus], [Rhamnus catharticus]; lianas are abundant, in particular, [Hedera helix], [Tamus communis], [Rubia peregrina], [Bryonia cretica]; in the herb layer occur, in particular, [Equisetum hyemale], [Symphytum officinale], [Polygonatum multiflorum], [Pulmonaria officinalis], [Lathyrus vernus], [Mercurialis perennis], [Primula acaulis], [Asarum europaeum], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Melittis melissophyllum], [Erythronium dens-canis], [Leucojum vernum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pilosa]. These forests are the habitat of the endangered endemic frog [Rana latastei].


description:
Riverine forests of [Quercus robur], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus laevis], [Ulmus effusa], [Alnus cordata] of the floodplains of great rivers of the Sarmatic nemoral and nemoro-steppic regions, distributed in the Baltic hinterland, in Polesia, along the rivers of the Podolian plateaux, and along those of the middle Russian plateaux and uplands, including the Belarus hills, the Valday Uplands, the Smolensk Uplands and the Central Russian Uplands, in the Volga-Kama system, in which [Tilia cordata] progressively replaces [Quercus robur] eastwards, extending south into the Pontic region, in particular along the lower Dniepr, and north into the southern boreal taiga zone.


description:
Alluvial forests and gallery woods of the mediterranean region. Dominance may be of a single species, of few species or mixed with many species including [Fraxinus], [Liquidambar], [Platanus], [Populus], [Salix], [Ulmus]. Excludes mediterranean [Salix] woods (G1.1) and shrubby riparian vegetation (F9.3).


description:
Mediterranean multi-layered riverine forests of base-rich soils submitted to seasonal prolonged inundation with slow drainage, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor], [Salix alba], [Salix] spp., [Alnus] spp., lianas and often species of the [Quercetalia ilicis], distributed in the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, the southern Balkan peninsula, North Africa, and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones. Formations physiognomically dominated by tall [Populus alba] and/or [Populus nigra] are listed here. The poplars may, however, be absent or sparse in some associations which are then dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] and/or [Salix] spp. Such ensembles are listed under units G1.1121 or G1.33. The poplar forests are usually the tall ligneous vegetation belt closest to the water in riverside catenas.


description:
Riparian poplar galleries on inundatable eutrophic soils with permanent hydromorphy of the Iberian range, the Castilian plateau, the Ebro basin, the Mediterranean Iberian east, the great Baetic rivers, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], arborescent willows ([Salix neotricha], [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Salix atrocinerea]), [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Ulmus minor] and [Celtis australis]. The naturalised madder, [Rubia tinctorum], grows in the shade of the eastern and central formations, the Atlantic [Salix atrocinerea] is an important component of the formations of the central Meseta, the Montes de Toledo and western Andalusia, and [Nerium oleander] penetrates the most thermophilous western Andalusian formations.


description:
Riparian gallery forests lining water courses and other water bodies of Provence and Languedoc, in particular the rivers of the Mediterranean periphery of the Pyrenees, the Languedocian rivers draining the Causses and the southern Central Massif, the Rhone and Durance systems, especially the Camargue, the Verdon, the Var, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Fraxinus angustifolia] (locally accompanied by [Fraxinus excelsior]), [Acer negundo], [Acer campestre], [Acer platanoides], [Celtis australis], [Quercus pubescens], [Alnus glutinosa], and an undergrowth with [Cornus sanguinea], [Rubus caesius], [Sambucus nigra], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Bryonia cretica], [Humulus lupulus], [Rubia peregrina], [Solanum dulcamara], [Alliaria petiolata], [Cucubalus baccifer], [Saponaria officinalis], [Iris foetidissima], [Arum italicum], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pendula]; [Celtis australis] may form facies locally (e.g. Est‚rel).


description:
Riparian woods of lower water courses of Corsica and Sardinia, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Fraxinus ornus], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Alnus glutinosa], [Alnus cordata] and arborescent willows.


