{"id":34434,"date":"2026-06-02T11:46:23","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T11:46:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/?p=34434"},"modified":"2026-06-02T11:46:27","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T11:46:27","slug":"ako-na-mestsku-luku-ktora-je-rajom-pre-opelovace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/ako-na-mestsku-luku-ktora-je-rajom-pre-opelovace\/","title":{"rendered":"Ako na mestsk\u00fa l\u00faku, ktor\u00e1 je rajom pre ope\u013eova\u010de"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Ako pom\u00f4c\u0165 l\u00fakam zakvitn\u00fa\u0165 tak, aby boli spokojn\u00e9 ope\u013eova\u010de a\u00a0alergici netrpeli? Prin\u00e1\u0161ame n\u00e1vod pre spr\u00e1vcov mestskej zelene \u010di firemn\u00fdch are\u00e1lov a\u00a0vlastn\u00edkov a obhospodarovate\u013eov l\u00fak. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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L\u00faka v are\u00e1li Slovenskej akad\u00e9mie vied, ktor\u00fa zalo\u017eil spoluautor tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku entomol\u00f3g Marek Semelbauer a botani\u010dka Katar\u00edna Klimov\u00e1. Foto: Marek Semelbauer\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

L\u00faky boli v historicky (a niekde e\u0161te st\u00e1le s\u00fa) premyslene obhospodarovan\u00e9. Okrem pravidelnej kosby boli \u010dasto prep\u00e1san\u00e9, v pr\u00edpade potreby aj hnojen\u00e9, na jar boli zase tradi\u010dne vypa\u013eovan\u00e9, aby sa zbavili stariny a krov\u00edn. Cie\u013eom \u00fadr\u017eby bolo zabezpe\u010denie ob\u017eivy pre hospod\u00e1rske zvierat\u00e1. V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti s\u00fa l\u00faky \u010dasto intenz\u00edvne hnojen\u00e9, v\u010faka \u010domu m\u00e1me rekordn\u00e9 v\u00fdnosy sena, ale na opl\u00e1tku z nich zmizli kvety a mot\u00fdle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zmyslom mestsk\u00fdch l\u00fak nie je produkova\u0165 tony biomasy na hekt\u00e1r, ale poskytn\u00fa\u0165 \u017eivotn\u00fd priestor a ob\u017eivu ope\u013eova\u010dom, z\u00e1rove\u0148 zlep\u0161ova\u0165 kvalitu mestsk\u00e9ho prostredia pre \u013eud\u00ed. Na\u0161im cie\u013eom je vytvori\u0165 spolo\u010denstvo s bohatou a kontinu\u00e1lnou ponukou kvetov, ktor\u00e9 sa v dlhodobom v\u00fdh\u013eade \u013eahko udr\u017eiava. V tomto kontexte, n\u00edzka produktivita je v\u00fdhodou, nie prek\u00e1\u017ekou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre\u010do sa vyh\u00fdba\u0165 hnojeniu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vysok\u00fd obsah dus\u00edka v p\u00f4de podporuje r\u00fdchlo rast\u00face, konkuren\u010dne siln\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy, napr\u00edklad ovs\u00edk oby\u010dajn\u00fd, rezna\u010dku lalo\u010dnat\u00fa, smlz kroviskov\u00fd, stoklas bezos\u0165ov\u00fd \u010di m\u00e4tonohy. Tieto druhy vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa hust\u00fa, vysok\u00fa a na biomasu bohat\u00fa veget\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e1 zatie\u0148uje ni\u017e\u0161ie kvitn\u00face byliny a postupne zni\u017euje druhov\u00fa pestros\u0165 porastu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podobne naru\u0161en\u00e9, prehnojen\u00e9 alebo \u010dasto obna\u017een\u00e9 plochy m\u00f4\u017eu vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 podmienky pre \u0161\u00edrenie ne\u017eiaducich agres\u00edvnych bur\u00edn a inv\u00e1znych druhov, ako s\u00fa ambr\u00f3zia palinolist\u00e1, zlatobyle, turanec kanadsk\u00fd \u010di poh\u00e1nkovec japonsk\u00fd. Niektor\u00e9 z nich nielen vytl\u00e1\u010daj\u00fa p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010dne druhy, ale m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 aj v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zdrojom alerg\u00e9nneho pe\u013eu. Preto je pri mestsk\u00fdch l\u00fakach d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 neprehnojova\u0165, odv\u00e1\u017ea\u0165 pokosen\u00fa biomasu a podporova\u0165 sk\u00f4r red\u0161ie, \u0161trukt\u00farne pestr\u00e9 porasty s prevahou kvitn\u00facich byl\u00edn nad bujn\u00fdmi tr\u00e1vami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pestr\u00e1 l\u00faka v are\u00e1li