description:
Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Italic peninsula, Sicily and the Maltese Islands, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Alnus glutinosa], [Ulmus minor], [Acer campestre], [Viburnum lantana], [Viburnum opulus], [Rhamnus catharticus], [Crataegus monogyna], [Rubus caesius], [Humulus lupulus], [Clematis vitalba].


description:
Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of peninsular Greece and the southern Balkan peninsula, with [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].


description:
Hodja Orman forest of the Nestos, dominated by [Populus alba], formerly one of the most extensive riparian complexes in the Balkan peninsula.


description:
Riparian [Populus alba]-dominated galleries of rivers and water bodies of Greece, with the exception of the Nestos; the dominant poplar may be accompanied by, in particular, [Populus nigra], [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].


hname:
Northern Hellenic black poplar riparian forests

description:
[Populus nigra] [s.s].-dominated riparian galleries of northern Greece, in particular, of small valleys of the southeastern Moeso-Macedonian Vertiskos range and of the southern Rhodopide ranges north of Drama.


description:
[Populus nigra var. pubescens] forests of the Pindus, notably, of the Epirean Sarandaporos and the Thessalian Pinios basins.


description:
Riparian poplar-rich or poplar-dominated galleries of the lower courses of the Maritza, Tundja, Mesta, Struma and other streams cutting through the Rhodopide system and opening to Mediterranean climate regimes, with [Populus alba], [Populus canescens] and/or [Populus nigra] accompanied by [Ulmus minor], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix] spp., [Periploca graeca], [Cornus sanguinea], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].


description:
Poplar galleries of the southern Balkanic hills of the F.Y.R. of Macedonia, in the region of transition between the [Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis aegeicum] and the [Quercion frainetto].


description:
Riparian poplar galleries of rivers and other water bodies of the Adriatic façade of the southern Balkan peninsula, dominated by [Populus alba] with [Populus nigra], [Ulmus procera], [Alnus glutinosa], [Platanus orientalis], [Salix alba], [Quercus robur], [Periploca graeca], [Pyracantha coccinea], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Hedera helix], [Brachypodium sylvaticum].


description:
Elm-dominated woodlands forming, on eutrophic soils, at the outer, drier, edge of the Mediterranean riparian or lacustrine galleries, constituted by [Ulmus minor] or, in the eastern Mediterranean and on the Maltese Islands, [Ulmus canescens]. [Populus alba] and [Fraxinus angustifolia] often participate in the tree-layer; [Arum italicum], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Acanthus mollis], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Elymus caninus], [Rubus ulmifolius] are characteristic of the undergrowth. Dense and dark in natural form, these woods have been extremely reduced and degraded by human action. The most characteristic examples to remain are probably those of the Iberian peninsula, although fragments are still recorded in France, Italy, the Maltese Islands, Greece, Asia Minor and North Africa.


description:
Riparian galleries of the mediterranean regions of the Iberian peninsula, southern France, the Italic peninsula, the large Tyrrhenian islands, the Hellenic peninsula, mediterranean North Africa and their zones of transition to adjacent climatic zones, dominated by tall [Fraxinus angustifolia], mostly characteristic of less eutrophic soils than the elm and poplar galleries, and of drier stations, with shorter inundation periods, than those occupied by poplar woods.


description:
[Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Quercus pyrenaica]-dominated galleries of supra-Mediterranean watercourses of the Cordillera Central, the Leonese mountains and the Iberian Range, developed on siliceous, sandy soils with temporary hydromorphy (pseudogleys).


description:
[Fraxinus angustifolia] -dominated galleries of western Iberia, developed in meso- and thermo-Mediterranean areas on siliceous sandy, rarely inundated soils; [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Salix atrocinerea], [Rubus ulmifolius], [Osmunda regalis], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Arum italicum] frequently accompany the ashes.


description:
Meso- and supra-Mediterranean riparian galleries of the siliceous Sierra Nevada formed by [Fraxinus angustifolia] and [Acer granatense].