SAV. Foto: Marek Semelbauer\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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L\u00faka je pestr\u00e1 aj pri poh\u013eade zbl\u00edzka. Vln\u00e1rka Anthidium manicatum. Foto: Marek Semelbauer<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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\u010cme\u013e z\u00e1hradn\u00fd (Bombus hortorum). Foto: Marek Semelbauer<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dozor nad l\u00fakou<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V priebehu prv\u00fdch rokov zalo\u017eenia mestskej l\u00faky preto potrebujeme robi\u0165 aj pomerne intenz\u00edvne, ale premyslen\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy, aby sme \u010do najviac potla\u010dili ve\u013ek\u00e9 druhy tr\u00e1v a inv\u00e1znych rastl\u00edn v prospech kvitn\u00facich byl\u00edn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ak je p\u00f4da mimoriadne bohat\u00e1 na dus\u00edk, m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u017eiaduce e\u0161te pred v\u00fdsadbou odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 vrchn\u00fa vrstvu bohat\u00fa na \u017eiviny, navies\u0165 vrstvu piesku alebo vykona\u0165 \u201ehlbok\u00fa orbu\u201c, pri ktorej sa na povrch dostane spodn\u00fd, menej \u00farodn\u00fd horizont p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokia\u013e tieto mo\u017enosti nie s\u00fa k dispoz\u00edcii, ost\u00e1va ako z\u00e1kladn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj na odstr\u00e1nenie dus\u00edka kosba. K najefekt\u00edvnej\u0161iemu odnosu dus\u00edka d\u00f4jde pokosen\u00edm porastu v \u010dase tesne pred vykvitnut\u00edm tr\u00e1v a s n\u00e1sledn\u00fdm d\u00f4kladn\u00fdm vyhraban\u00edm a odnosom biomasy. Tr\u00e1vy maj\u00fa vtedy najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed obsah dus\u00edka a opakovan\u00edm tohto postupu v priebehu rokov postupne od\u010derp\u00e1vame dus\u00edk z p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spr\u00e1vna miera kosenia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Treba v\u0161ak rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi obnovn\u00fdm re\u017eimom a cie\u013eov\u00fdm re\u017eimom \u00fadr\u017eby. Na \u017eivinami bohat\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v \u00favodnej f\u00e1ze potrebn\u00e9 kosi\u0165 \u010dastej\u0161ie, aby sa potla\u010dili dominantn\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy a od\u010derpali \u017eiviny. Ke\u010f sa porast postupne stabilizuje a pribudn\u00fa kvitn\u00face druhy, frekvencia kosby sa m\u00e1 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 tak, aby rastliny mohli kvitn\u00fa\u0165, rozmno\u017eova\u0165 sa a z\u00e1rove\u0148 poskytova\u0165 dlhodob\u00fd zdroj potravy a \u00fakrytu pre ope\u013eova\u010de. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 je, aby ka\u017ed\u00e1 kosba bola spojen\u00e1 s odstr\u00e1nen\u00edm biomasy, lebo ponechanie pokosenej hmoty na mieste \u017eiviny do p\u00f4dy vracia a podporuje n\u00e1vrat bujn\u00fdch tr\u00e1v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dadr\u017eba mestskej l\u00faky preto nem\u00e1 by\u0165 jednotn\u00e1 na v\u0161etk\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch a vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch rokoch. Najm\u00e4 v prv\u00fdch dvoch a\u017e \u0161tyroch rokoch po zalo\u017een\u00ed je potrebn\u00e9 porast pozorne sledova\u0165 a starostlivos\u0165 o lokalitu prisp\u00f4sobova\u0165 tomu, \u010do sa na ploche deje. Ak preva\u017euj\u00fa bujn\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy, porast je hust\u00fd, vysok\u00fd a m\u00e1 m\u00e1lo kvetov, je vhodn\u00e1 \u010dastej\u0161ia kosba s odnosom biomasy. Ak sa u\u017e objavuje viac kvitn\u00facich byl\u00edn, treba im umo\u017eni\u0165 zakvitn\u00fa\u0165 a aspo\u0148 \u010diasto\u010dne vysemeni\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Foto: Silviu on the street\/ Pixabay<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mozaikov\u00e9 kosenie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ide o d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd princ\u00edp, ktor\u00fd spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee nepokos\u00edme cel\u00fa l\u00faku naraz, ale v\u017edy ponech\u00e1me \u010das\u0165 porastu st\u00e1\u0165. Nepokosen\u00e9 p\u00e1sy alebo ostrov\u010deky sl\u00fa\u017eia ako \u00fakryt pre hmyz, miesto na dokon\u010denie v\u00fdvinu h\u00fasen\u00edc, zdroj nekt\u00e1ru a pe\u013eu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ako semenn\u00e1 banka pre \u010fal\u0161ie roky. Pri \u010fal\u0161ej kosbe sa m\u00f4\u017eu pokosi\u0165 predt\u00fdm ponechan\u00e9 \u010dasti a ponecha\u0165 in\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine mestsk\u00fdch l\u00fak sa ako cie\u013eov\u00fd re\u017eim osved\u010duje jedna a\u017e dve kosby ro\u010dne. Prv\u00e1 kosba b\u00fdva vhodn\u00e1 po odkvitnut\u00ed hlavnej jarnej a skoroletej vlny kvetov, \u010dasto pribli\u017ene v j\u00fani alebo j\u00fali, pod\u013ea priebehu po\u010dasia a zlo\u017eenia porastu. Druh\u00e1 kosba m\u00f4\u017ee nasledova\u0165 koncom leta alebo na jese\u0148, najm\u00e4 ak porast op\u00e4\u0165 v\u00fdrazne nar\u00e1stol. Na ve\u013emi chudobn\u00fdch a such\u0161\u00edch ploch\u00e1ch m\u00f4\u017ee sta\u010di\u0165 jedna kosba ro\u010dne, zatia\u013e \u010do na \u017eivinami bohat\u00fdch p\u00f4dach m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v prv\u00fdch rokoch potrebn\u00e9 kosi\u0165 \u010dastej\u0161ie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pozor na inv\u00e1zne druhy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osobitn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 treba venova\u0165 inv\u00e1znym a probl\u00e9mov\u00fdm druhom. Tie sa nemaj\u00fa ponech\u00e1va\u0165 na vysemenenie. Ak sa objav\u00ed ambr\u00f3zia, poh\u00e1nkovec, zlatoby\u013e, turanec alebo in\u00e9 ne\u017eiaduce druhy, treba ich odstra\u0148ova\u0165 cielene a v\u010das, ide\u00e1lne e\u0161te pred kvitnut\u00edm alebo tvorbou semien. To ist\u00e9 plat\u00ed pre miesta, kde sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa hol\u00e9, naru\u0161en\u00e9 plochy \u2014 pr\u00e1ve tie s\u00fa \u010dasto vstupnou br\u00e1nou pre agres\u00edvne buriny a inv\u00e1zne rastliny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Inv\u00e1zna zlatoby\u013e s\u00edce l\u00e1ka ope\u013eova\u010de, no vytl\u00e1\u010da p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 druhy rastl\u00edn. Foto: Pavla L\u00e9nyiov\u00e1, DAPHNE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Inv\u00e1zny poh\u00e1nkovec na inak pomerne pestro kvitn\u00facej hr\u00e1dzi v Bratislave. Foto: Pavla L\u00e9nyiov\u00e1, DAPHNE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Rozmanit\u00e1 mestsk\u00e1 l\u00faka. Foto: Pavla L\u00e9nyiov\u00e1, DAPHNE<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 je aj spr\u00e1vne zaobch\u00e1dzanie s pokosenou hmotou. Pokosen\u00fd porast m\u00f4\u017ee nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed preschn\u00fa\u0165 na mieste, aby z neho vypadli semen\u00e1 l\u00fa\u010dnych rastl\u00edn a aby hmyz stihol unikn\u00fa\u0165. Potom je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 biomasu d\u00f4kladne vyhraba\u0165 a \u2013 ako sme u\u017e uviedli vy\u0161\u0161ie- odviez\u0165 ju. Ak zostane na ploche ako mul\u010d, vracia \u017eiviny sp\u00e4\u0165 do p\u00f4dy, vytv\u00e1ra pls\u0165 (hust\u00fa vrstvu odumretej tr\u00e1vy a\u00a0rastlinn\u00fdch zvy\u0161kov) a br\u00e1ni kl\u00ed\u010deniu byl\u00edn. Pr\u00e1ve odnos biomasy je jedn\u00fdm z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch rozdielov medzi premyslenou starostlivos\u0165ou o\u00a0l\u00faky \u00a0a be\u017en\u00fdm mul\u010dovan\u00edm mestsk\u00fdch tr\u00e1vnikov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pokosen\u00fd porast m\u00f4\u017ee nieko\u013eko dn\u00ed preschn\u00fa\u0165 na mieste, aby z neho vypadli semen\u00e1 l\u00fa\u010dnych rastl\u00edn a aby hmyz stihol unikn\u00fa\u0165. Potom je v\u0161ak potrebn\u00e9 biomasu d\u00f4kladne vyhraba\u0165 a odnies\u0165. Foto: Marek Semelbauer.