description:
[Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries, usually with [Alnus glutinosa], of southern France, Tyrrhenian northern and central Italy, Corsica and Sardinia.


description:
[Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries of the Adriatic slope of the Italic peninsula, the lower Po basin, the plain of Foggia, the Gulf of Taranto and Sicily, with [Ulmus campestris], [Salix alba], [Populus nigra], [Equisetum telmateia], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Carex pendula], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Rubus ulmifolius].


description:
Uncommon [Fraxinus angustifolia]-dominated galleries of continental Greece, reported in particular from the lower Achelos and Pinios.


description:
Meso-hygrophile forests of the southwestern Alps, limited to the edges of small streams in deep ravines and, sometimes, in wider valleys, dominated by [Ostrya carpinifolia], with [Ulmus minor], [Populus alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Alnus glutinosa], [Fraxinus ornus], [Acer campestre], [Acer opalus], [Quercus pubescens], [Tilia cordata], [Ulmus minor], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ligustrum vulgare], [Laurus nobilis], [Tamus communis], [Hedera helix], [Viola reichenbachiana], [Euphorbia dulcis], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Melica uniflora], [Carex pendula], [Carex digitata] and the rare [Carex grioletii].


description:
Riverine forests of the Mediterranean enclaves of the southern Black Sea coast and of the Sea of Marmora, dominated by [Fraxinus angustifolia], with [Ulmus minor], [Carpinus betulus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Acer campestre].


hname:
Ponto-Sarmatic mixed poplar riverine forests

description:
Mixed riverine forests of the floodplains of rivers of the Pontic and Sarmatic steppes, wooded steppes and southern nemoral forests of southern Eastern Europe, in particular, of the lower Danube, the lower Prut, the lower Dniestr, the lower Dniepr basin, the lower and middle Don and Donetz system, the lower Volga basin, the Kouma and Terek basins, dominated by or rich in [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens]. They extend west to the sub-Carpathian Getic region; poplar galleries described from the Pannonic margin of Moravia and the Bohemian basin occupy a similar ecological position and are listed with them.


description:
Poplar galleries of the western Pontic steppe region of Bulgaria, Romania and Moldova, and of adjacent Getic valleys, dominated by [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Populus canescens], developed along sandy strips of river flood plains.


description:
Galleries of [Populus alba] with [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis] and [Ulmus laevis] along streams of the western Pontic plain, with [Viburnum opulus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], [Frangula alnus] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Bidens tripartita], [Scutellaria galericulata] in the herb layer.


hname:
Western Pontic white-black poplar galleries

description:
Galleries along streams of the western Pontic plain dominated by [Populus alba] and [Populus nigra], with [Salix alba], [Salix fragilis], [Ulmus laevis], [Quercus robur], with [Viburnum opulus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Frangula alnus] in the shrub layer and [Rubus caesius], [Lycopus europaeus], [Bidens tripartita], [Scutellaria galericulata] in the herb layer.


description:
Galleries of interdunal depressions of the sandy islands of the Danube Delta with [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae], [Populus alba], [Populus tremula] and [Populus canescens].


description:
Galleries of [Populus alba], [Populus tremula], [Populus canescens], [Quercus robur], [Quercus pedunculiflora], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Fraxinus pallisiae] and [Alnus glutinosa], of the Danube Delta, in particular of interdunal depressions of sandy islands, with lianas [Periploca graeca], [Humulus lupulus], [Vitis sylvestris], [Clematis vitalba], shrubs [Salix cinerea], [Viburnum opulus], [Frangula alnus], [Cornus sanguinea], [Crataegus monogyna], and an herb layer of [Rubus caesius], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Lythrum salicaria], [Carex spicata], [Carex hirta], [Carex acutiformis], [Galium rubioides].


hname:
Danube delta [Hippophae]-[Populus canescens] galleries

description:
Open-canopied [Populus canescens] galleries of the Danube Delta, with a closed shrub layer of [Hippophae rhamnoides], in particular of sandy island dunes.


hname:
Southern Sarmatic poplar and elm galleries

description:
Poplar and elm galleries, mostly formed by [Populus nigra] and [Ulmus laevis], of the Dniepr, Don and Volga-Kama systems within the wooded steppes and adjacent nemoral forests of the valleys of the Podolian plateau, of the Central Russian plateau, of the Volga plateau, of Orenburg and of Bachkiria, north of the Pontic and Caspian plains.


hname:
Central and eastern Pontic poplar forests

description:
Poplar galleries of the Dniepr, Don, Volga-Kama, Kouma and Terek systems, within the steppes and wooded steppes of the northern plains of the Black Sea and of the northwestern and western Caspian Sea, with, in particular, [Populus nigra].


description:
[Populus nigra], [Populus alba], [Quercus robur], [Fraxinus excelsior] galleries occupying, within the riverine forest systems of the Bohemian Elbe and the Morava, locations submitted to great annual fluctuations of the water table and relatively frequent inundation.


description:
Riverine forests of the Irano-Anatolian plateau of Turkey, Iran and Afghanistan, of the Koura basin of Transcaucasia and of the Hyrcanian lowlands, of the Hindu-Kuch and western Himalayas, with [Populus nigra], [Populus caspica], [Populus alba], [Populus euphratica], [Populus pruinosa], [Populus transcaucasica], [Juglans regia], [Platanus orientalis].


description:
[Platanus orientalis] gallery forests of Greek and southern Balkanic watercourses, temporary rivers and gorges; they are distributed throughout the mainland of Greece and its archipelagoes, extending north to Albania, the southern F.Y.R. of Macedonia and the valleys of southern Bulgaria, colonizing poorly stabilised alluvions of large rivers, gravel or boulder deposits of permanent or temporary torrents, spring basins, and particularly, the bottom of steep, shady gorges, where they constitute species-rich communities. The accompanying flora may include [Salix alba], [Salix elaeagnos], [Salix purpurea], [Alnus glutinosa], [Cercis siliquastrum], [Celtis australis], [Populus alba], [Populus nigra], [Juglans regia], [Fraxinus ornus], [Alnus glutinosa], [Crataegus monogyna], [Cornus sanguinea], [Ruscus aculeatus], [Vitex agnus-castus], [Nerium oleander], [Rubus] spp., [Rosa sempervirens], [Hedera helix], [Clematis vitalba], [Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris], [Ranunculus ficaria], [Anemone blanda], [Aristolochia rotunda], [Saponaria officinalis], [Symphytum bulbosum], [Hypericum hircinum], [Calamintha grandiflora], [Melissa officinalis], [Helleborus cyclophyllus], [Cyclamen hederifolium], [Cyclamen repandum], [Cyclamen creticum], [Galanthus nivalis ssp. reginae-olgae], [Dracunculus vulgaris], [Arum italicum], [Biarum tenuifolium], [Brachypodium sylvaticum], [Dactylis glomerata] and may be rich in mosses, lichens and ferns, among which [Pteridium aquilinum] is often abundant. Various associations have been described, reflecting regional and ecological variation in the composition of the undergrowth. The plane tree galleries are particularly well represented along the Ionian coast and in the Pindus; other important local complexes exist in Macedonia, in Thrace, around the Olympus massif, in the Pelion, in the Peloponnese, particularly in the Taygetos, where luxuriant gorge forests reach 1300 metres, in Euboea and in Crete; local, distinctive, representatives occur in other Aegean islands, such as Rhodes, Samos, Samothrace, Thasos. Restriction to gorges is increasingly pronounced towards the south.


description:
[Platanus orientalis] woods on colluvions, detritus cones, ravine sides or other poorly stabilised substrates, of Greece.