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Mestsk\u00e1 l\u00faka z\u00e1rove\u0148 nemus\u00ed vyzera\u0165 rovnako po\u010das celej sez\u00f3ny. Na jar m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ni\u017e\u0161ia a pln\u00e1 skor\u00fdch kvetov, v lete vy\u0161\u0161ia a pestrej\u0161ia, po kosbe kr\u00e1tko p\u00f4sobi\u0165 pr\u00e1zdnej\u0161ie a na jese\u0148 op\u00e4\u0165 zakvitn\u00fa\u0165 druhou vlnou. Tak\u00e1to premenlivos\u0165 je prirodzen\u00e1. Pom\u00e1ha, ak s\u00fa l\u00faky doplnen\u00e9 informa\u010dn\u00fdmi tabu\u013ekami, pokosen\u00fdmi okrajmi alebo udr\u017eiavan\u00fdmi p\u00e1smi pri chodn\u00edkoch. \u013dudia potom lep\u0161ie rozumej\u00fa, \u017ee nejde o zanedban\u00fd tr\u00e1vnik, ale o z\u00e1merne udr\u017eiavan\u00fd biotop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autori: entomol\u00f3g Mgr. Marek Semelbauer, PhD. \u00dastav zool\u00f3gie SAV) a botani\u010dka Mgr. Viera \u0160efferov\u00e1, PhD. (v\u00fdkonn\u00e1 riadite\u013eka DAPHNE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Chcete podpori\u0165 ope\u013eova\u010de? Pridajte sa k n\u00e1m!

V r\u00e1mci projektu Buzz for Change podporujeme ope\u013eova\u010de v Bratislavskom kraji a vyu\u017eijeme pri tom dobrovo\u013en\u00edcku pomoc. Spolupracujeme pri tom aj s Marekom Semelbauerom, spoluautorom tohto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Viac inform\u00e1ci\u00ed n\u00e1jdete aj tu.<\/a><\/h6><\/div>



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Ako pom\u00f4c\u0165 l\u00fakam zakvitn\u00fa\u0165 tak, aby boli spokojn\u00e9 ope\u013eova\u010de a\u00a0alergici netrpeli? Prin\u00e1\u0161ame n\u00e1vod pre spr\u00e1vcov mestskej zelene \u010di firemn\u00fdch are\u00e1lov a\u00a0vlastn\u00edkov a obhospodarovate\u013eov l\u00fak. \u00a0 L\u00faky boli v historicky (a niekde e\u0161te st\u00e1le s\u00fa) premyslene obhospodarovan\u00e9. Okrem pravidelnej kosby boli \u010dasto prep\u00e1san\u00e9, v pr\u00edpade potreby aj hnojen\u00e9, na jar boli zase tradi\u010dne vypa\u013eovan\u00e9, aby sa zbavili stariny<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":34435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,95],"tags":[],"kategoria-bigling":[],"class_list":["post-34434","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktuality","category-uncategorized-sk"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n.jpg","uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n.jpg",1920,1280,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n-768x512.jpg",768,512,true],"large":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n-1024x683.jpg",1024,683,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n.jpg",1920,1280,false],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/daphne.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/196232837_973427256742626_1698610391250734320_n-450x450.jpg",450,450,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Pavla Lenyiova","author_link":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/author\/lenyiova\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Ako pom\u00f4c\u0165 l\u00fakam zakvitn\u00fa\u0165 tak, aby boli spokojn\u00e9 ope\u013eova\u010de a\u00a0alergici netrpeli? Prin\u00e1\u0161ame n\u00e1vod pre spr\u00e1vcov mestskej zelene \u010di firemn\u00fdch are\u00e1lov a\u00a0vlastn\u00edkov a obhospodarovate\u013eov l\u00fak. \u00a0 L\u00faky boli v historicky (a niekde e\u0161te st\u00e1le s\u00fa) premyslene obhospodarovan\u00e9. Okrem pravidelnej kosby boli \u010dasto prep\u00e1san\u00e9, v pr\u00edpade potreby aj hnojen\u00e9, na jar boli zase tradi\u010dne vypa\u013eovan\u00e9, aby sa zbavili stariny","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"meta_box":{"canky":false,"feature_image_off":"0"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34434","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34434"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34434\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34458,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34434\/revisions\/34458"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34435"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34434"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34434"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34434"},{"taxonomy":"kategoria-bigling","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/daphne.sk\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/kategoria-bigling?post=34434"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}