description:
Relict [Platanus orientalis]-dominated or -rich galleries of the Cassabile, the Anapo, the Irminio and the Carbo rivers, in the Iblei range of southeastern Sicily, of the gorge of the Sirmeto, in the vicinity of the Nebrodi. Some of these formations, in particular, in the gorges of the Cassabile and of the Anapo, are true plane tree woods. Others, such as on the Sirmeto, are [Populus alba], [Fraxinus angustifolia], [Salix] spp. formations with [Platanus orientalis]; as they grade into each other, and because of the very isolated occurrence, and great biogeographical and historical interest of [Platanus orientalis] in Sicily, they are all listed here. Plane tree woods have had a much greater extension in Sicily and probably in Calabria. A large forest has, in particular, existed on the Alcantara, where the species is now extinct.


description:
[Platanus orientalis] forests of river courses of the sub-Mediterranean margin of the Anatolian plateau.


description:
[Platanus orientalis] formations of streams and gorges of Cyprus, in particular, of the Troodos range.


description:
[Platanus orientalis] forests of river courses of the mediterranean plains and hills of the Levant.


description:
Riverine forests dominated by the Tertiary relict [Liquidambar orientalis], with a very limited range in southern Asia Minor and Rhodes.


hname:
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat

description:
Broadleaved swamp woodland not on acid peat. Includes [Alnus], [Populus], [Quercus] swamp woods. Excludes [Salix] carr, with shrubby willows, e.g. [Salix aurita], [Salix cinerea], [Salix pentandra] (F9.2).


description:
Marshy [Alnus glutinosa]-dominated woods and scrubs, usually with shrubby willows in the undergrowth or with other shrubs, e.g. [Frangula alnus].


description:
Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of middle European and western Siberian, nemoral and sub-boreal, marshy depressions, with [Carex elongata], [Thelypteris palustris], [Dryopteris cristata], [Osmunda regalis], [Solanum dulcamara], [Calystegia sepium], [Ribes nigrum], [Calamagrostis canescens] and often, in acidocline variants, [Betula pubescens]. The constancy of [Carex elongata] is characteristic on the continent, less so in Britain. Tall sedges, [Carex paniculata], [Carex acutiformis], [Carex elata], often dominate the herb layer in the most humid types.


hname:
Atlantic greater tussock-sedge alder woods

description:
Eutrophic and mesotrophic alder woods of Atlantic Europe, distributed in the British Isles, western France, locally, northwestern Germany, poor in [Carex elongata], and harbouring, in particular, [Oenanthe crocata], [Osmunda regalis], [Carex laevigata], [Scutellaria minor]. They include all meso-eutrophic alder swamp woods of the British Isles and western France, as well as the less eutrophic woods of the zone of transition between the main range of this unit and the more continental range of unit G1.4112.


description:
Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of sub-Atlantic and subcontinental regions of the European continent characterized in particular by the constant presence of [Carex elongata].


description:
Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of subcontinental and continental regions of eastern Europe, from Mazuria and Masovia east to Bashkiria, often rich in [Carex elongata], [Ribes nigrum], [Sphagnum] spp., [Dryopteris cristata]; in the Sarmatic region, they may occupy extensive areas of nutrient-rich swamps, in particular in the Pripyat area.


description:
Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] or [Alnus glutinosa]-[Alnus incana] swamp woods of northeastern Poland, the Baltic states, Fennoscandia, the northern Sarmatic region and Siberia, with [Calamagrostis canescens], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Cardamine amara], [Filipendula ulmaria], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Carex elongata], [Carex remota], [Brachythecium rivulare], [Calliergon cordifolium], [Climacium dendroides], [Thuidium tamariscinum].


description:
Meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of marshy intramontane depressions and floodplains, at the 500-800 m level of foothills of the eastern Carpathian system, in particular, the Harghita and Baraolt mountains, with [Carex elongata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Thelypteris palustris], [Carex caespitosa], [Dryopteris carthusiana], [Calla palustris] and [Ligularia sibirica], most of which may dominate facies of the herb layer.


description:
[Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of the floodplains of southern Romania, developed along water bodies and in microdepressions on alluvial soils covered by stagnant or slowly moving water, with [Thelypteris palustris], [Festuca gigantea], [Lycopus europaeus], [Caltha palustris], [Veronica beccabunga], [Lythrum salicaria], [Oenanthe silaifolia], [Sium erectum], [Stellaria aquatica], [Carex acutiformis].


hname:
Intra-Carpathian elongated sedge alder swamp woods

description:
Rare [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of peat bogs of central Romania, with [Spiraea salicifolia], [Euonymus nanus], [Frangula alnus], [Ribes nigrum], [Salix cinerea] in the shrub layer and [Carex elongata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Ligularia sibirica], [Thelypteris palustris] in the herb layer.


description:
Oligotrophic or meso-oligotrophic, acidocline [Alnus glutinosa] woods of fens and poorly drained banks of brooks or small rivers of western Europe, mostly characteristic of siliceous regions and Atlantic climates, south to Galicia. [Betula pubescens] and [Frangula alnus] often accompany the alders. The ground layer is usually rich in [Sphagnum] spp. and includes [Carex laevigata], [Equisetum sylvaticum] and many ferns, including [Oreopteris limbosperma], [Blechnum spicant], [Athyrium filix-femina], [Dryopteris cristata] and [Dryopteris carthusiana].


hname:
Southern Helleno-Balkanic swamp alder woods

description:
Rare swamp woods of the mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean zones of the southern Helleno-Balkanic peninsula.


description:
[Alnus glutinosa] mire woods of the steppe zones of Eurasia, west to the Pannonic basin.


description:
Mesotrophic and meso-eutrophic [Alnus glutinosa] swamp woods of the Pannonic basin.


description:
Meso-eutrophic alder woods of mires of the east European steppe zone, south of the sub-boreal and nemoral regions.


description:
Swamp woods of the Scandinavian lowlands dominated by [Alnus glutinosa] and [Alnus incana] with a shrub layer dominated by [Alnus] spp., [Betula pubescens] and various [Salix] spp. The field layer, sometimes very sparse, includes [Filipendula ulmaria], [Epilobium palustre], [Galium palustre], [Iris pseudacorus], [Lysimachia thyrsiflora], [Lysimachia vulgaris], [Viola palustris], [Calla palustris], [Thelypteris palustris], [Carex canescens], [Carex Elongata], [Carex rostrata], [Calamagrostis canescens], [Deschampsia cespitosa]. The ground layer, of  Sphagnum and other mosses, is very poorly developed.


description:
[Quercus robur]-dominated woods of inundatable depressions of the Sarmatic region, west to lowlands of eastern Poland and Slovakia, with an accompanying species cortège composed of elements of the [Alnetalia glutinosae], [Molinietalia], [Phragmitetalia], [Caricetalia fuscae] and, to a lesser extent, [Vaccinio-Piceetea] and [Querco-Fagetea].


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Quercus] spp. forests developed on acid soils of the Atlantic domaine of Western Europe, differing from the forests of unit G1.61 by, in particular, the absence of [Luzula luzuloides] and a greater abundance of [Ilex aquifolium]. They may also contain [Taxus baccata].


description:
Fragmented and insularised acidophile [Fagus sylvaticus] forests of the western seaboard of Europe, in Denmark, southern Scandinavia, northern Germany, northern and eastern Poland, the Netherlands, middle Belgium, Picardy, Normandy and southern England.


description:
Transition forests of the Paris basin, the Morvan, the periphery of the Central Massif, the eastern and central Pyrenees.


description:
Hyper-Atlantic forests of Brittany with an abundance of epiphytes and an understory of ferns and evergreen bushes.


description:
Humid forests with luxuriant epiphytism of the western Pyrenees and eastern Cantabrian mountains.


hname:
Western Cantabrian acidophilous beech forests

description:
Humid acidophilous beech forests of western Cantabrian and Asturian mountains.


description:
Humid beech forests of high, snowy dolomitic and calcareous sierras of Galicia (Ancares, Cebreiro, Caurel), somewhat intermediate between unit G1.62 and unit G1.63


hname:
Humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests

description:
Humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range.


hname:
Hyper-humid Iberian acidophilous beech forests

description:
Hyper-humid acidophilous beech forests of the Northern Iberian Range.


description:
Relict acidophilous beech forests of the Sierra de Ayllon (central Spain).


description:
[Fagus sylvatica] and, in higher mountains, [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Abies alba]-[Picea abies] forests developed on neutral or near-neutral soils, with mild humus (mull), of the medio-European and Atlantic domaines of Western Europe and of central and northern Central Europe, characterised by a strong representation of species belonging to the ecological groups of [Anemone nemorosa], of [Lamium galeobdolon], of [Carex pilosa], of [Galium odoratum] and [Melica uniflora] and, in mountains, various [Dentaria] spp., forming a richer and more abundant herb layer than in the forests of units G1.61 and G1.62. Vegetation of alliance [Fagion], suballiance [Eu-Fagenion].


hname:
Medio-European collinar neutrophile beech forests

description:
Neutrocline or basicline [Fagus sylvatica] and [Fagus sylvatica]-[Quercus petraea]-[Quercus robur] forests of hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, of the Jura, Lorraine, the Paris basin, Burgundy, the Alpine piedmont, the Carpathians and a few localities of the North Sea-Baltic plain.


hname:
Medio-European wood barley beech forests

description:
Slightly moist [Fagus sylvatica] forests developed over calcareous bedrock on stony, neutral or weakly acid rendzina or similar humus-carbonate soils, with [Galium odoratum], [Melica uniflora], [Mercurialis perennis], [Lathyrus vernus], [Asarum europaeum], [Hordelymus europaeus], [Epipactis helleborine], [Epipactis leptochila], [Neottia nidus-avis], [Circaea lutetiana], [Viola reichenbachiana], distributed locally on the hills, low mountains and plateaux of the Hercynian arc and its peripheral regions, from the Ardenne-Eifel to Moravia, and north to Denmark and southern Sweden, in the entire Jura catena, in Lorraine and the eastern Paris basin, in Burgundy, in the Bavarian Alpine piedmont, the Vorarlberg limestone Alps, the Wienerwald. They include the Central European [Fagus]-[Mercurialis perennis] forests, as well as occasional stands exceptionally rich in spring-flowering geophytes, sometimes known as wild garlic-rich beech woods.


hname:
Medio-European woodruff and hairy sedge beech forests

description:
[Fagus sylvatica] forests of sub-Atlantic Western and Central Europe, north to Denmark, southern Norway, southern Sweden and Poland, developed on a more or less deep layer of brown loess-loam, less rich in calciphile plants and richer in acid- and drought-tolerant species; [Melica uniflora] (in northern formations) and [Galium odoratum] are usually well represented.


description:
Atlantic beech and beech-oak forests with [Hyacinthoides non-scripta], of southern England, the Boulonnais, Picardy, the Oise, Lys and Schelde basins of northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands.


description:
Atlantic [Fagus sylvatica], [Fagus sylvatica-Quercus] spp. or [Fagus sylvatica-Fraxinus excelsior] forests developed on base-rich and calcareous soils, particularly of limestone scarplands, of southern England ([Fagus sylvatica]-[Mercurialis perennis] woodland) and neighbouring regions of western France.


description:
Atlantic [Fagus sylvatica] or [Fagus sylvatica]-[Fraxinus excelsior] forests developed on neutral or slightly acid brown soils of southern England ([Fagus sylvatica]-[Rubus fruticosus] woodland) and ajacent regions of the mainland.


